SUBJECT:

CE -313 STEEL STRUCTURES

 COURSE INSTRUCTORS
Teachers Section

Prof. Dr. Rashid HAMEED Sect A

Theory & Design

Sect B
Theory & Design
Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
Sect D
Theory only

Sect C
Theory & Design
Dr. Qasim Shaukat KHAN
Sect D
Design Only
 INTRODUCTION

• Introduction of students.
• Introduction of subject.
• Introduction of instructors.
• Introduction of books and specifications.
• Introduction of structural steel.
• Introduction of steel shapes.
• Introduction of design.
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
CLOs Description PLOs Level
To develop the understanding between integration
CLO1 of analysis and design, and various design PLO1 High
methods.
To design axially loaded (tension, compression
CLO2 and beam-columns) members. PLO3 High

To design steel member for flexure and shear

CLO3 (Beam and Plate girder). PLO3 High

To design various type of connections for steel

CLO4 structures. PLO3 High

To exhibit commitment towards time

CLO5 management, punctuality and honesty. PLO8 Medium
 Assessment Methods for Theory Part
Assessment Type Date Weight %
Assignments + At the End of each topic 10
Class Participation
First Quiz In the 6th week 10
Mid Exam In the 8th week 30
Second Quiz In 13th week 10
Final Exam At the End of the Semester as per 40
the University Final Exam
Schedule
All exams are
Total 100
close-book
 Course Policy
Attendance Regular attendance is expected in both theory and
tutorial classes. Student should notify the instructor for
any planned absence. University regulations regarding
absence will be strictly applied for sitting in final exam.
 No late attendance for the class (you are not allowed to
attend the class if you are 10 min. late). If you repeat
late attendance, each 3 late attendance will be
considered as one full class missing.
 If you failed to attend 75% of the classes (UET Rules),
you will be dismissed from the course.
Students Students should adhere to the academic integrity and
Conduct ethics. Cheating is absolutely not tolerated. University
regulations will be enforced and applied on any student
who do or try cheating.
 Course Policy
Students’ Will be assigned with their due dates during lectures.
works Late works will be subjected to a penalty of 20% of the
grade for each overdue day, for a maximum of 3 days. No
work will be accepted after 3 days.
 Beware of Plagiarism: Copying and handing in for
credit someone else's work. Any plagiarism case will
result in an automatic ‘F’ for the course.
Only simple scientific calculators are allowed during
examinations/quizzes. Use of mobile phones and similar
Calculator
devices as calculator is strictly prohibited in examinations
and quizzes.
Design Aid/ Students must bring LRFD Steel Design Aids (5th Ed. by
Reference Zahid A. Siddiqi) in each class otherwise, attendance will
manual not be marked.
Textbook(s) and/or Other Supplementary Materials:
Primary:
1. Charles Salmon, John Johnson and Faris Malhas (2009). Steel
Structures – Design and Behavior, 5th Edition, Pearson, ISBN: 0-
13-206119-8
2. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Steel
Construction Manual, 14th Edition, Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD)
Supplementary:
1. Siddiqi Z.A. (2012) .Steel Structures, Help Civil Engineering
Publisher, Pakistan.
2. Jack C. McCormac and Stephen F. Csernak (2012): Structural
Steel Design – LRFD Method, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall.
3. Structural Analysis and Design Software SAP2000 or ETAB
4. Structural Steel Designer's Handbook: Design Standards, 4th
Edition, Roger Brocken brough & Frederick Merritt, McGraw-
Hill, 2005, ISBN: 9780071432184
 Major Topics Covered
Topic # # Contact
Weeks hours*
1. Introduction to structural steel design
 Properties of steel as structural material
 Structural Design
 Factor of Safety
 Specifications and codes of design 2 6
 Stress strain relationship in Structural Steel
 Introduction to ASD ( Allowable Stress
Design) and LRFD ( Load and Resistance
Factor Design)
 AISC Manual
2. Design of tension members
 General Design Procedure
 AISC Design requirements 2 6
 Effective net areas
 Effect of staggered holes
 Analysis and Design examples
 Topic # # Contact
Weeks hours*
3. Design of compression members
 General design procedure
 AISC design requirements (Stability and Euler
buckling) 3 9
 Analysis and design examples (using equations
and design tables)
 Design of built-up members
 Lacing design for built-up members
4. Design of beams
 Beam types
 AISC Design requirements 3 8
 Design of laterally supported beams
 Analysis and design examples
 Topic # # Contact
Weeks hours*
5. Plate Girder design
 Introduction and difference from conventional
Beam
2 6
 Proportioning of plate girder connection
 Design of intermediate stiffeners
 Design of bearing stiffeners
6. Connections (partially covered in Lab session)
 General Design procedure
2 6
 Riveted and Bolted Connections Design
 Welded Connection Design
7. Review of Syllabus 1 3
Total 15 45
 Assignment - 1
• Write and explain your objectives of taking
this course.
• Search remarkable steel structures from
internet, attach photographs and brief
description of each, like longest bridge,
tallest steel building, etc.
• Should be 3 to 5 pages long.
 Introduction to Steel Structures
• Steel structures are assembly of structural steel
shapes joined together by means of riveted /
bolted or welded connections.
• Selection of a section out of those available in
the market.
• Concrete structures are easily joined together
by monolithic construction. But special
methods are required to join individual
members for steel structures.
Hot Rolled Sections
Cold Formed Sections
Steel Diamond Plate
A Typical Steel Frame Structure
Connections
Earthquake Resistant Connection
Beam Column Connections
• Steel construction is being used for almost
every type of structure including multi-
storey buildings, bridges, industrial
buildings, towers, etc.
• There are two main categories of steel
structures:-

- Framework or skeletal systems.

- Shell systems.
 Framework Or Skeletal Systems
• The main load carrying elements in this type are
one-dimensional or line elements (such as beams,
columns, etc.) forming two-dimensional or three-
dimensional frames.

• Examples are:-
The frameworks of industrial buildings with their
internal members such as crane girders, platforms,
etc.
- Highway and railways large span bridges.
- Multi-storey buildings, large halls, domes
etc.
- Towers, poles, structural components of
hydraulic works.
- All other trusses and rigidly connected
frame structures.
 Shell Systems
• The main load carrying elements in this
category of structures are plates and sheets
besides some skeletal members.
• Examples are:-
- Gas tanks for the storage and
distribution of gases.
- Tanks and reservoirs for the storage of
liquids.
- Bins and bunkers for the storage of loose
material.
- Special structures such as blast furnaces,
air heaters, etc.
- Large diameter pipes.
- All other plate and shell structures.
Freedom of Expression
Creativity
Creativity
Easy Extension
Easy Fixing of Facade
Easy and Efficient Fabrication
Express Function
Large Span
Large Span
No Limit of Architectural Design
No Limits of Architectural Design
Recycling is possible
Slender columns, more space
Transparency
Visible Connections
Visible Connections
Weather Independent Construction
 Merits Of Steel Construction
1. Reliability
• Consistency and uniformity in properties.
• Better quality control because of factory
manufacture.
• Large elasticity.
• Ductility.
• Because of truly homogeneous and elastic
material, steel satisfies most of the assumptions
involved in the derivation of the analysis and
design formulas and hence the results obtained are
reliable.
 2. Industrial Behavior
• Rolled steel sections are manufactured in factories.
• Also, the members may be cut and prepared for
assembly in factories.
• Only joining of these components is carried out at
the site by installing rivets or bolts and by welding
different components.
• Sometimes parts of the structure are also
assembled in the factories, that is, there is a great
adaptation to prefabrication.
• Manual errors reduce greatly in such cases, the
speed of construction increases and the total cost
reduces.
 3. Lesser Construction Time
• Because of the industrial nature of steel
construction, progress of the work is very
fast making the structures economical.
• The reason is that these structures can be
put to use earlier.
• The reduction in labour cost and overhead
charges and the benefits obtained from the
early use of the building contribute to the
economy.
4. High Strength And Light Weight
Nature
• Steel provides high strength per unit weight.
• Dead loads become lesser.
• Dead loads are a bigger part of the total loads on
a structure.
• When dead load reduces, the underneath
members become still smaller due to less weight
acting on them.
• More important for long-span bridges, tall
buildings, and for structures having poor
foundation conditions.
• Factor (C) is defined as the ratio of the
density of a material () to the stress it can
carry (f) and is one of the least for steel.
Material C =  / f (m-1)

Aluminium 1.1 x 10-4

Steel 3.2 x 10-4

Wood 4.5 x 10-4

Concrete 24.0 x 10-4

 5. Uniformity, Durability And
Performance
• Durability means long life of a structure.
• Steel is a very homogeneous and uniform
material.
• It satisfies the basic assumptions of most of
the analysis and design formulas.
• If properly maintained by painting, etc., the
properties of steel do not change
appreciably with time.
• Hence, steel structures are more durable.
 6. Elasticity
• Steel behaves closer to design assumptions
than most of the other materials because it
follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high stresses.
• The stress produced remains proportional to
the strain applied or the stress-strain diagram
remains a straight line.
• The steel sections do not crack or tear before
ultimate load and hence the moments of inertia
of a steel structure can be definitely calculated.
 7. Ductility And Warning Before
Failure
• The property of a material by which it can
withstand extensive deformation without failure
under high tensile stresses is said to be its
ductility.
• Mild steel is a very ductile material. The
percentage elongation of a standard tension test
specimen after fracture can be as high as 25 to
30%.
• This gives visible deflections or evidence of
impending failure in case of overloads.
• The extra loads may be removed from the
structure to prevent collapse.
• Even if collapse does occur, time is available
for occupants to vacate the building.
• In structural members under normal loads, high
stress concentrations develop at various points.
• The ductile nature of the usual structural steels
enables them to yield locally at those points,
thus redistributing the stresses and preventing
premature failures.
 8. Additions To Existing Structures
• Additions to existing steel structures are very
easy to be made.
• Connections between new and existing
structures can be employed very effectively.
• New bays or even entire new wings of
buildings can be added to existing steel frame
buildings, and steel bridges may often be
widened.
9. Possible Reuse
• Steel sections can be reused after a structure
is disassembled.

10. Scrap Value

• Steel has a scrap value even though it is not
reusable in its existing form.
11. Water-Tight And Air-Tight
Constructions
• Steel structures provide completely
impervious construction.
• Structures like reservoirs, oil pipes, gas
pipes, etc., are preferably made from
structural steel.
12. Long Span Construction
• High-rise buildings, long span bridges and
tall transmission towers are made up of
structural steel.
• Industrial buildings up to a span of 90 m can
be designed by plate girders or trusses.
• Bridge spans up to 260 m are made with plate
girders.
• For through truss bridges, spans of 300 m
have been used.
13. Temporary Construction
• For temporary structures, steel construction
is always preferred.
• Army constructions during war are mostly
made out of structural steel.
• The structures may be disassembled by
opening few bolts, component parts are
carried to new places and the structure is
easily reassembled.
 Demerits Of Steel Construction
1. High Maintenance Costs And
Corrosion
• Most steels are susceptible to corrosion
when freely exposed to air and water and
must therefore be periodically painted.
• This requires extra cost and special care.
• The use of weathering steels, in suitable
design applications, tends to eliminate this
cost.
• If not properly maintained, steel members
can loose 1 to 1.5 mm of their thickness
each year.
• Accordingly such constructions can loose
weight up to 35% during their specified life
and can fail under the external loads.
2. High Fireproofing Costs
• Although steel members are incombustible, their
strength is tremendously reduced at temperatures
prevailing in fires.
• At about 400C, creep becomes much more
pronounced.
• Creep is defined as plastic deformation under a
constant load for a long period of time.
• This produces excessively large deflections /
deformations of main members forcing the other
members to higher stresses or even to collapse.
• Steel is an excellent conductor of heat and
may transmit enough heat from a burning
compartment of a building to start fire in
other parts of the building.

• Extra cost is required to properly fire proof

the building.
3. Susceptibility To Buckling
• Buckling is a type of collapse of the members
due to sudden large bending caused by a critical
compressive load.
• The steel sections usually consist of a
combination of thin plates.
• Further, the overall steel member dimensions are
also smaller than reinforced concrete members.
• If these slender members are subjected to
compression, there are greater chances of
buckling.
• Sometimes steel, when used for columns, is
not very economical because considerable
material has to be used merely to stiffen the
columns against buckling.

4. High Initial Cost / Less

Availability
• In few countries, Pakistan is one such
example, steel is not available in
abundance.
• Hence, its initial cost is very high compared
with the other structural materials.
• This is the most significant factor that has
resulted in the decline of steel structures in
these countries.

5. Aesthetics
• For certain types of buildings, the steel form
is architecturally preferred.
• However, for majority of residential and office
buildings, steel structures without the use of
false ceiling and cladding are considered to
have poor aesthetic appearance.
• A considerable cost is to be spent on such
structures to improve their appearance.
• Cladding is a covering of metal, concrete,
plastic or timber put on the surface of a
structural member to completely encase it.
The cladding not only protects the member but
also improves its appearance.
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction

Procurement and management of structural steel is similar to other materials,

but there are some unique aspects to steel construction:
• Steel is fabricated off-site (above left)
• On-site erection is a rapid process (above right)
• This gives use of structural steel some scheduling advantages
• Coordination of all parties is essential for achieving potential advantages
(AISC 1999)
Braced Frames and Rigid Frames

Braced Frame Rigid Frame

 Steel Frame Connection Types

The Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2005)

defines two types of connections:
 Simple Connections (above left)
 Moment Connections (above right)
 Fully-Restrained and Partially-Restrained
 Moment Connections

 Designed as rigid connections which allow little or no rotation

 Used in rigid frames
• Moment and vertical shear forces are transferred through the
connection
 Two types of moment connections are permitted:
 Fully-Restrained
 Partially-Restrained
 Common PR Connections

PR Moment Connection – Wind Only Top and Bottom Angle with Shear
End Plate Connection
A double angle simple connection
transfers vertical shear forces while Angles are bolted or welded to the
top and bottom flange plates resist top and bottom flanges of the
moment forces produced by wind supported member and to the
supporting column
Note that the size of the flange plate
is relatively small in comparison to the A shear end plate on the web is
beam flange used to transfer vertical shear forces
 Rigid Frames

 Rigid frames, utilizing moment connections, are well suited for

specific types of buildings where diagonal bracing is not feasible or
does not fit the architectural design
 Rigid frames generally cost more than braced frames (AISC 2002)
 Cross Bracing

 Connections for X bracing are located at beam to column joints

 Bracing connections may require relatively large gusset plates at the
beam to column joint
 The restriction of space in these areas may have an impact on the
mechanical and plumbing systems as well as some architectural
features (AISC 2002)
 Specifications
 The adequacy of a structural member is determined by a
set of design rules, called specifications.
 These include formulas that guide the designer in
checking strength, stiffness, proportions and other
criteria that may govern the acceptability of the member.
 There are a variety of specifications that have been
developed for both materials and structures.
 Each is based on years of research and experience gained
through actual structural usage.
 • Following specifications will be used in this
class quite often:
1- AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction.

2- AISI: American Iron and Steel Institute

3- AWS: American Welding Society.

4- AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials.
5- AREA: American Railway Engineering Association.

6- ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.

7- ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers

 TYPES OF LOAD
1. Dead Load
 It almost retains its magnitude and point of
application throughout the life of the structure and
is denoted by D.
 This load is usually the self weight of the
structure (not only this member but all other
members resting on it).
 This is estimated by multiplying volume of a
member with the standard density of the material
of construction.
 This load constitutes a bigger part of the total load
on a structure.
2. Live Load
The load due to persons occupying the
structure and their belongings, denoted by L.
Its magnitude and point of application changes
with time.
In case of bridges, live load consists of weight
of vehicles moving over the bridge.
Typical values for common occupancy types
are given in next slide.
Occupancy or Use Live Load
(kg/m2)
Private apartments, school class rooms 200
Offices 250
Fixed-seats, assembly halls, library reading 300
rooms
Corridors 400
Movable seats assembly hall 500
Wholesale stores, light storage warehouses 600
Library stack rooms 750
Heavy manufacturing, heavy storage 1200
warehouses, sidewalks and driveways subject to
trucking
3.Self Load
 This is type of dead load, which is due to self
weight of the member to be designed.
 For design, a reasonable value of self load
depending on past experience is assumed in the
start which is then compared with the actual
self weight at the end.
 Corrections in design are made if necessary.
Other types of loads are wind load,
earthquake loads, water ad earth retaining
loads and temperature loads, etc.

4. Imposed / Superimposed
Load
This term is used for all external loads,
leaving the self weight, acting on the member
to be designed.
This includes live load, wind load, earthquake
load, etc. Part of dead load may also act as
imposed load.
5. Service Loads
The maximum intensity of load expected
during the life of the structure depending upon
a certain probability of occurrence is called
service load.
No additional factor of safety or overload
factor is included in the service loads.

6. Factored Loads
Service loads increased by some factor of
safety or overload factor are called factored
loads.
 Mechanism Of Load Transfer
The gravity load passes from top to bottom
through all the members of the structure until it
reaches the underneath soil.
The load acts at the floor finish, goes to the
underneath slab and transfers to the beams and
walls.
This is then accumulated in the columns,
moves to the foundations and then finally
dissipates in the soil.
The terms member and support are defined
relative to each other.
There are no separate supports in the structure
as is normally seen in the structural analysis
books.
For the roof slab, beams and walls are supports.
For the beams, columns are acting like
supports, and for the columns, foundations are
acting as supports.
Similarly, the underneath soil acts as support
for the foundations.
This load path is only in one direction.
The load of roof slab may act on the beams,
columns and foundations, but the load of
column is not acting on the beams.
Similarly, the load of foundation can not act on
the columns.