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Bendability Analysis for Bending of C-Mn Steel Plates on Heavy Duty 3Roller
Bending Machine

Article · January 2008

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 PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 26 DECEMBER 2007 ISSN 1307-6884

Bendability Analysis for Bending of C-Mn Steel

Plates on Heavy Duty 3-Roller Bending
Machine
Himanshu V. Gajjar, Anish H. Gandhi, Tanvir A Jafri, and Harit K. Raval

F top roller load (N)

Abstract—Bendability is constrained by maximum top roller K strength co-efficient (N/mm²)
load imparting capacity of the machine. Maximum load is K′ (2/√3)n+1·K
encountered during the edge pre-bending stage of roller bending. l center distance between bottom rollers (mm).
Capacity of 3-roller plate bending machine is specified by L length of roller barrel
maximum thickness and minimum shell diameter combinations that M bending moment (N·mm)
can be pre-bend for given plate material of maximum width. n strain hardening exponent
Commercially available plate width or width of the plate that can be
R shell inside radius (mm)
accommodated on machine decides the maximum rolling width.
Original equipment manufacturers (OEM) provide the machine
t plate thickness (mm)
capacity chart based on reference material considering perfectly x horizontal distance of top roller center from left bottom
plastic material model. Reported work shows the bendability analysis roller center (mm).
of heavy duty 3-roller plate bending machine. The input variables for Greek symbols
the industry are plate thickness, shell diameter and material property ε strain
parameters, as it is fixed by the design. Analytical models of σ stress (N/mm2)
equivalent thickness, equivalent width and maximum width based on ρ radius of neutral plane (mm)
power law material model were derived to study the bendability. Sub-script
Equation of maximum width provides bendability for designed ext external
configuration i.e. material property, shell diameter and thickness
combinations within the machine limitations. Equivalent thicknesses
int internal
based on perfectly plastic and power law material model were max maximum
compared for four different materials grades of C-Mn steel in order n new material to be bent or under consideration
to predict the bend-ability. Effect of top roller offset on the r reference material
bendability at maximum top roller load imparting capacity is t tensile
reported. u ultimate
y yield
Keywords—3-Roller bending, Bendability, Equivalent thickness,
Equivalent width, Maximum width. I. INTRODUCTION

a
NOMENCLATURE
plate width allowance (mm)
T HE 3-roller plate bending machine are widely used in
heavy engineering industries for the manufacturing of
skeleton of oil and gas rigs, the construction of tunnels,
b width of plate (mm) cylindrical tanks, boiler equipments, fuel tanks for launch
vehicle in space application, industrial buildings, pressure
Manuscript received June 30, 2007. This work is a part of Master of vessel, heat exchangers, tall towers, reactors, etc. Fig. 1 shows
Technology thesis submitted to Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of
Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India (Deemed University) during the the six stages of 3-roller plate bending operation sequence for
academic year of 2006-07. fixed bottom roller gap.
Himanshu V. Gajjar is a student of Master of Technology in Mechanical Top roller load required to bend the plate is the function of
Engineering Department (MED) at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of
Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India (e-mail: [email protected]).
various parameters viz. plate thickness, plate width, shell
Anish H. Gandhi, is a student of Ph. D in Mechanical Engineering diameter to be rolled, plate material property, gap between
Department (MED) at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, bottom rollers etc. Machine capacity is limited by the factors
Surat-395007, Gujarat, India (corresponding author: phone: (M) 091- such as the size of rollers and horse power of its motor. In the
9374519605, (R) 091-261-2766265; e-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]).
process of continuous roller bending, maximum load is
Tanvir A. Jafri is a senior DGM (Maintenance & machine shop), Larsen & required during the edge pre-bending stage as top roller is at
Toubro Ltd., Hazira works, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India (e-mail: the offset distance from its mid position. So, top roller offset
[email protected]) during the pre-bending decides the maximum width and
Dr. Harit K. Raval is a Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat,
minimum shell diameter combinations that can be rolled for
India (e-mail: [email protected]).

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the particular plate thickness and material property within thickness, equivalent width and maximum width based on the
machine capacity. power law material model were derived to study the
bendability and reported. Effect of top roller offset on the
TOP ROLLER
bendability at maximum top roller load imparting capacity is
addressed.
BOTTOM ROLLER
PLATE

II. BENDING WITHOUT TENSION

As reported by Marciniak & Dunkun [7], for simple
1) Plate edge setting 4) Central position of top roller
bending without applied tension and where the radius of
curvature is more than several times the sheet thickness, the
neutral surface approximately coincides with the middle
surface. The internal bending moment for the power law
material model can be derived to the form:
2) Pre-bending of first edge 5) Continuous rolling
⎛ t n+2 ⎞
M int = K ′⎜ n ⎟b (1)
⎜ ρ (n + 2 )2 n +1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
For the perfectly plastic material (n=0), internal bending
moment (Mint) is given by [7]:

3) Pre-bending of second edge σ yt 2 (2)

6) Ready shell for welding
M int = b
4
Fig. 1 3-roller plate rolling sequence for fixed bottom roller gap
A. Equivalent Thickness for Perfectly Plastic Material
Although the roller bending process is widely used in Model
practice, available literatures focusing the efficient utilization Generally OEM provides machine capacity relating to one
of machine capacity are limited. Bassett & Johnson [1] and reference material. But in actual practice, different materials
Hansen & Jannerup [2] reported the theoretical analysis of 3- having high or low strength, compare to reference material,
roller pyramid type plate bending process. Bassett & Johnson are to be processed on machine. So it is important to check the
[1] analyzed the top roll vertical force and the torque required bendability of new material with respect to reference material
in 3-roller pyramid bending process without considering roller with the help of equivalent thickness for working within
plate contact offset. Whereas, mathematical model reported by specified safe limits of machine.
Hansen & Jannerup [2] considered the contact offset. Hua et Equivalent thickness of new material can be obtained by
al. [3-4] reported mathematical modeling of internal bending comparing the material property of new material with
moment at the top roll contact in single pass and multiple pass reference material specifying machine capacity. Equivalent
four roll thin plate bending. Hu & Wang [5] suggested upper thickness using perfectly plastic material behavior can be
bound and lower bound methods for the bending mechanism obtained by equating internal bending moment for reference
of 3-roller plate bending. Ramamurthi et al. [6] reported material and new material as per (2). So, for reference
design aspects and parametric study to evaluate the material:
performance of machine stands in relation to various design or
structural modifications of three roll heavy duty plate bending σ yr t r2
M r ,int = br (3)
machines. For the calculation of top roller load, internal 4
bending resistance of the plate material based on yield stress And, for new material:
was considered.
Thickness of the material to be bent corresponds to the
σ yn t n2 (4)
reference material thickness (which can be bent at the M n,int = bn
maximum top roller load imparting capacity), is defined as an 4
equivalent thickness. Similarly, width of the material to be If the width of the new material to be bent (bn) is assumed
bent corresponding to the reference material width, is defined to be same as that of the width of reference material (br), then
as an equivalent width. Width of the plate for roller bending from (3) and (4), equivalent thickness of the new material to
decides number of cylindrical segments and so number of be bent, as given by OEM [8], can be derived to the form (Mr
seams required to achieve the final shell length. Maximum = Mn):
plate width for pre-bending depends on maximum top roller
load imparting capacity of machine, width of machine and
t r2σ yr (5)
maximum plate width available commercially. Looking to the tn =
above considerations, roller bending to the maximum width σ yn
controls the welding and assembly cost. Presented work
OEM provides (5) to find equivalent thickness considering
provides the methodology for the analysis of bendability
perfectly plastic material behavior. Equation (5) does not
within the machine capacity. Analytical models of equivalent

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include strain hardening characteristics, where as in field for pre-bending can be obtained by considering plate as a
many material exhibits strain hardening characteristics. If simply supported beam, carrying a concentrated load at offset
power law material model is considered, then equivalent distance ((l/2)-x) from the centre of span as shown in Fig. 2.
thickness can be calculated as explained in following For simply supported beam, external bending moment can be
paragraphs. derived to the form [9]:
⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞
B. Equivalent Thickness for Power Law Material Behavior M ext = F ⎜⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ x (11)
⎝ ⎝ l ⎠⎠
Equivalent thickness, for the power law material model can
be obtained by equating the bending moment equations for
reference material and new material to be bent. So, rewriting TOP ROLLER

(1) for reference material, and new material:

PLATE

⎛ t ( nr + 2 ) ⎞
= K r′⎜ n r ⎟b r
F

M r ,int
⎜ ρ r (n + 2 )2 ( nr +1) ⎟ (6)
⎝ r ⎠

⎛ t ( nn + 2 ) ⎞
M n ,int = K n ′ ⎜ n n ⎟b (7)
⎜ ρ n (n + 2 )2 ( nn +1) ⎟ n
⎝ n ⎠ x
l BOTTOM ROLLER

Equating (6) and (7), and assuming constant width (br=bn): Fig. 2 Top roller offset

(n n − n r )
K r (n n + 2 )ρ (nn − nr )t r(nr + 2 ) 2 (nn − nr ) ⎛ 2 ⎞ (8) Top roller load (F) for pre-bending assuming perfectly plastic
t n(nn + 2 ) = ⎜ ⎟
(n r + 2 )K n ⎜
⎝ 3⎠
⎟ material model can be derived by equating internal and
external bending moments from (2) and (11) to the form:
Equation (5) and (8) gives the equivalent thickness for
perfectly plastic material and power law behavior ⎛ t 2σ y ⎞⎛ ⎞ (12)
F =⎜ ⎟⎜ t ⎟b
respectively. The equivalent thickness calculated using (5) is
the function of yield stress only. It does not have any
⎜ 4
⎝ ⎠⎝(
⎟⎜ lx − x 2 ) ⎟
⎠
influence of post yield stress material behavior, whereas (8)
Where as, if power law material model is used, then top
depicts the influence of strain hardening behavior of the
roller load (F) can be derived using (1) and (11) as:
material.
⎛ t n+2 ⎞⎛ l ⎞
C. Equivalent Width for Perfectly Plastic and Power Law F = K ′⎜ n ⎟
⎜ ρ (n + 2)2n +1 ⎟⎜⎝ lx − x 2 ⎟⎠ (13)
b
Material Models ⎝ ⎠
Assuming thickness of new material to be bent (tn) is same
as that of the reference material thickness (tr), equation for the Equation (12) shows that the force required to bend the
equivalent width can be derived to the form given by (9) and plate considering perfectly plastic material model is the
(10) for perfectly plastic and power law material models function of material property parameter (σy). It does not shows
respectively. any influence of post yield behavior of material, where as,
(13) shows that the force required to bend the plate
σ yr considering power law material model is the function of
bn = br (9)
σ yn material property parameters (K, n). This shows the influence
of strain hardening characteristics.
Plate material, thickness and shell diameter are the
K r ′ t (nr − nn ) ρ (nn − nr ) (n n + 2 )2 (nr − nn ) constrained by design requirement. However, overall shell
bn = br (10)
K ′ (n + 2 )
n r
length can be obtained by welding the shell segments of
different width. Width of bending decides the number of
circumferential seams required to complete the cylinder of
As explained earlier, equivalent width based on power law overall length. As welding seams increases, assembly and
material model is the function of strain hardening behavior of fabrication cost also increases. Further, it demands proper
the material. alignment of individual shell segments edges with other
similar adjoining shells. So, to minimize the number of seams,
D. Bending Force Analysis and Bendability it becomes important to check maximum width; the machine is
OEM provides the machine capacity in terms of thickness capable of bending within the safe working limit specified by
vs. width combinations for fix shell diameter and reference OEM. Maximum width (bmax) considering the perfectly plastic
material property parameters at the maximum top roller load material model can be obtained by rewriting (12) in terms of
imparting capacity of the machine. As the maximum bending width (bmax) for maximum top roller load imparting capacity
load is required during the pre-bending mode, top roller load (F = Fmax) specified by OEM.

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E. Comparison of Equivalent Thickness and Equivalent

⎛ x⎞
4 Fmax ⎜1 − ⎟x Width by Different Material Behavior
⎝ l⎠ (14)
bmax = Equivalent thickness and width of new material to be bent
σ yt 2 can be calculated as explained earlier. Table II shows the
Similarly, from (13) maximum width (bmax) for power law comparison of equivalent thickness and equivalent width,
material model can be derived to the form: calculated using perfectly plastic and power law behavior for
four different grades of C-Mn steel (as per ASME sec II part
⎛ x⎞ n
⎟ xρ (n + 2)2
n +1
Fmax ⎜1 − A) [11]. These equivalent thickness and width are calculated
⎝ l⎠ for 135 mm thick and 4500 mm wide plate of reference
bmax = (15)
K ' t n+2 material SA-516 Gr60, for pre-bending to shell diameter of
L 2000 mm at top roller load of 5000 Tones. Equivalent
a/2 b a/2 thicknesses for “Mat 1” as per perfectly plastic and power law
material models are found to be 139.9 mm and 124.7 mm
respectively.
D d
Fig. 5 shows the comparison of equivalent thicknesses as
per two different material models for “Mat 1” corresponding
to different thicknesses of the reference material. Referring to
Table II and Fig. 5, for “Mat 1” and “Mat 2” equivalent
Fig. 3 Roller detail thicknesses as per the perfectly plastic material behavior is
Further width of the machine (i.e. length of roller) also found to be higher than that of the reference material thickness
constrains maximum width of the plate for pre-bending. So, if i.e. 135 mm, as yield stress of these materials are less than the
the maximum width calculated from (14) or (15) is more than yield stress of the reference material. Whereas, due to the
machine width; maximum width for the pre-bending is equal higher value of the yield stress for “Mat 3” and “Mat 4”
to the maximum width that can be accommodated on the equivalent thickness as per the perfectly plastic material
machine (bmachine). As shown in Fig. 3, roller barrel length (L) behavior is found to be less than the reference material
and plate width allowance (a) decides the (bmachine) [10]. thickness. For “Mat 2” equivalent thickness as per the power
law material model is found to be higher than reference
bmax ≤ [bmachine = (L − a )] material thickness where as, for “Mat 1”, “Mat 3” and “Mat 4”
it is found to lesser than the reference material thickness. As
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION per (8), equivalent thickness based on the power law material
Equivalent thickness, equivalent width and maximum width model is the function of material property parameters such as
equations derived using two different material models were ‘K’ and ‘n’. So, combined effect of these two material
used to analyze the bendability of the heavy duty 3-roller plate property parameters is seen in the equivalent thickness
bending machine. Figure 4 shows the one of the capacity chart reported in Table II.
of the 3-roller heavy duty plate bending machine specified in
200
Table I. Capacity charts provided by the OEM shows the plate
Plate thickness

180
thickness vs. plate width for pre-bending of reference material
(mm)

160
at shell diameter of 2000 mm. Under the pre-bending stage the 140
top roller is at offset distance of ((l/2)-x) as shown in Fig. 2. It 120
is general practice to keep the value of x in the range of 1.4 to 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
1.75 times the plate thickness [8]. However, value of x can be Plate width (mm)
decided based on practical limitations. For the machine under
consideration, the maximum top roller load imparting capacity Fig. 4 Capacity chart for SA-516 Gr60, 5000 MT top roll capacity,
is 5000 tones. From the machine capacity chart, at 5000 tones, shell φ 2000 mm, x = 214 mm
135 mm thick and 4500 mm wide reference material plate can 200
be pre-bent to the shell diameter of 2000 mm. From Fig. 4 it
Thickness of SA-387 Gr22

150
can be observed that at maximum top roller load imparting
Cl1 (Mat 1), mm

capacity, as the plate thickness increases, the plate width of 100

the reference material corresponding to the same pre-bent
shell diameter and offset value decreases. Capacity charts 50
provided by the OEM are for specific (reference) material,
0
whereas in actual practice different materials as per the design
0 50 100 150 200
specification are required to be bent. So, equivalent thickness
of the new material to be bent corresponding to the reference Thickness of SA-516 Gr60 (Ref. Material), mm
Perfectly plastic material behavior
material, for the same width and shell diameter combinations
Power law behavior
can be obtained from (5) and (8). Similarly, equivalent width
for the new material can also be obtained from the equation of
Fig. 5 Comparison of Equivalent thickness
equivalent width (i.e. (9) and (10)).

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TABLE I F. Maximum Width for New Plate Material

MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS
Top roller diameter, mm 1500 As it is already discussed earlier, maximum width of the
Bottom roller diameter, mm 800 plate that can be pre-bent is the crucial factor in controlling
Central distance between bottom rollers, mm 90 the overall shell cost.
Plate thickness of reference material, mm 135 As the maximum top roller load imparting capacity (Fmax) is
Minimum shell inside diameter, mm 2000 known, maximum width of the plate which can be bent at that
Maximum plate width accommodated on 4500
machine, mm
load can be easily calculated from (14) and (15) for the given
Pre-bending load for reference material at 214 5000 material property parameters, plate thickness and shell
mm offset for above combinations, tones diameter combinations. Maximum width for “Mat 1” as per
Reference material SA-516 Gr60 perfectly plastic and power law material models are found to
Yield stress (N/mm2) 220 be 4494 mm and 2385 mm respectively for thickness of 180
Tensile stress (N/mm2) 482.5
Percentage elongation (gauge length: 50.8 mm) 25 mm and shell diameter of 5000 mm at maximum top roller
Strain hardening exponent (n) 02231 load imparting capacity of 5000 tones. From (14) it can be
observed that as per perfectly plastic material model,
TABLE II maximum width (bmax) is the function of yield stress, plate
EQUIVALENT THICKNESSES AND WIDTHS FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS TO BE
thickness, shell diameter, top roller offset and maximum top
BENT
Particulars Mat 1 Mat 2 Mat 3 Mat 4 roller load imparting capacity, whereas according to power
Material [11] SA-387 SA-516 SA-387 SA-543 law material model, maximum width (bmax) is the function of
Gr22Cl1 Gr55 Gr11Cl2 Cl2 material property parameters K and n, plate thickness, top
Yield stress, N/mm2 205 205 310 690 roller offset, maximum top roller load imparting capacity and
Tensile stress, N/mm2 500 4475 6025 8625
shell diameter. Equation of maximum width based on the
Percentage elongation (gauge 18 27 22 14
length: 50.8 mm) perfectly plastic material model do not consider the effect of
Strength Coefficient (K), N/mm2 673.39 630.03 830.7 1122.67 strain hardening due to the increased degree of deformation,
Strain hardening exponent (n) 0.16 0.23 0.19 0.13 which may be contradicting the concept of increase of yield
Equivalent Perfectly plastic 139.9 139.9 113.7 76.2 point due to strain hardening. Further, for the material under
thickness, mm Power law 124.7 142.2 118.7 92.9 consideration (i.e. “Mat 1”) equivalent width calculated using
*Equivalent Perfectly plastic 4829.3 4829.3 3193.5 1434.8
width, mm Power law 4087.8 4946.7 3506.1 2306.1
power law material model gives lower value than that of
perfectly plastic material model. So, if power law material
*Note: Maximum equivalent width is taken as bmachine which is equal model is considered then, cost of welding & fabrication is
to 4500 mm high as more number of seems will be required due to lower
width of pre-bending & vice versa for other materials (i.e.
4500 “Mat 2” , “Mat 3” & “Mat 4”).
Equivalent width of
SA-387 Gr22 Cl1
(Mat 1), mm

3000
4000
Width of plate (mm)

1500
3600
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
3200
Width of SA-516 Gr60 (Ref. Material), mm
2800
Perfectly plastic material behavior
Pow er law behavior 200 250 300 350 400 450
Top roller offset (mm)

Fig. 6 Comparison of equivalent width Fig. 7 Pre-bending width at different top roller offset, plate material
SA-516 Gr60, 5000 tone top roller load, shell φ 5000 mm

If thickness for new material to be bent is same as that of G. Top Roller Offset Analysis
the reference material then the width of new material which
Top roller offset plays major role in machine capacity as the
can be bent at maximum top roller load imparting capacity of
equivalent thickness; width and maximum width are function
5000 tones can be calculated as explained earlier. Figure 6
of top roller offset. With the shifting of top roller towards the
shows the comparison of equivalent widths for two different
center of span, top roller vertical travel required to pre-bend
material models for “Mat 1” at shell diameter 2000 mm and
the same shell diameter increases. But load required for
plate thickness of 135 mm. Equivalent width of “Mat 1” is
marginal increase of top roller vertical travel is less compared
found to be 4829.3 mm and 4087.8 mm for perfectly plastic
to the load increase due to marginal shift of top roller in
and power law behavior respectively. If the equivalent width
center. This in turn reduces the pre-bending load. As the top
exceeds the maximum plate width which can be
roller shift towards the centre of the span, pre-bending load
accommodated on machine (bmachine) i.e. 4500 mm, then
decreases and so bendability increases. On the other side,
equivalent plate width for the new material to be bent should
material wastage increases due to larger straight length at the
be taken as 4500 mm.
end portions of plate. At top roller offset of 214 mm, 180 mm

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thick and 2893 mm wide plate of “Mat 1” can be bent to the with shifting of top roller towards center.
shell inside diameter of 5000 mm. As top roller shifts towards
the center, maximum width that can be pre-bent increases as IV. CONCLUSION
shown in Fig. 7. For the top roller offsets of 1.4t i.e. 252 mm, Presented work analyzes the bendability in terms of
maximum pre-bending width is 3215 mm whereas at the top maximum width for bending of C-Mn steel plate on 3-roller
roller offset of 1.75t i.e. 315 mm, maximum pre-bending heavy duty plate bending machine. Following important
width increases to 3628 mm. Similarly at top roller offset of conclusion can be derived based on investigation;
450 mm, maximum pre-bending width further increases to 1) The equivalent thickness, equivalent width and maximum
3986 mm. width calculated based on power law material model
includes the effect of strain hardening and can lead to the
more realistic prediction of machine capability.
2) It is very crucial to predict bendability based on one plate
material because capacity of 3-roller plate bending
machine is the complex function of plate thickness, plate
width, plate material, maximum top roller load imparting
capacity, top roller offset and shell diameter to be bend.
3) Maximization of the width of the plate for bending is the
important factor which controls the overall cost of
fabrication. So, in place of capacity chart for the reference
material supplied by OEM, the maximum width at top
Fig. 8 Capacity graph for (a) 214 mm offset distance and (b) 450 mm roller load imparting capacity for plate material, thickness
offset distance
and shell diameter combinations to be bent should be
specified to define the machine capacity.
Fig. 8(a) and 8(b) are the graphs of the machine capacity
4) Top roller offset for the pre-bending should be analyzed
for bending of reference material at two different top roller
from the point of view of maximization of machine
offsets of 214 mm and 450 mm respectively. The point on the
capability and minimization of material wastage.
surface shows the plate thickness, width and shell diameter 5) Capacity of heavy duty 3-roller plate bending machine in
combinations at the maximum top roller load imparting practice can be fully exploited using the bendability
capacity of 5000 tones. Figure 8(a) shows that, on “Point 1” at analysis which may results into better utilization and will
the top roller offset of 214 mm, it is unsafe to pre-bend the help either in reduction of fabrication cost or by reducing
156 mm thick and 4500 mm wide plate of reference material material wastage.
to the shell diameter of 2000 mm, as required top roller load is
6887 tones. Whereas, for the same combination of thickness, REFERENCES
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214 mm to 450 mm (center position) required top roller pre- pyramid type plate bending machine,” J. strain Analysis, vol. 1, no. 5,
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[2] N. E. Hanson, and O. Jannerup, “Modeling of elastic plastic bending of
roller offset from 214 mm to 450 mm, maximum pre-bending beams using a roller bending machine,” ASME Papers No. 78wa/Prod 6,
width (at the top roller load imparting capacity of 5000 tones) 1979.
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internal bending moment at the top roller contact in multipass four roll
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as required top roller load is 6673 tones. Whereas, for the 36, pp. 905-935, 1999.
same combination of thickness, width and diameter by [5] Weilong Hu, and Z.R. Wang, “Theoretical analysis and experimental
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process,” Int J. Mach.Tools Manuf., vol. 41, pp. 731-747, 2001.
(center position) required top roller pre-bending load reduces [6] V. Ramamurti, V. Ravi Sankar Rao and, N. S. Sriram, “Design aspects
to 4801.5 tones. So, by increasing the top roller offset from and parametric study of 3-roll heavy duty plate bending machines,” J.
214 mm to 450 mm, maximum pre-bending width at top roller mater. Process. Technol., vol. 32, pp. 585-598, 1992.
[7] J. L Dunkun. and Z. Marciniak, Mechanics of sheet metal forming,
load imparting capacity of 5000 tones increases from 3360 Adward Arnold Publication, 1992, pp. 68-77
mm to 4635 mm. Comparison of Fig. 8(a) and 8(b), shows [8] Process manual, maintenance manual, machine capacity chart and
that as top roller shifts towards the centre, graph shift upward technical specification of rolling machine, M/s Larsem & Toubro ltd,
Hazira, Surat, India.
showing the increase of maximum pre-bending width for [9] G. H. Ryder, Strength of Material, English language book society /
given plate thickness and shell diameter combination. This Macmillan, 1969, pp. 71-85.
shows improvement in bendability by reducing cost of [10] A. I. Tselikov and V. V. Smirnov, Rolling Mills, Pergamon press, 1965.
[11] ASME sec II part A, Ferrous material specification, 2004 edition.
welding & fabrication. However, there will be increase in
material wastage due to increase in end flat portion of plate

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