Anatomy and Physiology/Vascular System /Blood vessels

Chapter III- Objectives:

1. Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and relate their structure to
function.
2. Describe the structure of capillaries, and explain the exchange processes that takes place.
3. Name the branches of aorta and their distributions.
4. Name the major systemic veins, and the parts of the body they drain of blood.
5. Describe the pathway and purpose of hepatic circulation.
6. Describe the modification of fetal circulation and explain the purpose of each.
7. Explain how the hearts and kidneys are involved in the regulation of blood pressure.

Pretest:
Identify what is asked in each item.
1. Microscopic vessels with walls mostly one cell thick, distributed throughout the body,
except in dead layer of the skin and lenses of the eyes. _________________________
2. A vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein. __________________________
3. It supplies all the cells, tissues and organs of the body with oxygenated blood and also
returns deoxygenated blood. _______________________
4. Receives venous blood from the arm through the axillary vein and from the skin and
muscles of the head through the external jugular vein. ____________________
5. Single vein that drains the digestive tract, organ and, carries the blood through the liver
before it enters the systemic circulation. ___________________________
6. First branch of abdominal aorta. ______________________________
7. An artery that supplies most of the small intestine and first half of the colon.
________________________________
8. An artery that serves the skin and muscles of the head and neck. ___________________
9. Small unpaired artery supplying the second half of the large intestine. _______________
10. Blood vessel that supplies the dorsum of the foot. ___________________________
 VASCULAR SYSTEM/BLOOD VESSELS

The vascular system consists of the arteries, capillaries and veins through which the heart
pump blood throughout the body.
The major function of the vascular system is exchange of material between the blood and
tissues, which takes place in the capillaries.

Types of blood vessels

1. ARTERIES: _____________________________.
Arterioles- Small branch of _____________ that communicates with the
_______________network.
Function: Carry blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues.
2 types:
a. Elastic arteries- contains more
elastin than any other blood
vessels.
___________________________
___________________________.
b. Muscular arteries- built for strength
and distribute blood to the major
organs; branch into smaller
arterioles.

3 distinct layer of ARTERIES:

1. Tunica interna- the innermost layer.
Composed of layer of simple
squamous epithelium called
endothelium.
2. Tunica media- middle layer.
Makes up the bulk of the
arterial wall.
It includes smooth muscle
fibers.
3. Tunica externa- the outer layer.
Thin and chiefly consist of connective tissue, with irregularly elastic and
collagenous fibers.
Major arteries of the systemic circulation
AORTA: _____________________________.
The only branch of the ascending aorta is
the right and left ___________________
which serves the heart with blood.

Arterial Branches of Ascending Aorta and The Aortic Arch

1. Coronary a.: _________________________________
Branch: ______________________________
2. Brachiocephalic a: ____________________________
Branch: ______________________________
3. Right Common carotid a.: ______________________
Branch: ______________________________
4. Right subclavian a.: ___________________________
Branch: ______________________________
5. Left common carotid a.- 2nd branch of the aortic arch.
Supplies the left side of head
Branch: _______________________
a. Left internal carotid a.: __________________.
b. Left external carotid a.: __________________
______________________________.
6. Left subclavian a.:3rd branch of the aortic arch.
serves left shoulder and arm
Branch: _______________________.
1. Vertebral a.: serves cervical vertebrae and circle
of Willis.
Branch: ______________________.
2. Brachial a.: supplies the upper arm
Branch: ______________________.
3. Radial a.: Supplies the forearm
Branch: ______________________.
4. ulnar a.: supplies the forearm
Branch: ______________________.
5. Volar arch: supplies the hand
Branch: ______________________.
Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
1. Intercostal arteries- consist of 9 pairs:
_____________________________________.
2. Superior phrenic a.: ____________________.
3. Pericardial a.: _________________________.
4. Esophageal a.: ________________________.
5. Bronchial a.: __________________________
_____________________________.

Arterial Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

1. Inferior phrenic a.: ____________________________.
2. Lumbar arteries (4 pairs): ______________________
_____________________________________.
3. Middle sacral a.: ______________________________.
4. Celiac trunk- 1st branch of abdominal aorta.
a. Left gastric artery: ________________________________.
b. Hepatic a.: ______________________________.
c. Splenic artery: ____________________.
5. Superior mesenteric artery (Unpaired): ___________________________________________
_________________________________.
6. Suprarenal a.: __________________________________.
7. Renal arteries: __________________________________.
8. Inferior mesenteric a.: ____________________________.
9. Gonadal arteries (Right and Left): __________________________________________________.
10. Common iliac arteries (Right and Left)-the two large vessels that receive blood from the
abdominal aorta. Divides into:
a. Internal iliac artery- supplies the pelvic organs (bladder, rectum and reproductive organs).
b. External iliac artery- supplies the lower pelvis to legs; enters the thighs and becomes the:
c. Femoral artery- serves the thigh.
d. Popliteal artery- splits to anterior and posterior arteries- supplies back of the knee.
 11. Anterior tibial a.: __________________________________.
a. Dorsalis pedis artery: ______________________________________________________.
b. Plantar arches: ________________________________.
12. Posterior tibial a.: _________________________________.
a. Peroneal a.: __________________________________.
b. Plantar arches: _______________________________.

Cerebral circulation
4 Major Arteries
1. Internal carotid arteries: __________________________
______________________________.
2. Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis): ______________
____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________.
3. Internal jugular veins: _____________________________
_________________________________________
__________________________________________.
4. Vertebral arteries: ________________________________
____________________________.
2. VEINS: ________________________________.
They are generally more _____________ than the arteries, and they collapse if blood
pressure is not maintained.
Function: carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the heart except the:

1. 4 pulmonary veins- these carry ___________blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
2. Hepatic portal system of veins- carries blood from the capillaries of the intestines
to the capillaries of the sinusoids of the liver.
3. Hypothalamic- hypophyseal system- capillaries of the hypothalamus unite to
form veins that divide into a second set of sinusoidal capillaries in the
anterior pituitary gland.

Venules- vessels that carry blood from capillaries to a vein.

 Thinner walls with less muscle.
 Have valves.
 Carries deoxygenated blood.
 Location: Near muscles.

3 Distinct layer of veins

1. Tunica interna- the innermost layer.
Composed of layer of smooth ____________,
but at intervals this lining is folded to form
________________.
a. Semilunar and bicuspid valves- permit blood
to flow in only _______________, restricting
backflow.
b. Venous valves- which are derived from folds
of the tunica intima are especially abundant in
the ______where gravity opposes the return of
blood to the heart.
2. Tunica media- middle layer.
It includes smooth muscle fibers.
Thin because veins do not regulate blood
____________and blood flow to capillaries as arteries do.
3. Tunica externa- the outer layer.
Thin and chiefly consist of not as much as fibrous connective tissue as necessary
because blood pressure in veins very low.
ANASTOMOSIS
Is a connection, or joining, of vessels that is artery to artery or vein to vein.
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.

Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation

1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
Drains ___________________ blood from the
______________and ____________part of the
body and empty their deoxygenated blood into
the __________________________.

Veins draining blood from Head and neck

1. Cranial venous sinuses: ______________________________________________________.
Branch: ______________________________.
2. Internal jugular vein- drains blood from face and neck.
Branch: ______________________________.
3. External jugular v.- drains superficial face and neck.
Branch; ______________________________.
4. Subclavian v.: _______________________________.
Branch; _______________________________.
5. Brachiocephalic veins- are large veins that receive
venous drainage from the subclavian, vertebral,
and internal jugular veins on their respective
sides or this is the upper body.
Branch; _______________________________.
 Veins Draining Blood from The Arm and Shoulder

1. Radial and ulnar veins- deep veins draining the forearm.

Branch: Brachial v.
2. Cephalic vein- provides for the superficial drainage of
the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into
the (axillary vein).
3. Basilic vein- is a superficial vein that drains the
medial aspect of the arm and empties into the
brachial vein proximally.
Branch: axillary v.
4. Subclavian vein- receives venous blood from the arm
through the axillary vein and from the skin and
muscles of the head through the external jugular
vein.
Branch: brachiocephalic vein

Veins Draining Blood from Trunks

1. Brachiocephalic v: ___________________________________________.
Branch: superior vena cava
2. Azygos v.: ____________________________________________________________________.
Branch: Superior vena cava
3. Hepatic portal vein- is a single vein that drains the digestive tract organs and carries the blood
through the liver before it enters the systemic circulation.
Branch: _________________________
4. Renal v.: _________________________________.
5. Hepatic (R and L) veins: ______________________.
Branch: Inferior vena cava
6. Testicular or ovarian v.- drains blood from testes to
ovaries.
Branch; Inferior vena cava and left renal vein
7. Internal iliac v.- drains blood from the rectum, bladder,
reproductive organs.
Branch: _____________________________
8. External iliac v.- Drains blood from leg and abdominal
wall.
Branch; _____________________________
9. Common iliac v.: ____________________________
___________________________.
Branch; _____________________________
Veins Draining into The Inferior Vena Cava
1. Inferior vena cava- ____________________________________, Returns blood to the heart
from ______________________regions below the diaphragm.
2. Anterior and posterior tibial vein and peroneal vein: ______________ (calf and foot)
The posterior tibial vein becomes the ________________ vein at the knee and then
the femoral vein in the thigh.
3. Great saphenous vein: __________________________________________.
They receive the superficial drainage of the leg.
4. Common iliac (R and L) vein- is formed by the union of the external iliac vein and internal
iliac vein on its own side.
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

Veins Draining Blood from Leg and Hip

1. Anterior and posterior tibial v.- drains blood
from ______and lower _______.
Branch: Popliteal vein
2. Popliteal v.- drains blood from the _______.
Branch: ______________
3. Small saphenous v.- drains blood from the
superficial ________and _________.
Branch: ______________
4. Great saphenous v.- Drains blood from superficial
foot, leg and thigh
Branch: ______________
5. Femoral v.- drains blood from the thigh.
Branch: _______________________
6. External iliac v.- drains blood from leg and
abdominal wall.
Branch; _______________________
 7. Common iliac v.- drains blood from leg and lower
abdomen.
Branch: inferior vena cava
8. Inferior vena cava- drains blood from the lower
body.
Branch; ______________________

3. CAPILLARIES
Microscopic vessels with walls mostly one cell
thick.
The thin capillary walls are full of ________
allows the passage of water and small
particles of dissolved materials.
Capillaries are distributed throughout the body,
except in _____________________of the skin and lenses of the eyes
Function: where materials (oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, Energy) is
exchanged between blood and cells
Found near muscle cells, organs, etc.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

Circulation of Blood
Two main circuits:
1. Pulmonary circulation- Supplies blood only to the ______________.
It carries ___________________blood from the ____________to the lungs, where
carbon dioxide is ________________ and _______________ is added.
It then returns the newly ________________________blood to the heart for distribution
to the rest of the____________.
Pulmonary circulation takes __________________.
 a. Right side S of the heart (Right __________) pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.
b. Right ventricles pump blood to _________________ trunk.
c. Pulmonary trunk branches into pulmonary ____________________.
d. Pulmonary arteries carry _______________blood to the lungs for exchange of gases
e. Oxygenated blood returns to heart (Left _____________) via pulmonary _________

2. Systemic circulation- Supplies all the _________, __________, and __________of the body.
It supplies _______________blood and also returns ___________________ blood.
Systemic circulation is about ________________________.

a. _______ side of the heart (_______ atrium and _______ ventricle) pumps blood
through body
b. _________ ventricle pumps _____________ blood into the ___________.
c. Aorta branches into many arteries that travel to organs.
d. Arteries branch into many _____________in tissue.
e. Arterioles branch into thin walled __________ for exchange of __________ and
__________.
f. ______________blood begins its return to venules.
g. Venules merge into veins and return to right _______________.
Cutaneous (SKIN) circulation
1. The arrangement of blood vessels in the skin allows for the increase or decrease of heat radiation
from the skin.
2. When body temperature increases, more blood flows to the superficial layers, from which heat
radiates to the body.
3. In contrast, when the body needs to conserve heat, blood is shunted away from the surface of the
skin through deep arteriovenous ________________.
Fetal circulation
1. The fetus gets its oxygen and nutrient and eliminates CO2 and waste products from the mother’s
blood.
2. The fetal lungs, kidneys, and digestive system are not functional yet not until birth.
a. Placenta- Provide an indirect connection between the mother and the fetus.
b. Umbilical cord- single umbilical vein, which carries O2, nutrient- rich blood from the
placenta to the fetus.
c. Umbilical arteries- carry both deoxygenated blood/ waste material from the fetus to
placenta.
3. Oxygen from the placenta travels to the umbilical vein bringing oxygen and nutrients.
4. Some of the blood flows to the hepatic circulation, others bypass the liver and pass through the
ductus venosus.
5. The blood from the lower parts of the body together with the blood in the ductus venosus flows
toward the inferior vena cava.
6. Some of the blood goes from the right atrium, some goes to the right ventricle via the
tricuspid valve while others pass the foramen ovale leading to the left atrium.
7. From the left atrium, it goes towards the left ventricle, mixing with the poorly oxygenated blood
from the lungs and then pumped towards the ascending aorta.
8. From the ascending aorta, the blood is pumped to the upper parts of the body like the heart,
neck, head and upper limbs.
9. Then perfuse to the placenta via the two umbilical arteries.
10. Meanwhile the blood that enters the right ventricle together with the poorly oxygenated blood
from the head and upper extremities returns to the right side of the heart by the way of the
superior vena cave then, passes through the pulmonary artery wherein 10% enters the
lungs, most of the blood bypasses the lungs which is then pumped to the ductus
arteriosus going to the descending aorta.
11. The blood is the pumped and per fused to other parts of the fetus.
12. The blood then returns to the placenta via the two umbilical arteries.
 References

Tortora, G., Derrickson, B., “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (First Asia- Pacific Edition)
John Wiley and Sons Company
Scanlon, V., Sanders T., “Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology” (fifth edition):
F.A. Davis Company
Chanco, C. (2004). “Human Anatomy and Physiology (lecture manual)”:
Philippines, ACNN Printing Press
Sheir, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., (2006) “Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology”: Published by McGraw – Hill companies

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