Anatomy and Physiology/ Blood

Chapter 9- Objectives:
1. Describe the composition blood.
2. Describe the properties of the blood.
3. State the functions of the component of blood.
4. State the function of Red Blood cell, including the protein and mineral involved.
5. Described what happens to red blood cells that have reached the end of their life span;
what happens to the hemoglobin.
6. Explain the ABO and RH blood types.
7. Name the five kinds of White blood cells and describe the function of each.
8. State what platelets are, and explain how they are involved in hemostasis.
9. Describe the stages of chemical blood clotting is prevented in vascular system.
10. State the normal values in a complete blood count.
Pretest
List down what is asked in each item.
A) Components of blood and its percentage by blood volume.
1. ________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________________

B) Types of protein in the plasma.

1._________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________

C) Types of lymphocytes
1._________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________

D) Give the 3 phases of hemostasis.

1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
 BLOOD

BLOOD
BLOOD IS THE RIVER OF LIFE!
Classified as a connective tissue.
“Formed elements” (RBC, WBC, Platelets); and a fluid matrix called plasma.

Functions of the blood:

1. Transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.
 __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Regulation:
 Blood clotting
 Body temperature: __________________________________________________
 Acid base balance (ph)
3. Protect against harmful microorganisms and other substances.

Properties of the blood

About 7-9% of total body weight: _______________.
_____________ L of blood for man, woman has _________________.
RBC makes the blood thicker, denser and more adhesive than water.
RBC is also viscous.
Arterial blood is red because of oxygenated hemoglobin: ______________________
________________________________.
White blood cells and platelets are ____________, and the plasma is _____________.
Blood is slightly ________________, Ph7.35 and 7.45.
Temperature: _______degrees Celsius.
Components of blood
1. Plasma- liquid part of the blood, 55% by volume
95% of water provides the solvent for dissolving and transporting nutrients.

Dissolve in the plasma are:

Gases: _____________________________________________
Ions: ______________________________________________
Nutrients: __________________________________________
Hormones: _________________________________________
Various wastes and lipid molecules.
3 types of protein in the plasma
1. Albumins: _________________________________________________.
2. Globulins: _________________________________________________.
A group of globulin neutralizes viruses and bacteria or target them for
destruction through macrophages (cell).
3. Fibrinogen: ________________________________________________
___________________________________________.

2. Red blood cells (RBC) or Erythrocytes

Abundant cells in human blood.
About 5 billion RBCs in 1 ml ( ___ drops) of blood.
Biconcave disk
_______ % by volume.
They transport _______ in the body and eliminate ________ from the body.
RBC lives about _________days.
Stem cell- Part of bone marrow that produces RBC.
HEMATOCRIT
Volume percentage of RBC in whole blood.
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
HEMATOCRIT represents the percentage of red blood cells in blood.
Adult male is 45- 52% and for female is 37- 48%.
Erythropoietin: _______________________________________________________.

Hemoglobin
This is an O2-carrying globular protein.
Almost entire weight of the RBC.
Oxyhemoglobin: ______________________________________________________.
Anemia: _______________________________________________________.
Polycythemia: __________________________________________________.

RBC production: Erythropoiesis

_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
1. Proerythroblasts give rise to cells, which begin the synthesis of hemoglobin
2. At the end of the development, the nucleus is ejected and becomes reticulocytes
3. Reticulocytes pass from the bone marrow to the circulatory system; now are called
erythrocytes.
4. Hypoxia is detected by the cells within the kidney, which stimulates the
production of erythropoietin
5. Erythropoietin travels to the red bone marrow where it speeds the development of
pro-erythrocytes into reticulocytes.
3. White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes
Part of the body’s protective mechanism against harmful organism.
Produced in _____________________.
Constitute less than 3% of the blood volume
Life span few hours or a few days
Normal blood contains 5, 000 to 10, 000 leukocytes per microliter
Leukocytosis: ________________________________________________.
Leukopenia: __________________________________________________.

Mortal Combat
 Combat _______________________ and __________________.
 WBCs leave the blood stream by emigration
 Some WBCs, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, are active in
phagocytosis
 Chemotaxis: ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________.

Classification of WBC (Leukocytes)

A. Granulocytes
Numerous of WBC
contained large numbers of
granules in the cytoplasm.
3 types of granular cell
1. Basophils
Their granules contain heparin; histamine
Provides immunity against parasites
Nucleus lobed: _____or _____ shaped
Cytoplasmic granules large & basic

2. Neutrophils: ______________________________________________________.

Nucleus with ____ to ____lobes

They are phagocytes that engulfs/ destroys
__________ and some _________.
Cytoplasmic granules fine, both basic & acidic
Produced in bone marrow by myeloblasts

3. Eosinophils: ______________________________________________________.
Nucleus bilobed
Cytoplasmic granules coarse & acidic (red/orange)
____- shape nuclei
Destroy parasitic worms & immune complexes
Produced in bone marrow by myeloblasts
B. Agranulocytes
Few nonspecific granules in their cytoplasm.

2 types
1. Monocytes
the largest blood cell which is phagocytic
macrophages.
It phagocytizes microorganism and cellular
debris. Nucleus ___or ______ shaped.
These macrophages lines vascular portion of
____________, ___________,
___________, thymus gland and bone
marrow.
It phagocytizes _____________________ and
__________________debris.

2. Lymphocytes
Small cells with round nucleus that
occupies most of the cells.
Nucleus spherical-fills half or more of cell.
Small cells with round nucleus that occupies
most of the cells.
Produces antibodies to attack infected and
cancerous cells, and responsible for
rejecting foreign tissues. Ex. Transplant
No visible granules in cytoplasm

1. B cells - responds to the presence of foreign substances called antigens,

differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
_________________________________________________________.
2. T cells- destroy foreign invaders directly
“_________________________________________________________.”
3. NK cells- kill a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain self-tumor
Cells
 ___________________________________________________________.

4. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Agent for blood clotting.
1% in blood volume
__________________, platelets lack nuclei and therefore are not true cells.

1. Thrombopoietin: stimulates _______________ stem cells (in the red bone marrow)
to produce platelets
2. Normal blood contains 150, 000-400, 000 platelets per microliter.
3. Platelets have a life span of only _____ to _____ days.
4. Platelets help stop __________from damaged vessels by forming a platelet ______.

FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS (Hematopoiesis)

A. Blood cells are formed from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
1. Myeloid stem cells - give rise to RBCs, platelets, and all WBCs except
lymphocytes
2. Lymphoid stem cells - give rise to lymphocytes

 Hematopoietic stem cells

B. Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) is stimulated by several hematopoietic growth factors.
1. Erythropoietin increases the number of RBC precursors.
2. Thrombopoietin increases the number of platelet precursors.
 Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and
kidney which regulates the production of platelets.
3. Cytokines (proteins produce by cells) increase the number of WBC precursors.
Blood cell formation in embryo
Begins in the yolk sac outside the human embryo.
Later in development, blood cells are manufactured
in the liver, and spleen, and still later they form
in bone marrow.
Marrow- soft, netlike mass of connective tissue found
within the medullary cavities of long bones.

2 kinds of Bone Marrow

1. Red bone marrow- functions in the formation of RBC, WBC, and blood
platelets.
2. Yellow marrow- store fat, not active in blood cell production.
 So where is blood formed exactly in the red bone marrow?
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
 HEMOSTASIS
Stoppage of blood flow or hemorrhage in an organ or body part during bleeding.

3 Phases
1. The constriction of blood vessels; ______________________________
_______________________________.
2. Platelet plug formation: ______________________________________
____________________________________________________.
3. Blood clotting: _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________.

PLATELET PLUG FORMATION

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

BLOOD CLOTTING
1. Thromboplastin- _______________that acts on inactive plasma known as prothrombin
produced by the ___________.
2. Prothrombin- is a plasma protein that is converted to _________during blood clotting.
3. Thrombin- An __________ in blood that causes clotting by catalyzing the conversion of
_______________ to _____________.
4. Fibrinogen- produced by the liver; a soluble protein present in the blood that is
activated by __________to form __________.
Fibrinogen is a clotting factor and is required to prevent major blood loss.
5. Fibrin- long, branching fibers that produce _______like network in the wall of the
__________________blood vessels.
BLOOD TYPES (Important terms in blood type)
1. Agglutinogens (Antigen): __________________________________________________
______________________________.
2. Agglutinin (Antibody): ___________________________________________________.
3. Agglutination: clumping together of cells.
4. Hemagglutination- clumping of RBC.
5. Antibodies: _____________________________________________________________.
6. Antigen: ________________________________________________________________.

A person with agglutinogen:

1. A------------Blood Type A
2. B------------Blood Type B
3. Both A and B-------------Blood Type AB
4. Neither A or B----------- Blood Type O

ABO GROUPING
This is the blood matching system for blood types A, B, AB, and O.
 AB blood, (called universal recipient)
 Blood type O, (called universal donor).
Rh Blood Group
RH factor:
1. It causes RH disease, (called erythroblastosis fetalis)
2. Substance in RBCs; group of antibody- producing substances antigens present in
most people’s RBC.
3. RH positive- contains Rh factor in the blood; so a person with Rh factor is Rh (+).
4. Rh negative- without Rh factor; A person without Rh factor then is Rh (-).
5. Antibodies are formed if blood of Rh (+) is transfused to Rh (-).
6. The child of an Rh (+) father and Rh (-) mother has an equal chance of inheriting
either factor.
7. A potential problem arises if an Rh (-) conceives an Rh (+) child. How and why?
8. Fetal blood cells leak into the mother’s blood during pregnancy or birth.
9. The mother then will produce antibodies in response to the fetal Rh (+) antigen.
10. These antibodies are not yet developed to harm the first baby, but if a later fetus
is Rh (+), the mother’s antibodies can cross the placenta, enters the fetus blood
and endanger the fetus.
 References

Tortora, G., Derrickson, B., “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (First Asia- Pacific
Edition) John Wiley and Sons Company
Scanlon, V., Sanders T., “Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology” (fifth edition):
F.A. Davis Company
Chanco, C. (2004). “Human Anatomy and Physiology (lecture manual)”:
Philippines, ACNN Printing Press
Sheir, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., (2006) “Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology”: Published by McGraw – Hill companies

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