Module

4
Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate
Structures by the Direct
StiffnessMethod
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 Lesson
29
The Direct Stiffness
Method: Beams
(Continued)
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Instructional Objectives
After reading this chapter the student will be able to
1. Compute moments developed in the continuous beam due to support
settlements.
2. Compute moments developed in statically indeterminate beams due to
temperature changes.
3. Analyse continuous beam subjected to temperature changes and support
settlements.

29.1 Introduction
In the last two lessons, the analysis of continuous beam by direct stiffness matrix
method is discussed. It is assumed in the analysis that the supports are
unyielding and the temperature is maintained constant. However, support
settlements can never be prevented altogether and hence it is necessary to
make provisions in design for future unequal vertical settlements of supports and
probable rotations of fixed supports. The effect of temperature changes and
support settlements can easily be incorporated in the direct stiffness method and
is discussed in this lesson. Both temperature changes and support settlements
induce fixed end actions in the restrained beams. These fixed end forces are
handled in the same way as those due to loads on the members in the analysis.
In other words, the global load vector is formulated by considering fixed end
actions due to both support settlements and external loads. At the end, a few
problems are solved to illustrate the procedure.

29.2 Support settlements

Consider continuous beam ABC as shown in Fig. 29.1a. Assume that the flexural
rigidity of the continuous beam is constant throughout. Let the support B settles
by an amount ' as shown in the figure. The fixed end actions due to loads are
shown in Fig. 29.1b. The support settlements also induce fixed end actions and
are shown in Fig. 29.1c. In Fig. 29.1d, the equivalent joint loads are shown. Since
the beam is restrained against displacement in Fig. 29.1b and Fig. 29.1c, the
displacements produced in the beam by the joint loads in Fig. 29.1d must be
equal to the displacement produced in the beam by the actual loads in Fig.
29.1a. Thus to incorporate the effect of support settlement in the analysis it is
required to modify the load vector by considering the negative of the fixed end
actions acting on the restrained beam.

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29.3 Effect of temperature change
The effect of temperature on the statically indeterminate beams has already been
discussed in lesson 9 of module 2 in connection with the flexibility matrix method.
Consider the continuous beam ABC as shown in Fig. 29.2a, in which span BC is
subjected to a differential temperature T1 at top and T2 at the bottom of the beam.
Let temperature in span AB be constant. Let d be the depth of beam and EI
be the flexural rigidity. As the cross section of the member remains plane after
bending, the relative angle of rotation dT between two cross sections at a
distance dx apart is given by

T1  T2 
dT D dx (29.1)
d

where D is the co-efficient of the thermal expansion of the material. When beam
is restrained, the temperature change induces fixed end moments in the beam as
shown in Fig. 29.2b. The fixed end moments developed are,

T1  T2 
M 1T  M 2T D EI (29.2)
d

Corresponding to the above fixed end moments; the equivalent joint loads can
easily be constructed. Also due to differential temperatures there will not be any
vertical forces/reactions in the beam.

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Example 29.1
Calculate support reactions in the continuous beam ABC (vide Fig. 29.3a) having
constant flexural rigidity EI , throughout due to vertical settlement of support B , by
5 mm as shown in the figure. Assume E 200 GPa and I 4 u 10 4 m 4 .

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The continuous beam considered is divided into two beam elements. The
numbering of the joints and members are shown in Fig. 29.3b. The possible
global degrees of freedom are also shown in the figure. A typical beam element
with two degrees of freedom at each node is also shown in the figure. For this
problem, the unconstrained degrees of freedom are u1 and u 2 . The fixed end
actions due to support settlement are,

F 6 EI ' F
M AB 96 kN.m; M BA 96 kN.m
L2

F F
M BC 96 kN.m ; M CB 96 kN.m (1)

The fixed-end moments due to support settlements are shown in Fig. 29.3c.

The equivalent joint loads due to support settlement are shown in Fig. 29.3d. In
the next step, let us construct member stiffness matrix for each member.

Member 1: L 5 m , node points 1-2.

Global d .o. f 6 5 3 1
ª 0.096 0.24  0.096 0.24 º 6
« »
« 0.24 0.80  0.24 0.40 » 5 (2)
>k '@ EI zz « »
« 0.096  0.24 0.096  0.24» 3
« »
«¬ 0.24 0.40  0.24 0.80 »¼ 1

Member 2: L 5 m , node points 2-3.

Global d .o. f 3 1 4 2
ª 0.096 0.24  0.096 0.24 º 3
« 0.24 0.80  0.24 0.40 »» 1 (3)
>k @
2
EI zz «
« 0.096  0.24 0.096  0.24» 4
« »
¬ 0.24 0.40  0.24 0.80 ¼ 2

On the member stiffness matrix, the corresponding global degrees of freedom

are indicated to facilitate assembling. The assembled global stiffness matrix is of
order 6 u 6 . Assembled stiffness matrix >K @ is given by,

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 ª  º
«  »
« »
«    » (4)
>K @ EI zz « »
«   »
«  »
« »
¬«  ¼»

Thus the global load vector corresponding to unconstrained degrees of freedom

is,

­° p1 ½° ­° 0 ½°
^p k ` ® ¾ ® ¾ (5)
°̄ p 2 °¿ °̄96°¿

Thus the load displacement relation for the entire continuous beam is,

­0½ ª 1. 6 0. 4 0  0.24 0.4 0.24 º ­ u1 ½

° 96 ° « 0.4 0.8 0.24  0.24 0 0 »» °u °
° ° « ° 2°
°° p 3 °° « 0 0.24 0.192  0.096  0.24  0.096» °°u 3 °° (6)
® ¾ EI zz « » ® ¾
° p4 ° «  0.24  0.24  0.096 0.096 0 0 » °u 4 °
° p5 ° « 0.4 0  0.24 0 0. 8 0.24 » °u 5 °
° ° « » ° °
¯° p 6 ¿° ¬« 0.24 0  0.096 0 0.24 0.096 ¼» ¯°u 6 ¿°

Since, u 3 u4 u5 u6 0 due to support conditions. We get,

­° 0 ½° ª1.6 0.4º ­°u1 ½°

® ¾ EI zz « »® ¾
°̄96°¿ «¬0.4 0.8»¼ °̄u 2 °¿

Thus solving for unknowns u1 and u 2 ,

­°u1 ½° 1 ª 0.8  0.4º ­° 0 ½°

® ¾ « »® ¾
°̄u 2 °¿ 1.12 EI zz «¬ 0.4 1.6 »¼ °̄96°¿

1 ­° 34.285½° ­° 0.429 u 10 3 ½°

® ¾ ® ¾
EI zz °̄ 137.14 °¿ °̄ 1.714 u 10 3 °¿

u1 0.429 u 10 3 radians; u2 1.714 u 10 3 radians (7)

Now, unknown joint loads are calculated by,

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 ­ p3 ½ ª 0 0.24 º
° ° « »
°° p 4 °° « 0.24  0.24» 1 ­° 34.285½°
® ¾ EI zz « » ® ¾
(8)
° p5 ° « 0. 4 0 » EI zz °̄ 137.14 °¿
° ° « »
°¯ p 6 °¿ «¬ 0.24 0 »¼

­ 32 . 91 ½
° °
°°  24 . 68 °°
® ¾
°  13 . 71 °
° °
°¯  8 . 23 °¿

Now the actual support reactions R3 , R4 , R5 and R6 must include the fixed end
support reactions. Thus,

­ R3 ½ ­ 76.8½ ­ 32.91 ½ ­ 43.88½

° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
°° R4 °° °° 38.4 °° °° 24.68°° °° 13.72 °°
® ¾ ® ¾® ¾ ® ¾
(9)
° R5 ° ° 96 ° °  13.71° ° 82.29 °
° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
¯° R6 ¿° ¯° 38.4 ¿° °¯  8.23 ¿° ¯° 30.17 ¿°

R3 43.88 kN; R4 13.72 kN; R5 82.29 kN.m; R6 30.17 kN (10)

Example 29.2
A continuous beam ABCD is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN / m as
shown in Fig. 29.4a. Compute reactions due to following support settlements.

Support B 0.005 m vertically downwards.

Support C 0.010 m vertically downwards.

Assume E 200 GPa and I 4 u 10 4 m 4 .

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Solution
The node and member numbering are shown in Fig. 29.4(b), wherein the
continuous beam is divided into three beam elements. It is observed from the
figure that the unconstrained degrees of freedom are u1 and u 2 . The fixed end
actions due to support settlements are shown in Fig. 29.4(c). and fixed end
moments due to external loads are shown in Fig. 29.4(d). The equivalent joint
loads due to support settlement and external loading are shown in Fig. 29.4(e).
The fixed end actions due to support settlement are,

6 EI
M AF  \  where \ is the chord rotation and is taken  ve if the
L
rotation is counterclockwise.

Substituting the appropriate values in the above equation,

F 6 u 200 u109 u 4 u104 § 0.005 ·

M A  ¨ ¸ 96 kN.m.
5 u 103 © 5 ¹

M BF 96  96 192 kN.m.

M CF 96  192 96 kN.m.

M DF 192 kN.m. (1)

The vertical reactions are calculated from equations of equilibrium. The fixed end
actions due to external loading are,

F w L2
M A 10.42 kN.m.
12

M BF 10.42  10.42 0 kN.m.

M CF 0

M DF 10.42 kN.m. (2)

In the next step, construct member stiffness matrix for each member.

Member 1, L 5 m , node points 1-2.

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Global d .o. f 6 5 3 1
ª 0.096 0.24  0.096 0.24 º 6
« »
« 0.24 0.80  0.24 0.40 » 5 (3)
>k '@ EI zz « »
« 0.096  0.24 0.096  0.24» 3
« »
«¬ 0.24 0.40  0.24 0.80 »¼ 1

Member 2, L 5 m , node points 2-3.

Global d .o. f 3 1 4 2
ª 0.096 0.24  0.096 0.24 º 3
« »
« 0.24 0.80  0.24 0.40 » 1 (4)
>k @
2
EI zz « »
« 0.096  0.24 0.096  0.24» 4
« »
«¬ 0.24 0.40  0.24 0.80 »¼ 2

Member 3, L 5 m , node points 3-4.

Global d .o. f 4 2 8 7
ª 0.096 0.24  0.096 0.24 º 4
« »
« 0.24 0.80  0.24 0.40 » 2 (5)
>k @
3
EI zz « »
« 0.096  0.24 0.096  0.24» 8
« »
«¬ 0.24 0.40  0.24 0.80 »¼ 7

On the member stiffness matrix, the corresponding global degrees of freedom

are indicated to facilitate assembling. The assembled global stiffness matrix is of
the order 8 u 8 . Assembled stiffness matrix >K @ is,

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 ª 1.60 0.40 0.0  0.24 0.40 0.24 0 0 º
« 0.40 1.60 0.24 0 0 0 0.40  0.24 »»
«
« 0 0.24 0.192  0.096  0.24  0.096 0 0 »
« »
 0.24 0  0.096 0.192 0 0 0.24  0.096» (6)
>K @ EI zz «
« 0.40 0  0.24 0 0.80 0.24 0 0 »
« »
« 0.24 0  0.096 0 0.24 0.096 0 0 »
« 0 0.40 0 0.24 0 0 0.80  0.24 »
« »
«¬ 0  0.24 0  0.096 0 0  0.24 0.096 »¼

The global load vector corresponding to unconstrained degree of freedom is,

­° p1 ½° ­° 192½°
^p k ` ® ¾ ® ¾ (7)
°̄ p 2 °¿ °̄ 96 °¿

Writing the load displacement relation for the entire continuous beam,

­ 192½ ª 1.60 0.40 0. 0  0.24 0.40 0.375 0 0 º ­ u1 ½

° ° « » ° °
° 96 ° « 0.40 1.60 0.24 0 0 0 0.40  0.24 » °u 2 °
° ° « » ° °
° p3 ° « 0 0.24 0.192  0.096  0.24  0.096 0 0 » °u 3 °
° ° « » ° °
° p4 ° «  0.24 0  0.096 0.192 0 0 0.24  0.096» °u 4 °
° ° ° °
® ¾ EI zz « » ® ¾
° p5 ° « 0.40 0  0.24 0 0.80 0.24 0 0 » °u 5 °
° ° « » ° °
° p6 ° « 0.24 0  0.096 0 0.24 0.096 0 0 » °u 6 °
° ° « » ° °
° p7 ° « 0 0.40 0 0.24 0 0 0.80  0.24 » °u 7 °
° ° « » ° °
°¯ p8 °¿ « » °¯u 8 °¿
¬ 0  0.24 0  0.096 0 0  0.24 0.096 ¼

(8)
We know that u 3 u 4 u 5 u 6 u 7 u8 0. Thus solving for unknowns
displacements u1 and u 2 from equation,

­° 192½° ª1.60 0.40º ­°u1 ½°

® ¾ EI zz « » ® ¾ (9)
°̄ 96 °¿ «¬0.40 1.60 »¼ °̄u 2 °¿

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 ­°u1 ½° 1 ª 1.60  0.40º ­° 192½°
® ¾ « »® ¾
°̄u 2 °¿ 2.4(80 u 10 3 ) ¬« 0.40 1.60 ¼» °̄ 96 °¿

­° 1.80 u 10 3 ½°
® ¾ (10)
°̄ 1.20 u 10 3 °¿

u1 1.80 u 10 3 radians; u2 1.20 u 10 3 radians (11)

The unknown joint loads are calculated as,

­ p3 ½ ª 0 0.24 º
° ° « »
° p4 ° « 0.24 0 »
° ° « »
° p5 ° « 0.40 0 » ­° 1.80 u 10 3 ½°
° °
® ¾ 
80 u 10 3 « » ® ¾
° p6 ° « 0.24 0 » °̄ 1.20 u 10 3 °¿
° ° « »
° p7 ° « 0 0.40 »
° ° « »
°¯ p8 °¿ « 0  0.24»¼
¬

­ 23.04 ½
° °
° 34.56 °
° °
° 57.60°
° ° (12)
® ¾
° 34.56°
° °
° 38.40 °
° °
°¯ 23.04°¿

Now the actual support reactions R3 , R4 , R5 , R6 , R7 and R8 must include the fixed
end support reactions. Thus,

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 ­ R3 ½ ­ p 3F ½ ­ p 3 ½ ­ 25 ½ ­ 23.04 ½ ­ 48.04 ½
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
°R4 ° ° p 4F ° ° p 4 ° °  90.2 ° ° 34.56 ° °  55.64 °
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
° R5 ° ° p 5F ° ° p 5 ° ° 106.42 ° ° 57.60 ° °° 48.82 °°
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° (13)
® ¾ ® F¾  ® ¾ ® ¾® ¾ ® ¾
° R6 ° ° p 6 ° ° p 6 ° ° 50.9 ° ° 34.56 ° ° 16.34 °
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
° R7 ° ° p 7F ° ° p 7 ° ° 202.42° ° 38.40 ° ° 164.02°
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
¯° R8 °¿ °¯ p8F °¿ ¯° p 8 ¿° ¯° 89.3 ¿° ¯° 23.04¿° ¯° 66.26 ¿°

R3 48.04 kN; R4 55.64 kN; R5 48.82 kN.m;

R6 16.34 kN; R7 164.02 kN.m; R8 66.26 kN (14)

Summary
The effect of temperature changes and support settlements can easily be
incorporated in the direct stiffness method and is discussed in the present
lesson. Both temperature changes and support settlements induce fixed end
actions in the restrained beams. These fixed end forces are handled in the same
way as those due to loads on the members in the analysis. In other words, the
global load vector is formulated by considering fixed end actions due to both
support settlements and external loads. At the end, a few problems are solved to
illustrate the procedure.

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