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Agenda

Lecture (01)  • Personal Communication Systems.
• PCS classes, and examples.
Personal Communication 
• Internetworking.
Systems • From Telecommunication to communication.
• Mobility management (P1).

Dr. Ahmed M. ElShafee

Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU Spring 2010, Wireless Network

Personal Communication Systems  Personal Communication Systems 
(1) (2)
Why? Constrains?
The goals of PCS are to provide a mobile user Attempts at providing universal coverage by a
with voice, data, and multimedia at any place, globally standard system have failed (for
at any time,
time and in any format.
format various technical,
technical historic,
historic economic,
economic and
How? political reasons)
System has to either So solution?
1. provide universal coverage Is to provide internetworking between different
2. include interworking with other types of PCS.
communication systems.

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Personal Communication Systems  Personal Communication Systems 
(3) (4)
Market & PCS How to implement interworking?
The market has often been fragmented based • Traditionally, various PCS systems were
on: connected to the Public Switched Telephony
wide
id area coverage (especially
( i ll for
f business
b i System (PSTN) and driven by telephony
users), standards (and at the rate of change of
enterprise (focused on in‐building and on telephony standards).
campus), • Today, these systems are increasingly
homes (often equated with “personal” or “free‐ connected to the internet and driven by the
time usage”). internet standards & change at internet
speeds.

Agenda PCS classes and examples (1)
• Personal Communication Systems. Personal communication systems, can be 
• PCS classes, and examples. classified to
• Internetworking. 1. High tier cellular
Wireless systems that support large cell coverage (Kms), 
Wireless systems that support large cell coverage (Kms)
• From Telecommunication to communication. and non‐stationary users (regarding less uses speed)
• Mobility management (P1). 2. Low tire cellular
Wireless systems that support small cells (100s meters), 
and slow speed users. 
3. Cordless
Wireless systems that support very small cells (10s 
meters), slow speed users.

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PCS classes and examples (2) PCS classes and examples (3)
What is the difference between cellular and 
cordless systems?

PCS classes and examples (4) PCS classes and examples (5)
Cellular systems examples: Cordless examples:
GSM (global system for mobile communication)  • Cordless Telephony, 2nd generation (CT2) 
Europe, TDMA technology (2G), 1990. [Europe]
AMPS (Ad
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
d M bil Ph S i ) • Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (DECT) 
Di i l E h d C dl T l h (DECT)
American, FDMA, analog (1G), 1983. [Europe]
D‐AMPS: American, CDMA (2G), 1991 • Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) [Japan]
CDMA 2000(1), UMTS(2)(W‐CDMA) : American(1), Europe(2),  • Personal Access Communications System 
CDMA (3G), 2001.
(PACS)

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PCS classes and examples (6) PCS classes and examples (7)
Mobile Data: Wide band systems:
• Advanced Radio Data Information System Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W‐
(ARDIS) {developed for IBM’s customer CDMA)(UMTS): With data rates in rural areas
engineers offered indoor coverage} 1 44Mbps in cities 384kps,
1.44Mbps, 384kps and indoors up to
• Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) {developed 2 Mbps, [added to GSM core network]
to provide data as an overlay on analog Cdma2000 (IS‐2000): an evolution of
cellular systems (AMPS)} cdmaOne/IS‐95 to 3rd generation services.
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) TD‐SCDMA: one of the several competing
{developed to provide data on overlay on GSM Chinese 3G standards
cellular system}

PCS classes and examples (8) PCS classes and examples (9)
Using satellites in personal communication Satellite types:
systems: “Satellite based PCS”: Low‐Earth orbit satellite (LEO): 1 cycle/90 min.
A satellite telephone, satellite phone is a type of Problem is that most of the time the satellites are over
mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites regions {primarily oceans} with few possible
instead of terrestrial cell sites. customers.
Also each satellite is only in range for ~10 minutes so
Depending on the architecture of a particular
there are frequent handoffs.
system, coverage may include the entire Earth, or
only specific regions.

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PCS classes and examples (10) PCS classes and examples (11)
Mid‐earth orbit satellite (MEO ): 1 cycle/2 • Satellite bases PCS examples:
hours~24 hours. – ACeS: This small regional operator provides voice
Geostationary‐earth orbit satellite (GEO): 1 and data services in East Asia using a single
satellite.
cycle/ 24 hours.
hours
• Generally cover large areas and does so with very long – Enhanced Mobile Satellite Service (EMSS)
delays (due to the distance of these satellites from the {successor to Iridium(LEO), features secure phones
earth). and US government secure voice gateway}.
• However, they are widely used for both their wide – Inmarsat: The oldest satellite phone operator,
coverage area (for example, for paging) and for one way founded in 1979.
services (often broadcast or spot coverage).

PCS classes and examples (12) PCS classes and examples (13)
– Inmarsat (cont.): It originally provided large fixed – MSAT / SkyTerra: An American satellite phone
installations intended for use on ships, but has company which uses equipment similar to
only recently started to enter the market of hand‐ Inmarsat, but plans to launch a service using
held phones in a joint venture with ACeS. The hand‐held devices in the Americas similar to
company operates eleven satellites. Coverage is Thuraya's.
available on most of the earth's surface. – Terrestar: Satellite phone system for North
– Thuraya: A system based in the UAE. Three America
satellites are currently in active service that – ICO Global Communications: A satellite phone
provide coverage to the most of Eurasia, Africa company which has launched a single
and Australia. There is some degree of coverage geosynchronous satellite which is not yet in active
overlap between adjacent satellites within the service.
network.

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Agenda Internetworking (1)
• Personal Communication Systems. now PCS may be classified according to 
• PCS classes, and examples. communication facility rage to :
• Internetworking.
• From Telecommunication to communication.
• Mobility management (P1).

Internetworking (2) Internetworking (3)
NFC: Near Field Communication, centimeters, RFID
PAN: Persona; Area Network, meters, 1Mbps,  Bluetooth.
LAN: 100 meters, 54Mbps, wireless LAN.
MAN: Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), 5Km, 28 
Mbps.
WAN: GSM/GPRS, 10kps, 15Km; 3G, 7.2Mps, 15K
RAN: Regional Area Network, 100K, 24Mbps, point2point MW 
links.

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Internetworking (4) Internetworking (5)
Now how can all these type of networks How internetworking?
communicate? Internetworking 1. Many personal communication systems are interconnected to
the Public Switched Telephony System (PSTN)
Internetworking is the interconnection (concatenation)
All are adapted to fixed rate (generally 64 kbps) voice coding.
of multiple networks, accommodating multiple
Increasingly these systems are also
underlying hardware technologies by providing a way
2. Interconnected to the Internet, hence packet based services
to interconnect heterogeneous networks and makes are becoming an increasingly important part of such systems.
them inter‐operate ‐ via a common network layer.
These interconnections turn the international operators to a one
logical network independent of geography (independent of
the fact that it is built of multiple cooperating & competing
networks)

Internetworking (6) Internetworking (7)

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Internetworking (8) Internetworking (9)
iSMS gateway internetworking SMS‐C internetworking

From Telecommunication to 
Agenda
communication (1)
• Personal Communication Systems. Basic concepts
• PCS classes, and examples. open‐architecture networking:
• Each distinct network stands on its own makes its own
• Internetworking. technology choices
• From Telecommunication to communication. • Gateways interconnect the networks
• No global control
• Mobility management (P1).

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From Telecommunication to  From Telecommunication to 
communication (2) communication (3)
The End2End Argument:  Hourglass Model:
Some basic design principle for the Internet: • Anything over IP
• Specific application‐level functions should not be built into the  • IP over anything
lower levels
• Functions implemented in the network should be simple and 
F i i l di h k h ld b i l d
general.
• Most functions are implemented (as software) at the edge
→ Complexity of the core network is reduced
→ Increases the chances that new applications can be easily 
added.

From Telecommunication to  From Telecommunication to 
communication (4) communication (5)
Shifting from traditional telecommunications to  3. From services being what the telecommunication operator 
offers to you to what anyone offers to you. 
data communications This is accompanied by a major shift in:
This is often referred to as the shift to "All‐IP" networking. • How services are created
This includes: • Where services are provisioned
p
1. A shift from circuit‐switched to packet‐switched (such as:  • Where data is stored and who stores it
from Intelligent network (IN) to IP Multimedia Core Network  4. Desperate efforts to retain control, increasing market share, 
Subsystem (IMNS)) high profits (for provider), decreases services price (for user).
2. Introduction of new technologies:
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
• Number portability

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From Telecommunication to 
Agenda
communication (6)
Generations of technology versus generative • Personal Communication Systems.
technology • PCS classes, and examples.
Generations of technology: a new technology provides the
specific services to end users, with out the capability to edit, • Internetworking.
modify, customize, or adapt these services or products. Like • From Telecommunication to communication.
iPhones, IPods.
Generative technology: a technology gives end user the • Mobility management (P1).
capability to edit, edify, adapt, and customize services or
products. Like PCs, user can write software codes, these codes
are portable, can be used by other uses, providing customized
services fitting the end user requirements (who wrote the
code).

Mobility management (1) Mobility management (2)
Cellular system architecture (1) Cellular system architecture (2)

2 BSs directly connected to BSC 2 MS connected via 2 different BSCs

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Mobility management (3) Mobility management (4)
Cellular system architecture (3) Preface
If mobile only originates traffic, then network dosn’t have to
know where the mobile is to send traffic to it ‐ but network
only has to decide if it will give user that service.
If a mobile is to receive traffic (without having originated traffic),
then network must know where to send this traffic.
The network component –which is responsible of that‐
• a server in the network (where the user is)
• a server attached to the network (where the user is)
• a server attached to another network (different from where
the user is right now ‐ sometimes this is their “home”
2 MSs connected via different networks network)

Mobility management (5) Mobility management (6)
We will examine mobility management with respect to Mobility Management Protocols Include:
1. the static decision of where to send traffic,
2. the dynamics of maintaining communication despite change
• Mobile IP
in access points (Handoff), • EIA/TIA Interim Standard 41 (IS‐41 or ANSI‐41)
3 the
3. h use off paging i (b h in
(both i conjunction
j i with
i h mobility
bili
management, as an alternative architecture, and as a
• Global System for Mobile Communications 
component of other architectures). (GSM) Mobile Application Part (MAP)

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Mobility management (7) Mobility management (8)
Mobility types The AAA question?
Macro‐mobility == Inter‐domain mobility
Micro‐mobility == Intra‐domain mobility
The question of authentication, authorization,
In micro‐mobility entities outside of the current domain can not  and
d accounting
i (AAA) for f mobile
bil users, is
i the
h
(and need not) see any changes when the mobile moves  output of mobility management, from the
within the domain,  operator point of view.
while with macro‐mobility others can see when a mobile moves, 
even within a domain.
In the next lecture, I will discuss mobility management details.
*(a domain is {as usual} a single administrative entity)

Questions?

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