CSD Univ.

of Crete Fall 2012

Java Programming Basics:

Identifiers, Types, Variables, Operators,
and Control Flow

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

So, Where’s the Java?

Java Source Code

Developers of Java tried to "fix" problems public myApplet extends Applet {
of earlier languages: public void init( ) {
Label myLabel = new Label("Hi");
add(myLabel);
too many different platforms }
}

(including "appliances" such as javac

phones, toasters, etc.) psuedocode
compiler
too many incompatibilities
too much machine orientation and
detail, without objects being built in
difficult to use Java
bytecodes Web Server

Java started as a programming language

for embedded systems (toasters,
microwave ovens, washers, etc.)
Macintosh
needed to be portable Java Virutal Machine Win 32 - PC
Java Virtual Machine

had to be reliable
UNIX - X-Windows

Web interest came along later Java Virtual Machine 2

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java as Seen by its Developers

Simple
Stripped-down version of C/C++ minus all the confusing,
troublesome features of C/C++

 Object-oriented
Promotes good software engineering by
facilitating code reuse

Platform-independent
Executable
code is bytecode that can run run any
machine. Compile once, run everywhere. 3

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java as Seen by its Developers

Portable
Works
the same on all machines.
“WORA”, or write once run anywhere

Multithreaded
Programs can handle many operations simultaneously

Secure
Bytecode verification on loading (not just compilation)
Applet code runs in 'sandbox' with significant
restrictions 4

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How is Java Different from other Languages

Less than you think:

 Java is an imperative language (like C++, Ada, C, Pascal)
 Java is interpreted (like LISP, APL)
 Java is garbage-collected (like LISP, Eiffel, Modula-3)
 Java can be compiled (like LISP)
 Java is object-oriented (like C++, Ada, Eiffel)

A successful hybrid for a specific-application domain

A reasonable general-purpose language for non-real-time
applications

Work in progress: language evolving rapidly

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

How Java works?

Java source

The Java compiler translates Java code
source code into a special
representation called bytecode
Java Java
Java bytecode is not the machine bytecode
compiler
language for any traditional CPU

Just in Time
Java Virtual

Java

Another software tool, called an Code
Machine

interpreter
interpreter translates bytecode into Generator
machine language and executes it
The JVM is a software layer that Run-Time System
provides translation between Java
byte codes and the native Machine
operating system code
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Bytecode
AL_CODE: Method 1

Like Machine code but machine Method="HelloWorld.main"(#24)
Signature="([Ljava/lang/String;)V"(#26)
independent Access=public,static (0x0009)
VM interprets each bytecode Attribute Count=1
Attribute="Code"(#20)
and executes it in the system’s Length=51
Max Stack=2
machine opcode Max Locals=1
VM inner loop Code Length=9
0x00000000 B20008 getstatic
do { (#8) java/lang/System.out
0x00000003 1201 ldc
fetch an opcode byte (#1) "Hello World"(#34)
0x00000005 B60007 invokevirtual
execute an action depending (#7) java/io/PrintStream.println
on the value of the opcode 0x00000008 B1 return
Exception Handler Entries=0
} while (there is more to do); Attribute="LineNumberTable"(#17)
Length=6

Each VM is machine dependent Entry Count=1
Start=0x00000000 Line Number=5

Just in Time (JIT) code generator Attribute="LocalVariableTable"(#15)
can improve the performance of Length=12
Entry Count=1
Java Applications by compiling Start=0x00000000 Effective Length=9
Slot=0
bytecode to machine code before Name="args"(#35)
execution Signature="[Ljava/lang/String;"(#36) 7

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

The Java Development Process

Edit Compile Run Application

javac java
Text Editor
Compiler Interpreter

Bytecodes
Source Code
myfile.class
myfile.java

Run Applet

HTML File Web browser

afile.html
appletviewer

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Java Compile vs RunTime Environment

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Using Java with HTML: Applets

<HTML>

A Java applet is a Java program <HEAD>
<TITLE>TicTacToe v 1.1</TITLE></HEAD>
that is intended to be sent <BODY>
across a network and executed <H1>TicTacToe v 1.1 </H1>
<APPLET CODEBASE="/Java/demo/TicTacToe"
using a Web browser CODE="TicTacToe.class"
WIDTH="320" HEIGHT="240">
</APPLET>
... </BODY>

Links to applets can be </HTML>
embedded in HTML documents
The <APPLET> Tag

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Java Applets

Most Internet Browser software

contains a JVM
Java source Java Java
Load java byte codes from code compiler bytecode
the remote computer
Run locally the Java Program
in a Browser Window Remote computer

Web browser

Java
interpreter

Local computer
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java History

1990  The group was code named The
 Patrick Naughton threatens to leave Sun Green Project
 Scott McNeally CEO of Sun asks  Goal was to develop a system
Naughton to write up list of problems that was compact and simple -
with Sun and what should be done driven by consumer electronics
• “Tell me what you would do if you
1991
were God.”  Green was a solution looking for
 Naughton’s suggestions a problem
• hire an artist to pretty up Sun’s  Gosling realised that C++ wasn’t
uninspired interfaces reliable enough for communica-
ting consumer electronics and
• pick a single programming toolkit developed the language Oak
• focus on a single windows  Naughton was interested in the
technology user interface and developed
• lay off just about everybody in the multimedia animations to work
existing windows group with Oak
 McNeally agrees to Naughton’s  The Green team’s ambition was
suggestions and gives Naughton, to build a device that was an
James Gosling and Mike Sheridan $1 interface to cyberspace in colour
million and one year to deliver and 3-D written in Oak 12

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Java History

1992  While Naughton worked on the next
 Demoed first device made of bits killer-app, WebRunner, a web
and pieces from handheld TVs and browser
Nintendo GameBoys called *7
1995
(Star 7) a wireless PDA  Oak is renamed Java and is posted
to the web including source code
 Sun set up wholly owned
 Fearing Java’s popularity Microsoft
subsidiary as FirstPerson Inc. announces Blackbird

1993  First demo of WebRunner displaying
 Oak was used to create a set-top a web page as well as an Applet
box for interactive TV  Marc Andreessen licences Java for
use in the Netscape Navigator web
 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina browser
from NCSA release the first version
1996 - JavaTM 1.0
of the Mosaic web browser
1997 - JavaTM 1.1

1994
1998 - JavaTM 1.2 - aka Java 2 Platform
 With no shipping product the focus
2000 - JavaTM 2 Rel.1.3Stand.Ed.(J2SE)
moved to personal computers
2002 - JavaTM 2 Rel. 1.4 J2SE
 Gosling went back to reprogram
2004 - JavaTM 2 Rel. 1.5 - aka Java 5 Pl.
Oak for the internet
2006 - JavaTM 2 Rel. 1.6 - aka Java 6 Pl.
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Versions of Java
Java 1.0 Java 1.1 Java 1.2 Java 1.3 Java 1.4 Java 1.5
8 packages 23 packages 59 packages 77 packages 103 packages 131 packages
212 classes 504 classes 1520 classes 1595 classes 2175 classes 2656 classes
New Events JFC/Swing JNDI Regular Exp javax.activity,
Logging javax.
Inner class Drag and Java Sound Assertions
NIO management
Drop java.nio, javax.imageio,
Object Timer
Serialization Java2D javax.net, javax.print,
javax.security, org.w3c
Jar Files CORBA
javax.naming, javax.sound,
International javax.transaction
Reflection
JDBC javax.accessibility, javax.swing, org.omg
RMI

java.math, java.rmi, java.security, java.sql, java.text, java.beans

java.applet, java.awt, java.io, java.lang, java.net, java.util
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J2SE 5.0: Java 2 Platform Standard Edition 5.0

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java Market Facts

TIOBE Programming Community

Java Software Investments in $US

Source: IDC 2000

Source: www.tiobe.com September 2008 16

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The Java Phenomena: Myths and Reality

Java is Simple
Java is only for the Internet

Wrong: Java is an advanced Wrong again: Java is steadily
programming language (PL) gaining as a general purpose PL
• Programming is NOT simple (in • Current systems are about 20%
any language !!!) slower than C++

Java Runs on all Platforms • Upcoming releases claim to
Well QCross-platform code can lower or eliminate that gap (10%)
be achieved, but you must test on • No Language, No Operating
all platforms you will deliver on System, No Platform is right for
EVERY Application 17

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Overview of Java Programs

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Java's "Building Blocks"

Programs
Types
Vassilis Objects float Salary = 78234.0F;
the int Age = 32;
Teacher
Person
Attributes:
Name
Age
Grade Salary
Hire
Students
Vassilis
of CS252 Methods:
at CSD Grade();
IncreaseSalary();
Bits (the int 32)
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java's "Building Blocks"

Java programs relies on software components called objects
An object contains both data and behavior
An object is defined by a class

A program is made up of one or more classes
A class contains one or more methods
A method contains program statements

Statements are
Variable declarations: primitive data types and classes
Operations: arithmetic, logical, bit-level, class access
Control structures: selection, looping, etc.
Object messages: i.e., calls to methods

A Java application always executes the main method

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Programs: Classes, Methods and Statements

Java Program
Class MyProgram { Class B {
main() Class A { methodB1()
{ methodA1() {
statement1 { }
statement2 statement1 methodB2()
statement3 statement2 {
Q statement3 }
} Q methodB3()
method1() } }
{ methodA2()
Q {
Q Class C {
} Q
method2() }
} }
}

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Encapsulation and Packages

Every field, method belongs to a class

Every class is part of some package
The default package is used unless an
other package is specified
The name of a package is a sequence of
names, separated by ”.” e.g., ”java.lang”
The fully qualified name of a class is the
name of the package followed by the a
”.”followed by the name of the class. The
fully qualified name of class String is
”java.lang.String”
A package does not declare which classes
belong in it. Instead a class define which
package it belong to. This is done by the
package declaration in a sourcefile, e.g.,
package gr.uoc.csd.hy252.example 22

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A Program

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Functions

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

Java program consists of a named class

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Functions

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

The body of the class is surrounded by braces

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Functions

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

(Almost) every Java program must have one and only one main()
function

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Functions

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

The body of the function is surrounded by brackets

Statements can be combined within braces to form a block statement
A block statement can be used wherever a statement is required by
the Java syntax
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Statements

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

A semicolon is a statement terminator

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Java Separators

Nine ASCII characters are the Java punctuators (separators)

{ } curly braces (" code block for a group of statements ")

[ ] square braces (" array element size ")
( ) parenthesis (" groups operations ")
; semi-colon (" ends a java statement ")
, comma (" inside of a for loop ")
: colon (" with a label with break or continue ")

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

White Spaces

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are collectively called white space and are
used to separate words and symbols in a program
 Extra white space is ignored, so a valid Java program can be formatted
in many different ways
 Programs should be formatted to enhance readability, using consistent
indentation 30

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Objects

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

The identifier System.out is an object

The identifier println is one of the methods for that object

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Strings

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

"Hello World" is called an object string

There is an explicit string type (class) in Java (unlike C/C++)
Strings are different than characters !!!

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Preprocessor Directives

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

public indicates that this function can be called by objects outside of

the class

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Preprocessor Directives

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

static indicates that this function remains in memory throughout the

execution of the application

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Preprocessor Directives

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

void indicates that this function does not return a value to the object
that calls it

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Preprocessor Directives

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

args can be used in the main function to pass parameters from the
operating system command line

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Comments

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

Comments are the most important part of your program

Criteria for good comments

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Comments

There are two kinds of comments:

 /* text */ A traditional comment. All the text from the ASCII
characters /* to the ASCII characters */ is ignored
 // text An end-of-line comment. All the text from the ASCII
characters // to the end of the line is ignored

Comments do not nest

 /* and */ have no special meaning in comments that begin with //
 // has no special meaning in comments that begin with /* or /**

As a result, the text:

/* this comment /* // /** ends here: */
is a single complete comment
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Java Identifiers

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java Identifiers

Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a program
Most identifiers have no predefined meaning except as specified by
the programmer

Rules...
An identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the underscore
character (__), and the dollar sign ($
$)
The first character must be any non-digit from the Unicode standard
Subsequent characters may include digits
Avoid using underscore and $ for the first character
Java is case sensitive, therefore Total and total are different
identifiers

Three types of identifiers:
words that we make up ourselves
words that are reserved for special purposes in the language
words that are not in the language, but were used by other
programmers to make the library 40

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Java Reserved Words

Some identifiers, called reserved words, have specific meanings in
Java and cannot be used in other ways
User-defined identifiers cannot duplicate Java reserved words
(aka keywords)

abstract default goto operator switch

boolean do if outer synchronized
break double implements package this
byte else import private throw
byvalue extends inner protected throws
case false instanceof public transient
cast final int rest true
catch finally interface return try
char float long strictfp var
class for native short void
const future new static volatile
continue generic null super while
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Words that we Make up Ourselves

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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Words that we Reserved by Java

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Words Used by other Programmers

/* Display a message */
class hello {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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println(…) is a method declared in the class:

PrintStream
java.io.PrintStream class is Java’s printing expert:

public class PrintStream extends FilterOutputStream

{
…
public print (String s) { … }
public print (int i) {…}
public print (boolesn b) {…}
public println (String s) { … }
…
}

So, different print() and println() methods belong to

PrintStream class
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

System.out is a variable from class System

and is of type PrintStream

public final class System

{
...
public static PrintStream out;
out;//
// Standart output stream
public static PrintStream err;//
err;// Standart error stream
public static InputStream in; // Standart input stream
...
}

System class is part of java.lang package

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Putting them all Together

System.out.println(“Hello World!”)

Information provided
object method
to the method
(parameters)

A method println(…) is a service that the System.out object can

perform
This is the object of type PrintStream,
PrintStream declared in
java.lang.System class

Method println(…) is invoked ( or called )

The method println(…) is called by sending the message to the
System.out object, requesting the service

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Naming Style of Identifiers

Names should be chosen carefully: they play a central role in the

readability of the program and is part of its documentation; they should be:
meaningful
BankAccount,
BankAccount size vs. XP12_r$,
XP12_r$ wq1

longenough to express the meaning of the name

numberOfElements

Butnot unnecessarily long

theCurrentItemBeingProcessed

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All Identifiers have an Associated Scope

The scope of a name is the region of program code where that name
is visible

A name cannot be accessed outside its scope

Within a method:
Braces ({}) mark closed regions of program statements
A local variable is only visible from the point of its declaration until
the closing brace enclosing it

Public void thisMethod() {

int variable1 = ...;
while ( notDone ) {
int variable2 = ...;
}
} 49

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java Types and Variables

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Data Types

A data type is defined by a set of values and the operators you can
perform on them
Each value stored in memory is associated with a particular data type

islowercase
isuppercase
Character
isdigit

Data Type Values Operations

Java has several predefined types, called primitive data types
Java Literals are the representation of simple data values : mainly
numbers and text 51

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Primitive Data Types

Type Size (Bits) Range Default Value

byte 8 -128, +127 (byte) 0

short 16 -32768, +32767 (short) 0

int 32 -2147483648, +2147483647 0

long 64 -9.223E18, +9.223E18 0L

float 32 1.4E-45, 3.4 E+38 0.0f

double 64 4.9E-324, 1.7 E+308 0.0d

boolean 1 (?) true, false false

char 16 ‘\u0000’, ’\uffff’ ‘\u0000’

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Unicode Character Type

A char value stores a single character from the Unicode character set
 The total number of represented characters is 216 = 65535
 The Unicode character set uses 16 bits per character Unicode
 Check out codes at http://unicode.org

The ASCII character set is still the basis for ISO-8859-1
many other programming languages
 The ASCII character set uses 8 bits (one byte) per character
 To provide backwards compatibility with the ASCII code, the first 128
characters are the ASCII coded characters

Java 5 supports Unicode 4.0, which defines some characters that
require 21 bits in addition to the 16-bit standard Unicode 3.0 characters
 You use int to represent these characters, and some of the static
methods in the Character class now accept int arguments to deal with
them.
 In a String, use a pair of char values to encode a 21-bit character
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Part of the Unicode Set

0x0021 … 0x3041 …

0x05B0 …

0x77CD …

…
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Part of the ASCII Set

0x21 …

…0xB9
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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

The Great Escape

What is an escape sequence?
Method for writing “difficult to
\b Backspace
represent” characters
\t Tab
Include invisible and punctuation
\n New line
characters
\f Form feed

Parts of an escape sequence
\r Return (ENTER)
The escape character: the
\” Double quote
backslash (\ \)

\’ Single quote
The translation value

\\ Backslash
• Unicode values: ‘\u2122’

\ddd Octal code
(Hex -decimal value)

\uXXXX Hex-decimal code
• When using an octal number you
may use 1, 2, or 3 digits
• Each digit must be in the range 0-7
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The Life Time of Variables

Declaration Declaration
Give a type and a name

Instantiation Instantiation
Give a name a location in memory
• Automatic with primitives

Assignment Assignment
Set or change the value
Initialization

• The first time we set or change the value

Reference Reference
Use or read the value
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Variable Declaration

The Java programming language is a strongly typed language
every variable and every expression has a type that is known at
compile time (as opposed to runtime)

Syntax

type name [= value]

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Variable Declaration

1006 Decimal
char ch; 1007
short number; 1008
... 1009 72 ch
ch = 'H'; 100A 100 number
number = 100 100B
... 100C
100D

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Variable Declaration

1006 Binary
char ch; 1007
short number; 1008
... 1009 01001000 ch
ch = 'H'; 100A 01100100 number
number = 100 100B
... 100C
100D

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Variable Declaration

1006 Hex
char ch; 1007
short number; 1008
... 1009 48 ch
ch = 'H'; 100A 64 number
number = 100 100B
... 100C
100D

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CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Java Data Conversions

Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from one type to another
For example, we may want to treat an integer as a floating point value
during a computation

What are compatible conversions?
Data conversions between different types where no information is lost
Possible from less precise to more precise types

Two kinds of data conversions
Widening are safest because they tend to go from a small data type to
a larger one: char, short
int, long, float, double
Narrowing can lose information because they tend to go from a large
data type to a smaller one : double, float, long, int
char, short

In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways:
assignment conversion
arithmetic promotion
casting 62

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Assignment Conversions

Assignment conversion occurs when a value of one type is assigned to
a variable of another
Only widening conversions can happen via assignment

double d = 123.45F;// OK
float f = 123.45; // Not OK
byte b = 128; // Not OK
long l = 123; // OK Floating point
constants are assumed
to be double, by
default! 63

CSD Univ. of Crete Fall 2012

Arithmetic Promotions

Arithmetic promotion happens automatically when operators in

expressions convert their operands
When an integer and a floating-point number are used as operands to
a single arithmetic operation, the result is floating point
The integer is implicitly converted to a floating-point number before
the operation takes place

int i=37;
double x=27.475;
System.out.println(“i+x=“+(i+x));

Output:
i+x=64.475

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Type Promotion Rules

double None
float double
long float, double
int long, float, double
char int, long, float, double
short int, long, float, double
byte short, int, long, float, double
boolean None

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Long Integer to Floating point Conversion may

result in Precision Loss
/* integer values can have
Testing data conversion up to 10 digits precision
*/
public class DataConv mantissa of a float has only
{
7-digit precision (23 bits-
public static void main(String [] args)
{long i=100000001; // 9 digits fraction, 8-exponent, 1-sign
float x; sign*mantissa*fractionexponent)
x=i; precision:governed by number
System.out.println("x="+x);} of digits in the mantissa
} range:governed by number of
digits in the exponent

Output:

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Explicit Conversions: Casts

What are casts?
Tell Java to “try” to store a value according to a new type
Creates temporary expression value

Cast syntax : (type) value
To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of the value being
converted
Both widening and narrowing conversions can be accomplished by
explicitly casting a value

byte b = (byte) 123; // OK

byte b = (byte) 256; // OK???
int n = (int) .999; // OK???

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Narrowing Cast: What Happens?

0000000011111010 short a = 250;

byte b = (byte) a;
0000000011111010
Discarded Bits

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Narrowing Cast: What Happens?

A 2’s complementary
integer is negative if its
leftmost bit is 1

0000000011111111 char c = ‘\u00FF’ ;

-1 in decimal
byte b = (byte) c;
0000000011111111
Discarded Bits

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Narrowing Casts can Lose both Numeric

Magnitude and Precision
/* short to char conversion */
public class ShortChar
{
public static void main(String []args)
{short x=97;
char c=(char)x;
System.out.println("After conversion short x=97-
x=97->char c");
System.out.println("c="+c);}
}

Output:

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Narrowing Casts can Lose both Numeric

Magnitude and Precision
/* char to short conversion */
public class CharShort
{
public static void main(String []args)
{char c='a';
short x=(short)c;
System.out.println("After conversion char'a'-
char'a'->short x");
System.out.println("x="+x);}
}

Output:

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Values and References

The differences between literals and objects
Primitivetypes hold values
Object types (including Strings) hold references

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The Null Type

Null type has no name and does not belong to any category
 It is impossible to declare a variable of the null type

The null type has one value, the null reference, represented by the
literal null,
null which is formed from ASCII characters

Usually the null type is ignored and we pretend that null is merely a
special literal that can be of any reference type

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The Java Typing System

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Java vs. C or C++ Data Types

Two type categories
Various type categories

All nonprimitive types are objects
Separate types for structs, unions,
enums, and arrays

All numeric types are signed
Signed and unsigned numeric types

All primitive types are a fixed size
Primitive type size varies by platform
for all platforms
8-bit ASCII characters

16-bit Unicode characters
No explicit boolean data type

Boolean data type primitive

Integer results are interpreted as

Conditions must be boolean boolean conditions
expressions

No automatic initialisation of

Variables are automatically
variables
initialised

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Java vs. C++ Typing System

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Java Operators

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What’s an Operator?

Operators are tokens that trigger some computation when applied to
variables and other objects
Arithmetic, logical, and bit-level operators
Class access operators

The Java operators are formed from ASCII characters:
() / < ^
++ % > |
-- + <= &&
! - >= ||
~ << == ?:
instance of >> != =
* >>> & op= 78

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Unary Operators

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Unary Operators

Operator

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Unary Operators

☺ x

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Unary Operators

☺ x

Operand

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Unary Operators

☺ x

x ☺

Some operators are “switch hitters”

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Unary Operators

Group expression
()
Unary plus
+
Unary minus
-

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Unary Operators

Bitwise complement
~
Logical negation
!
Pre- or Post-increment
++
Pre- or Post-decrement
--

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Increment and Decrement Operators

The increment and decrement operators are arithmetic and operate on

one operand
The increment operator (++) adds one to its operand
The decrement operator (--) subtracts one from its operand

The statement count++; is essentially equivalent to count= count + 1;

The increment and decrement operators can be applied in prefix form

(before the variable) or postfix form (after the variable)

When used alone in a statement, the prefix and postfix forms are basically
equivalent
That is, count++; is equivalent to ++count;
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Unary Operators

i = 0; i 1
count = 2 + i++; count 2

i = 0; i 1
count = 2 + ++i; count 3

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Binary Operators

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Binary Operators

x ☺ y

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Binary Operators

Operator

x ☺ y

Operand Operand

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Binary Operators

Additive & Multiplicative

Plus
+
Minus
-
Multiply
*
Divide
/
Remainder
%

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Binary Operators

= Assignment

Assignment is a binary operator in Java

The left-hand operand of an assignment must be an LVALUE (left value)

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Binary Operators

= Assignment

An LVALUE is an expression that refers to a region of memory

Names of variables are LVALUES
Names of functions and arrays are not LVALUES

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Binary Operators

= Assignment

cat = dog + 1; legal

cat + 1 = dog; illegal

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Binary Operators

= Assignment

Not an
LVALUEcat = dog + 1; legal

cat + 1 = dog; illegal

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Binary Operators

= Assignment

cat = dog + 1; legal

1 + cat = dog;

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Binary Operators

= Assignment
Not an
LVALUE
cat = dog + 1; legal

1 + cat = dog; illegal

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Binary Operators

= Assignment
This is an
LVALUE
cat = dog + 1; legal

1 + (cat = dog)
dog); Not what
you want!

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Binary Operators

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result, val_1, val_2;
result = (val_1 = 1) + (val_2 = 2);
System.out.println("val_1 = "+val_1);
System.out.println("val_2 = "+val_2);
System.out.println("result = "+result);
}
val_1 = 1
} val_2 = 2
result = 3
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Binary Operators

Expressions involving only integers are evaluated using integer
arithmetic

float result;
int i,j; result 2.0
i=25; j=10;
result = i/j;

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Binary Operators

Expressions involving only integers are evaluated using integer
arithmetic

float result;
int i,j; result 2.5
i=25; j=10;
result =
(float) i/j;

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Quick Review of / and %

Remember when both operands are integers, / performs integer division
This simply truncates your answer: -11/3 is -3 and 5/4 is 1

The % operator simply computes the remainder of dividing the first operand
by the second
If the first operand is negative then the answer will also be negative (or
zero)
If the first operand is positive, then the answer will also be positive (or
zero)

Examples:
11 %3 is 2
11 %-3 is 2
-11 %3 is -2
-11 %-3 is -2

If you are at all unsure how these work, please try a few out on your own,
compile and run them
This is as easy as running a program with the statement
System.out.println(-
System.out.println(-11%- 11%-3);
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Binary Operators

Assignment
Assign sum
+=
Assign difference
-=
Assign product
*=
Assign quotient
/=
Assign remainder
%=

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Binary Operators

Assignment
Compound operators provide a convenient shorthand

int i;
i = i + 5;
i += 5;

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Binary Operators

Relational
Less than
<
Greater than
>
Less than or equal to
<=
Greater than or equal to
>=

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Binary Operators

Relational
Equal to
= =
Not equal to
!=

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Equality Testing

Identity or simple equality
 Two variables refer to the same object or String

Value equality
 Two object variables have the same contents

Test for identity using the equality operators

For value equality use the equals() method defined on Java Objects

Example:
if ( nameString.equals(“Hi”) ) { }

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Equality vs. Identity

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Comparing Floating Point Values

We also have to be careful when comparing two floating point values

float or double)
(float double for equality
==)

You should rarely use the equality operator (==
== when comparing two
floats

In many situations, you might consider two floating point numbers to
be "close enough" even if they aren't exactly equal

Therefore, to determine the equality of two floats, you may want to
use the following technique:

if (Math.abs (f1 - f2) < 0.00001)

System.out.println ("Essentially equal.");

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Binary Operators

Logical
Logical AND
&&
Logical OR
||

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Binary Operators

Expressions connected by && and || are evaluated from left to right

This never gets

evaluated!
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=0;
System.out.println("Test:" + ((2<3) || (0<i++)));
(0<i++)));
System.out.println("I:" + i);
}
} Test:true
I:0

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Binary Operators

Bitwise
Shift left
<<
Shift right
>>
Shift right with zero extension
>>>
One’s complement
~
Bitwise AND
&
Bitwise XOR
^
Bitwise OR
| 112

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Binary Operators

Bitwise
The right sift The right sift operator
operator >> >>> does not preserves
preserves the the sign but rather fills
sign the vacated positions
with zeros
byte b = 3; // 00000011 in binary (byte is 8 bits)
b >> 1; // 00000001 in binary, 1 in decimal
b << 1; // 00000110 in binary, 6 in decimal
b = -3; // 11111101 in 2’s complement
b >> 1; // 11111110 in binary, -2 in decimal
b >>> 1; // 01111110 in binary, 126 in decimal
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Ternary Operators

☺ 

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Ternary Operators

Operator

☺ 

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Ternary Operators

x ☺ y  z

Operand Operand Operand

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Ternary Operators

Conditional
“if a then x, else y”
a?x:y

result = (x<y) ? x : y;

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Mixing Operators

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char cv;
@ int iv1 = 64;
64
cv = (char) iv1;
System.out.println("cv:" + cv);
System.out.println("iv1:" + iv1);
}
} cv:@
iv1:64

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Mixing Operators

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double fv1, fv2;
Floating point
int iv1 = 123;
constants are
fv1 = iv1/50; assumed to be
fv2 = iv1/50.0; double, by default!
System.out.println("fv1:" + fv1);
System.out.println("fv2:" + fv2);
}
} fv1:2.0
fv2:2.46
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Operator Precedence

The order in which operands are evaluated in an expression is

determined by a well-defined precedence hierarchy
Precedence is the same as order of evaluation; Every operand will
be evaluated before operation

Operators at the same level of precedence are evaluated according to

their associativity. Java guarantees left-to-right evaluation (unlike C) ;
All binary operators except assignment are left-associative
Assignment is right-associative

Parentheses can be used to force precedence

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Precedence of Arithmetic Operators

Precedence
unary postfix operators ++ --
Higher

unary prefix operators ++ -- + -

multiplicatative operators * / %
Lower

additive operators + -

assignment operators =

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Operator Precedence and Associativity

Operators Associativity
( ) ++ (postfix) -- (postfix) Left to right
+ (unary) - (unary) ++ (prefix) -- (prefix) ! Right to left
* / % Left to right
+ - Left to right
< <= > >= Left to right
= = != Left to right
&& Left to right
|| Left to right
= += -= *= /= etc. Right to left

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Operator Precedence
Expression Result
2 + 3 * 4 / 2 8
3 * 13 + 2 41

(3 * 13) + 2 41

3 * (13 + 2) 45
4 * (11 - 6) * (-8 + 10) 40
(5 * (4 - 1)) / 2 7

5 + 12 / 5 - 10 % 3 6
3 1 4 2 123

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Java Control Structures

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The IF Statement

The Java if statement has the

following syntax:

if (condition) { false
condition
statement(s);
} true
If the boolean condition is
true, the statement is statement
executed; if it is false, the
statement is skipped

Selection statements
provides basic decision
making capabilities
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The IF Illustrated

The if statement
Need a ONE WAY
refreshing if ( youNeedALift( ) )
lift?
{
tryJavaMatic(chickenSoup);
}

JavaMatic

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The IF-ELSE Statement

An else clause can be added to an
if statement to make it an if- if-else
statement:
if (condition) {
false
statement(s)1;} condition
else {
statement(s)2;}
true
If the condition is true, statement1
is executed; if the condition is
false, statement2 is executed statement1 statement2

The body of an if statement or
else clause can be another if
statement (nested if statement)

Note: an else clause is matched to
the last unmatched if (no matter
what the indentation implies) 127

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A WarningQ

WRONG! CORRECT!
if( i == j ) if( i == j ) {
if ( j == k ) if ( j == k )
System.out.print( System.out.print(
“i equals k”); “i equals k”);
else }
System.out.print( else
“i is not equal to System.out.print(“i
j”); is not equal to j”);
// Correct!

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The SWITCH Statement

Multiple selections with switch statement:
switch( expression ) {
case value1 :
statement(s); break;
case value2 :
statement(s); break;
...
default :
statement(s); break;
}

Expression must be integral type: short,int,

byte or char but can not be a String
the cases are actual values, not conditions

break passes the control to the end of switch

default catches all other cases 129

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Points to Note on Switch

The name of the control variable is placed in parentheses

Following the word switch and control variable, you have all the cases
set up in a single block (i.e., set of curly braces)
switch,

All the reserved words (switch
switch case, default) start with a lower case
letter

Each case ends with a colon character “:” (note: not a semi-colon)

Each statement can be a simple statement or a compound statement
(i.e., block)

Normally each case (including the last one) ends with a break statement

Each case label has to be unique

There can be only one "default" label
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The WHILE Statement

A while statement has the following
syntax:
Initialize the conditions
while (condition) false
condition
statement(s);

Ifthe condition is true, the true

statement is executed; then the
condition is evaluated again statement
Statements perform the loop and
change the conditions

The statement is executed over and
over until the condition becomes false
(repetition)
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Points to Note on WHILE

If the condition of a while statement is false initially, the statement
is never executed
Therefore, we say that a while statement executes zero or
more times

The body of a while loop must eventually make the condition false
If not, it is an infinite loop, which will execute until the user
interrupts the program

This is a common type of logical error

always double check that your loops will terminate normally

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The DO-WHILE Statement

A do while statement has the
following syntax:
Initialize the conditions
do {
statement(s); statement
} while (conditions);
The statement is executed; then if
the condition is true, the statement true
is executed again
Statements perform the loop and
change the conditions condition

false
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The DO-WHILE Illustrated

Jumbo's
Jumbalaya
(Serves 1) do
144 Crawdads
1 Pint Pepper Sauce
{
12 Ripe Limes
1 Box black licorice
AddSalt( );
Combine ingredients in Taste( );
small saucepan.
Simmer over low heat } while ( needsMoreSalt( ));
for 6 hrs.
Salt to taste
Serve hot

1. Add Salt Need

More NO
2.Taste Salt?

Yes 134

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The FOR Statement

A for statement has the following
syntax:
initialization
for (initialization;
condition;
increment)
condition
{statement(s);}

Loop condition: 3 parts, separate with ; false
true
The initialization section: always
executes, only once statement
The boolean test: evaluated before
each iteration
The update expression: evaluated
increment
after loop body
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The FOR Illustrated

ONE WAY

Need a No
refreshing lift?

The for loop

Yes
for ( cups = 0; youNeedALift( ); cups++ )
{
tryJavaMatic( licoriceLime );
}

JavaMatic

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Looping : Various Schemes

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Java vs. C/C++ Stand-alone Programs

The main is required in both languages for a stand-along program

C++  int main (int argc, char* argv)
has understood arguments argc and argv
• argc = number of command line arguments in invocation
• argv = pointer to string array of arguments argv[0]=prg name
 main may return a value using return( ) or exit( )
 by default is int

Java  public static void main(String argv[ ])
has one single argument, an array of strings, conventionally named
args or argv
• In Java, the array itself is an object and it is referenced through the
array name
• The length of a Java array is in arrayName.length length
• For example argv.length if argv is parameter name
main must be declared void
It can’t return a value, instead of return() use System.exit(); 138

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Differences between Java and C/C++

Java
C++
Single inheritance Multipleinheritance
C data type not supported C data type supported
• struct, union, pointer
Command line arguments Command line arguments
• args • argc, argv
String String
• First-class object • character array
Exception handling Exception handling
• Try-Catch-Finally • Try-Catch
Garbage collection No garbage collection
No operator overloading Operator overloading
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Java Overview

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