ECE 5500 FALL 2020

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Homework Assignment # 1 Due Date: September 10, 2020

1) Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by following:

z1 = 3 − j2
z2 = −4 + j2
(a) express z1 and z2 in polar form
(b) find |z1 |
(c) determine the product z1 z2 in polar form
(d) determine the ratio z1 /z2 in polar form
(e) detrmine z13 in polar form
Note:
• Full detailed solution not just output from calculator or MATLAB is expected.
• Angles should be expressed in degrees rather than radians.
√ √
2+ 2
• Provide your result in decimal form rather than fraction (i.e., 0.102 rather than 23/4
).

Solution:
z1 = 3 − j2
z2 = −4 + j2
(a) Express z1 and z2 in polar form
◦
z1 = 3.6056∠ − 33.6901◦ = 3.6056 · e−j33.6901
◦
z2 = 4.4721∠153.4349◦ = 4.4721 · ej153.4349
(b) Find |z1 |
√ √
|z1 | = 32 + 2 2 = 13 = 3.605
or
√ √ √ √
|z1 | = z1 · z1∗ = (3 − j2)(3 + j2) = 32 + 22 = 13 = 3.605

(c) Determine the product z1 z2 in polar form

(3 − j2)(−4 + j2) = −8 + j14 = 16.1245∠119.7449◦
(d) Determine the ratio z1 /z2 in polar form
3 − j2
= −0.8 + j0.1 = 0.8062∠172.8750◦
−4 + j2
(e) Determine z13 in polar form
z13 = −9 − j46 = 46.872∠ − 101.0702◦

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2) With a = 1∠120◦ , evaluate following expressions in rectangular and polar form
a) a − 1
b) 1 − a2 + a
c) a2 + a + j
d) ja + a2
Note:
• Full detailed solution not just output from calculator or MATLAB is expected.
• Angles should be expressed in degrees rather than radians.
√ √
2+ 2
• Provide your result in decimal form rather than fraction (i.e., 0.102 rather than 2 3/4 ).

Solution:
a)
√ √
1 3 3 3
a−1=− +j −1=− +j = −1.5 + j0.866 = 1.732∠150◦
2 2 2 2

b)
√ √
−1 1 3 1 3 √
1−a +a=1−a
2
+ a = 1 − (− − j )− +j = 1 + j 3 = 1 + j1.732 = 2.0∠60◦
2 2 2 2

c)
√ √
−1 1 3 1 3
2
a +a+j =a +a+j =− −j − +j + j = −1 + j = 1.414∠135◦
2 2 2 2

d)
√ √ √ √ √
1 3 −1 1 3 1 3 3+1 3+1
ja + a 2
= j(− + j ) + a = −j − − −j =− −j
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= −1.366 − j1.366 = 1.932∠225◦

3) A sigle-phase inductive load feeding from a 4,600 V rms supply, absorbs 600 kW at a lagging
power factor of 0.9. Determine the reactive power drawn by the load as well as R and X
(a) if the load consists of R and X in series;
(b) if the load consists of R and X in parallel.

Solution:

2
 +
I

R X
V X
I R

+ V -
-

a) b)

Figure 1: Problem 3: solution

(a) An inductive load with R and X in series

φ = cos−1 (0.9) = 25.842◦

Reactive power
Q = P tan(φ) = 600 tan(25.842◦ ) = 290.6 kVAR
The complex power is
P 600
S= ∠φ = ∠25.842◦ = 600 + j290.6 = 666.67∠25.842◦ kVAR
cos φ 0.9
The current given from S = V I ∗ , is
( )∗ ( )∗
S 666.67 · 103 ∠25.842◦
I= = = 130.4 − j63.17 = 144.93∠ − 25.842◦ A
V 4600∠0◦
Therefore, the series impedance is
V 4600∠0◦
Z = R + jX = = = 28.57 + j13.835 = 31.74∠25.842◦ Ω
I 144.93∠ − 25.842◦

(b) The complex power is the same

P 600
S= ∠φ = ∠25.842◦ = 600 + j290.6 = 666.67∠25.842◦ kVA
cos φ 0.9

V2 46002
R= = = 35.27 Ω
P 600 · 103

V2 46002
X= = = 72.81 Ω
Q 290.6 · 103

4) A single-phase source of 240 V rms feeds three loads that are connected in parallel:
Load 1 absorbs 12 kW and 6.667 kVAR
Load 2 absorbs 4 kVA 0.96 power factor leading
Load 3 absorbs 15 kW at unity power factor.
Calculate the equivalent impedance, Z, for the three parallel loads. Represent equivalent load as

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 (a) series combination of R and X;
(b) parallel combination of R and X;
and calculate R and X in each case.

Solution:
S 1 = 12 + j6.667 = 13.73∠29.06◦ kVA

φ2 = cos−1 (0.96) = 16.26◦

S 2 = 4∠ − 16.26◦ = 3.84 − j1.12 kVA

S 3 = 15 kVA

S total = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = 12 + j6.667 + 3.84 − j1.12 + 15 = 30.84 + j5.574 = 31.34∠10.24◦ kVA

(a) series combination of R and X

()∗ ( )∗
V2 V2 2402
S= ∗ ⇒ Z = =
Z S 30.84 · 103 + j5.574 · 103
= 1.809 + j0.3254 = 1.838∠10.197◦ Ω

(b) parallel combination of R and X

V2 2402
R= = = 1.8677 Ω
P 30.84 · 103

V2 2402
X= = = 10.3838 Ω
Q 5.547 · 103

5) Two balanced three-phase loads that are connected in parallel are fed by a three-phase line
having a series impedance of Z L = (0.4 + j2.7) Ω per phase. One of the loads absorbs 560 kVA at
0.707 power factor lagging, and the
√ other 132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line voltage at
the load end of the line is 2, 200 3 V. Compute:
a) The line-to-line voltage at the source end of the line.
b) The total real and reactive power losses in the three-phase line.
c) The total three-phase real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.
Check that the total three-phase complex power delivered by the source equals the total three-phase
complex power absorbed by the line and loads.

Solution:

4
 + I + I1 I2
j2.7

V1 V2=2200 L1 L2

- -

Figure 2: Problem 5: solution

a) The per-phase equivalent

√
circuit for the problem is shown in Fig. 2. Phase voltage at the load
2,200 3
therminal is V2 = √3 = 2, 200 V taken as reference.

φ1 = cos−1 (0.707) = 45◦

√ √
2 ◦ 2
S 1 = 560∠45 = 560 + j560 = 395.98 + j395.98 kVA
2 2

S R = S 1 + S2 = (395.98 + j395.98) + 132 = 528 + j396 = 660∠36.87◦ kVA

( )∗ ( )∗
SR (528 + j396) · 103
I= = = 80 − j60 = 100∠ − 36.87◦ A
3V1ϕ 2200∠0◦

Phase voltage at the sending end is:

V 1 = V2 + Z L I = 2200 + (0.4 + j2.7)100∠ − 36.87◦ = 2394 + j192 = 2401.7∠4.58◦ V
The sending end line-to-line voltage
√ √
V1ll = 3 · V1 = 3 · 2401.7 = 4159.9 V

b) The three-phase complex power loss in the line is given by

S L = 3(R + jX)I 2 = 3 · (0.4 + j2.7)1002 = 81.88∠81.57◦ = 12 + j81 kVA

c) The three-phase sending power is

S S = 3V 1 I ∗ = 3 · (2401.7∠4.58◦ ) · (100∠36.87◦ ) = 720.5∠41.46◦ = 540 + j477 kVA

Note that
S S = S R + S L = (528 + j396) + (12 + j81) = 540 + j477 kVA

6) Three identical impedances Z ∆ = 20∠60◦ Ω are connected in ∆ to a balanced three-phase 480-V

source by three identical line conductors with impedance Z L = (0.8 + j0.6) Ω per line.
a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage at the load thermimals.
b) Repeat part a) when a ∆-connected capacitor bank with reactance Z C = −j20 Ω per phase
is connected in parallel with the load.

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 0.8 j0.6

+
ZY=6.667
VAN
Van

Figure 3: Problem 6: part a) solution

Solution:
(a)
480
Van = √ ∠0◦ = 277∠0◦ V
3

Z∆ 20∠60◦
ZY = = = 6.667∠60◦ = 3.33 + j5.77 Ω
3 3
Using voltage division
Z∆
ZY 3.33 + j5.77
VAN = Z∆
3
Van = Van = 277∠0◦
+ Zline
3
ZY + Zline 3.33 + j5.77 + 0.8 + j0.6
= 242.7 + j12.6 = 243.08∠2.96◦ V
The load line-to-line voltage
√ √
VAB = 3 · VAN = 3 · 243.08 = 421.02 V

0.8 j0.6
+

+
ZY
VAN
Van -j6.667

Figure 4: Problem 6: part b) solution

(b)
(3.33 + j5.77)(−j6.667)
Zeq = (6.667∠60◦ )||(−j6.667) = = 12.88∠ − 15◦ = 12.44 − j3.33 Ω
3.33 + j5.77 − j6.667

Zeq 12.44 − j3.33

VAN = Van = 277
Zeq + Zline 12.44 − j3.33 + 0.8 + j0.6

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 VAN = 263.4 − j15.33 = 263.86∠ − 3.33◦ V
The load line-to-line voltage is
√ √
VAB = 3 · VAN = 3 · 263.86 = 457 V