DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK
DCC3083 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

NO REG NO. MEMBERS NAME PROGRAMMED DKA3-S2

1. 05DKA18F2103 SEBLINA SEBLI
2. 05DKA18F2998 NURFAUZANA BINTI ROSLAN
3. 05DKA18F2034 FLYCIA LENNY AND FREDRICK
4. 05DKA18F2007 BERNARD ENTALAI ANAK ENGGONG
5. 05DKA18F2022 CHESTER GUMBANG ANAK NINGKAN
6. 05DKA18F2062 WALTER NGINDANG ANAK URI @ SIGGAT
7. 05DKA18F2084 ENRICO ANAK JOE
1. PUAN HISYARITA ABDUL WAHID
LECTURERS:
2. EN. AZLAN MOHD ALI

PRACTICAL: TRAVERSE REPORT

NO ITEM MARKS
1. Cover and Title
2. Content, Introduction And Objective
3. Material/Apprentice I declare that practical and
4. comprehensive report is the
Practical Work Procedure result of my own piece
5. Data without copying or to
impersonate others group.
6. Calculation
7. Discussion
Signature :
8. Conclusion
9. Date :
Reference
TOTAL: /40

Lecturer Comments / Reviews :

TABLE OF CONTENT

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No Item Page

1.0 Introduction to EDM 3

1 1.1 Type of EDM 3–4

1.1. Theory of Electronic Distance Measured (EDM) 5–6

2 Objective 7

MATERIAL/APPRENTICE 8
3.1 Theodolite 8
3.2 Tripod Stand 9

3 3.3 Optical Plummet 10

3.4 Ragging Rod 11

3.5 Spirit Bubble 12

3.6 Plumb Bob 13

4 Data 14
5 Calculation 15 – 21
6 Discussion 22
7 Conclusion 23
8 Reference 24

1.0 INTRODUCTION

EDM stands for Electronic Distance Measurement. EDM is a surveying instrument

for measuring distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic
waves. The distance measured by EDM is more precise than measured with chain or

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tape. The wave emitted from the EDM reaches the reflector and return to the EDM.
Then the distance is measured with the help of time taken for the above process –
time taken by the wave for the emission and return. Then the following equation
used to measure the distance,

Distance= Velocity X time

The present EDM instruments have the following features, absolute circle reading,
laser plummet, endless drives, 30 x magnifications, high resolution LCD display,
Upload and transfer data, data editing and exchange and connectivity to 3rd party
devices. The electronic distance measuring equipment is differentiated into three
types as, microwave instrument, infra red equipment and light wave equipment.

MICRO WAVE INSTRUMENT

The surveying equipment functions with the help of micro waves come under this
category. Normally these used to measure long distances within 100km with their
frequency range. The very first instrument was discovered in South Africa by Col.
Harry and developed by Dr. T. L. Wadley in 1950’s and the equipment named
as Tellurometer. Tellurometer uses the above mentioned technique, the phase
comparison of wave to determine the distance. In this method two equipment and
two operators needed to carry out the procedure. Micro wave signals are radiated
from primary source equipment to the reflector and then the reflector amplifies the
micro wave signals to send them back to the primary source equipment in exact
phase as they emitted from. B this method a maximum distance of 80 to 100km can
be measured with an error correction of + or – 5 to 15 mm per km.
 

INFRA-RED WAVE INSTRUMENT

The surveying equipment functions with the help of modulated infra-red waves come
under this category. The use of infrared instrument is high in civil engineering
surveying as they are inexpensive and more accurate when compare to the rest.
Although these type of instrument used to measure up to a maximum distance of 3 –
5km, many civil engineering works limited to this
distance. Distalmost and electronic tachometer or total station instruments falls

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under this category. In distalmost, the instrument should be focused to the reflector
distalmost to receive, monitor and reflect back the wave signal. With a single touch
the instrument displays the distance on the screen after measures the five
modulation frequencies of infrared wave signal. The total station is the combination
of electronic theodolite and electronic distant measurement equipment which can
show the angles, elevation and distance. In these instrument an accuracy of + or –
10mm per km can be obtained.

LIGHT WAVE INSTRUMENT

The light wave instrument use visible or simply light which means wave lengths that
are visible to human eyes to measure the distance. The measuring range of light
wave instruments is lesser that that of microwave instruments as because of the less
transmitting power of light wave instruments. Here primary equipment is used as
light wave emitting instrument and corner cube prisms are used as reflectors. When
compare to the rest this method is more cheap when compare the value of
instruments. Geodimeter falls under this type of instrument. The one and only main
consideration in this type is the alignment of equipment as the reflected wave travel
parallel to the emitted wave which means the divergence of emitted wave is less
than that of one degree. The plus points of this type instruments are, no signal loss,
cheap instrument, one main instrument is enough and a very high accuracy of = or –
0.2mm to 1mm per km.

EDM fieldwork report which we are using a Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
is a major advance in surveying. Linear measurement were performed directly by
means of calibrated ropes, poles, chains and/or steel tapes. Indirect measurements
determining the number of full and partial wavelengths of transmitted
electromagnetic energy required in traveling between 2 ends of a line. In this report
we measured the location at Civil Engineering Department.

1.1Theory of Electronic Distance Measured (EDM)

I. Principles of EDM
 Measures distance by comparing a line of unknown length to the know
wavelength of modulated electromagnetic energy

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 Frequency precisely controlled, but velocity varies with atmospheric

temperature, pressure and relative humidity (V=c/n)
 Total station – transmitter typically set over one point on the line to be
measured.
 Prism – reflector set over the other point on the line to be measured.

II. EDM systems

 An Electronic Distance Measurer (EDM) can be used to place objects or
points in three dimensions in relation to the unit. The EDM emits a beam of
infrared light beam is emitted from the EDM, reflected off a prism or target
held at a point to be mapped, and bounced back to the EDM. The phase of
the returning beam is shifted from that of the emitted beam, and the shift is
directly related to the amount of time it taked for the light to return to the EDM.
This shift is what allows the unit to determine the distance travelled by the
light. The comparison of the returning signal to that emitted by the EDM allows
the unit to determine the distance between the unit and the target surface with
an accuracy of approximately 1/8 inch in ¼ mile. Additionally, the EDM also
measures the azimuth, or angle form north, and elevation of a point.

 The data obtained for the EDM is stored in a data collector and later
downloaded for processing using computer drawing software. Below the
image on the top left shows the EDM being used to place the corner of a
vehicle at the scene. An example of the type is shown below.

III. Usage of EDM

 Measurements to establish the tunnel door in the ground level and measure
the depth of the vertical shaft.
 Measurement of the cross section of roads, railways and dams,
 Measurement of the pile placement,
 The process of positioning boat in the hydrography survey work.
 Setting out for buildings, drainage, drains, roads and pipelines.
 Positioning of control points for the works of the hydrography and cadastral
survey.

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 Vertical control for high- rise buildings.

IV. Type of EDM error

a) Index (or zero) error
 Caused by differences between the electronic centre and the
mechanical centre of EDM.
 Caused by differences between the optical and the mechanical centre
of the reflector.
 To be applied directly to every measured distance with EDM
calibration.
b) Scale error
 Is proportional to the length of the line measured.
 Caused by the drift in modulation frequency in the EDM instrument.
 Can be checked by measurement over a base of known distance.

c) Cyclic error
 Caused by the non-linearity in amplitude modulation of the carrier
wave and the phase measurement.
 Varies across the modulated wavelength.
 For an instrument in good adjustment, this error is normally small and
can be neglected for a normal engineering survey.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

 To learn the principles of running a closed field traverse.

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 To enhance students’ knowledge in traversing procedure.

 To establish ground control for photographic mapping.

 To enable students to get hands-on experience in setting up and working with

the theodolites, levelling rod, tripod stand as well as other instruments and
collect the data of the relevant fieldwork.

 To allow students to learn the correct method in doing traversing,

 To allow students to apply the theories that had been taught in classes to a
hands-on situation.

 To enable students to identify the error and make adjustment to the data by
using the correct formula.

 Learn how to compute a traverse and properly adjust the measured values of
a closed traverse to achieve mathematical closure.

 Determine the error of closure and compute the accuracy of work.

3.0 OUTLINE OF APPARATUS

3.1 THEODOLITE

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Figure 1.5: Theodolite

Sources: http://www.visurveyinstruments.co.za/image/cache/data/DT-209-
500x500.jpg

Theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in both horizontal and

vertical planes. It is used to identify the ground level and the ways to construct super
structure or sub structure. A theodolites consists of a small sized movable telescope
mounted within two perpendicular axis which are horizontal and vertical axis. It also
able to rotate 360 degree on a tripod stand that’s where we get angles from it. When
the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each axis can be measured
with great precision. It is commonly used to measure horizontal and vertical angles,
ranging and levelling as well as controlling verticality.

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3.2 TRIPOD STAND

Figure 1.6: Tripod Stand

Sources: http://www.toolup.com/product-images/2161_1.jpg

A tripod stand is a three-legged support platform for the level. The main function of
the tripod stand is to ensure a stable instrument setup for reliable measurements.
The legs of the tripod can be adjust to get the vertical height that required. Once the
instrument is moved, then it must be set up again which is to loosen the screw and
adjust again and lock it back tight. It usually has a flat tip and a mounting screw for
instrument attachment. It is also to make sure that the levelling tripod placed
horizontally.

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3.3 OPTICAL PLUMMET

Figure 1.7: Optical Plummet

Sources: https://www.hayesinstrument.com/accs_TopconTribrachOP.jpg

Optical Plummets is a device that used to centre the instrument over a ground
station. It is used in place of a plumb bob to centre transits and theodolites over a
given point, preferred for its steadiness in strong winds. The procedure speeds up
the setting up process as well as protect the instrument from accident, because it
has a lock below the optical plummet to lock the devices that used in fieldwork.
Sometimes, the optical plummet can be used to perform angular or distance
measurements from the survey point.

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3.4 RAGGING ROD

Figure 1.8: Ranging Rod

Sources: http://3.imimg.com/data3/JA/BD/MY-2853543/steel-ranging-rods-
500x500.jpg

Ranging rod is used to mark areas and to set out straight lines on the field. It is also
used to mark points that must be seen from a distance. The length of the ranging rod
is either 2m or 3m. It is made up of wood or metal. Ranging rod usually painted with
alternate red-white or black-white bands.

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3.5 SPIRIT BUBBLE

Figure 1.8: Spirit Bubble

Sources: http://g02.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1nZ8OJXXXXXaZXpXXq6xXFXXXw/34-20-
12mm-Metal-Bullseye-Level-Circular-vials-Bubble-Spirit-Level-with-Mounting-holes-
Accuracy-8.jpg

The spirit bubble is used for maintaining both level rods and sighting poles in a
vertical position. An out of adjustment of spirit bubble level will cause accumulative
error in level lines. It can used in traversing and levelling measurements in
fieldworks. In order to get an accurate measurement for both, the spirit bubble level
must be inside the middle of the black circle. It is located on the optical plummet and
levelling rod.

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3.6 PLUMB BOB

Figure 1.9: Plumb Bob

Sources: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/537687642987491772/

Plumb bob is used to check if the object are vertical. A plumb bob consist of a piece
of metal pointing downwards, which is attached to cord. It is normally tie on the
optical plummet by using the string. When the plumb bob is hanging free and not
moving, the cord

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4.0 FIELD DATA

 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

5.0 CALCULATION

Bearing / Angle
From Final To
Station Left Circle Right Average
Station Bearing Station
Circle

Datum
PA 6033 245 30 00 2 245 30 00 1
From

1 245 30 00 65 30 00 118 47 00 2 118 47 00 3

2 C - 14
3 118 47 00 298 47 00
118 46 46
2 298 47 00 118 47 00 230 25 30 3 230 25 00 4
3 C - 28
4 230 25 40 50 25 20
230 25 02
3 50 25 30 230 25 30 269 15 40 4 269 15 00 5
4 C - 42
5 269 15 40 89 15 40
269 14 58
4 89 15 40 269 15 40 300 09 20 5 300 08 30 1
5 C - 56
1 300 09 10 120 09 30
300 08 24
5 120 09 20 300 09 20 65 31 10 1 65 30 00 2
1 C – 01 10
2 65 31 10 245 31 10
65 35 00

Lines 1-2 are read = 65 31’ 10”

It should be read = 65 30’ 00”
Misclosure = + 01’ 10” per station, 2,3,4,5 and 1
Correction = - 14” per station

Table 1 : Calculation from point to other point

using theodolite
 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

Hitungan Pelarasan Latit/Dipat Kaedah Bowditch Dan Tikaian Lurus

Gar. Bearing Jarak Latit Dipat Dua Dua Koordinat
Dari Ke Kali Kali U atau S T atau B
U S T B
Latit Dipat
1 + 0.053 + 0.048
2 16 38 252.230 241.672 72.214
12
+ 0.060 + 0.054
3 73 19 284.210 81.576 272.251
12
- 0.081 - 0.074
4 195 17 384.730 371.10 101.466
30 9
+ 0.052 - 0.047
1 281 04 247.840 47.616 243.223
36

1169.010 370.864 371.10 344.465 344.689

9
+ 0.245 + 0.224
LATIT DAN DIPAT SETELAH DIBETULKAN TIKAIAN LURUS
1
2 16 38 252.230 241.725 72.262 = (0.245)2 +
12 (0.224)2
1169.010
3 73 19 284.210 81.636 272.305 = 1: 3521
12

4 195 17 384.730 371.02 101.392

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1 281 04 247.840 47.668 243.176

36
371.029 371.02 344.567 344.568
8
+ 0.001 + 0.001

Gar. Bering Jarak Latit Dipat Dua Kali Dua Kali Koordinit
Dari Ke U S T B Latit Dipat U atau S T atau B
1 + 0.080 + 0.023
2 16 38 12 252.230 241.672 72.214
+ 0.027 + 0.088
3 73 19 12 284.210 81.576 272.251
- 0.123 - 0.033
4 195 17 30 384.730 371.109 101.466
+ 0.016 - 0.07
1 281 04 36 247.840 47.616 243.223

370.864 371.109 344.465 344.689

+ 0.245 + 0.224

 Latit 741.973  Dipat 689.154

LATIT DAN DIPAT SETELAH DIBETULKAN

1
2 16 38 12 252.230 241.752 72.237

3 73 19 12 284.210 81.603 272.339

 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

4 195 17 30 384.730 370.986 101.433

1 281 04 36 247.840 47.632 243.144

370.987 370.986 344.576 344.577

+ 0.001 + 0.001

Hitungan Keluasan Dengan Kaedah Dua Kali Jarak Meridian

Gar. Bering Jarak Latit Dipat Dua Kali Dua Kali Koordinit
Dari Ke Latit Dipat
U S T B U atau S T atau B
1 Mula Kiraan

2 16 38 12 252.230 241.725 72.262 337.061 72.262

3 73 19 12 284.210 81.636 272.305 660.422 416.829

4 195 17 30 384.730 371.028 101.392 371.030 587.742

1 281 04 36 247.840 47.668 243.176 47.668 243.174

Mula Kiraan
KIRAAN

Luas = ½ [DKLi x Dipati + DKLi + 1 x Dipati + 1…… 47.668 72.262

= ½ [ (337.061 x 72.262) + (660.422 x 272.305) + 47.668 + 72.262
+ (371.030 x –101.392) + (47.668 x –243.176)] 95.336 144.524
= ½ [(24356.702) + (179836.213) – (37619.474) + 241.725 + 272.305
- (11591.714)] 337.061 416.829
= ½ (204192.915) – (49211.188) + 241.725 + 272.305
= ½ (154981.727) 578.786 689.134
= 77490.864 m2 + 81.636 - 101.392
= 7.749 ha 660.422 587.742
 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

Bagi memudahkan hitungan keluasan, kiraan dimulakan pada latit + 81.636 - 101.392
atau dipat yang akhirnya akan menghasilkan nilai Dua Kali Latit 742.058 486.350
atau Dua Kali Dipat yang semuanya positif. - 371.028 - 243.176
371.030 243.174

Gar. Bering Jarak Latit Dipat Dua Kali Dua Kali Koordinit
Dari Ke Latit Dipat
U S T B U atau S T atau B
1 -0.019 -0.043
2 140 00 00 218.000 166.998 140.128 (d)
-0.017 +0.038
3 229 00 30 193.000 126.598 145.677 Luas = ½ [DKLi x Dipati + DKLi + 1 x Dipati + 1……
+0.016 +0.036 = ½ [ (420.141 x 140.085) + (126.581 x –145.715)
+ (62.461 x –170.062) + (251.434 x –48.586) +
4 290 10 00 181.130 62.445 170.026
(482.533 x 224.277)]
+0.012 +0.027
= ½ [(58855.452) - (18444.750) - (10622.243) -
5 339 00 00 135.500 126.500 48.559 (12216.172) + (108221.054)]
+0.022 -0.049 = ½ (167076.506) – (41283.165)
1 65 00 30 247.500 104.565 224.326 = ½ (125793.341)
= 62896.671m2
975.130 293.510 293.596 364.454 364.262 = 6.290 ha
0.086 0.192

LATIT DAN DIPAT SETELAH DIBETULKAN (e)

2 500.000 500.000
(c)
3 229 00 30 193.000 126.581 145.715 126.581 373.419 354.285

4 290 10 00 181.130 62.461 170.062 62.461 435.880 184.223

5 339 00 00 135.500 126.512 48.586 251.434 562.392 135.637

 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

1 65 00 30 247.500 104.587 224.277 482.533 666.979 359.914

2 140 00 00 218.000 166.979 140.085 420.141 500.000 499.999

293.560 293.560 364.362 364.363

+0.000 +0.001

Kiraan Tikaian Lurus & Luas

Gar. Bering Jarak Latit Dipat Dua Dua Dua Kali Dua Kali Koordinit
Dari U S T B Kali Kali Litat Dipat U atau S T atau B
Ke Latit Dipat X X
Dipat Latit

1 -0.004 -0.004
2 60 30 40 67.622 +33.287 +58.862 -33.283 58.858 -1958.971 1958.971
-0.005 -0.005
3 125 45 30 78.409 -45.820 +63.628 -45.825 181.339 -2915.524 -8309.860
-0.005 -0.006
4 199 19 00 83.212 -78.528 -27.526 -170.183 217.430 4685.478 -17075.430
-0.003 -0.004
5 277 06 30 52.811 +6.535 -52.405 -242.184 137.489 12692.621 898.078
-0.006 -0.006
1 333 17 40 94.645 +84.549 -42.534 -151.109 42.540 6428.177 3596.459

376.699 124.371 124.348 122.490 122.465 18931.781 -18931.781

9465.890 -9465.890

Beza +0.023 Beza +0.025

Latid Dipat
 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

376 .699
Tikaian Lurus= 1 :
√ ( 0 .023 )2+( 0 .025 )2
1 : 11000
Keluasan =9465.890 m 2
= 0.947 ha

Kiraan Tikaian Lurus & Luas

Gar. Bering Jarak Latit Dipat Latit Dipat Koordinit

Dari terlaras terlaras
Ke U S T B U atau S T atau B

1 -0.004 -0.004 100.00 100.00

2 60 30 40 67.622 +33.287 +58.862 +33.283 +58.858 133.283 158.858
-0.005 -0.005
3 125 45 30 78.409 -45.820 +63.628 -45.825 +63.623 87.458 222.481
-0.005 -0.006
4 199 19 00 83.212 -78.528 -27.526 -78.533 -27.532 8.925 194.949
-0.003 -0.004
5 277 06 30 52.811 +6.535 -52.405 +6.532 -52.409 15.457 142.540
-0.006 -0.006
1 333 17 40 94.645 +84.549 -42.534 +84.543 -42.540 100.00 100.00

376.699 124.371 124.348 122.490 122.465 0 0 65406.455 -46474.673

18931.782

Beza Latid +0.023 Beza Dipat +0.025

 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

376.699
Tikaian Lurus= 1 :
√ ( 0.023 )2+( 0.025 )2
1 : 11000
Keluasan = 18931.782 / 2
= 9465.890 m 2
= 0.947 ha
 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

7.0 DICUSSION

From this fieldwork, we learnt to conduct a traverse survey by using a

theodolite and several formulas that we learnt during traversing class. Throughout
this survey, we can be able to applied the technique and knowledge thought by our
lecturer, Mrs. Hisyarita.
From this survey, we know that point A, B, C and D are laid out on the site
respectively. The theodolite will be placed on point A which is our starting point and
started to conduct our survey. The angles that we get from the theodolite must be
read from left to the right to obtain a more accurate reading.

The zero angle will be set on point A as well and turned the theodolite to point
D and measure to get the stadia reading as well as the horizontal and vertical
angles. After we get the all the readings and the angles from one point, we switch
the theodolite to another point and repeat the same procedure again to get another
point of readings.

What we found out that was hard for us is we couldn’t get the spirit bubble into
the black circle. But after Mrs. Hisyarita had taught us, finally we can measure
ourselves very fast and accurately.

At the end of the process, the total angles must be 360°. However, in our
report from the table of the field data, the total angle was 245° 30’ 00’’. Thus, we
knew that there was a misclosure error occurred as there is a difference of 1’ 10’’.
Means in every angle we measured, there is a 14’’ of error. Therefore, we used the
trigonometry traversing calculation technique to solve it. After compile everything, the
report is finally done.
 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this is our second fieldwork which is traversing. In this

fieldwork, we were required to carry out a closed loop traverse survey that is located
at the car park. A special characteristic of a closed loop traverse is it starts and ends
at the same point, forming a closed geometric figure called a polygon. My fellow
group mates and I conduct the survey together at the car park. Two of them is
holding the levelling staff, one of a group mate is recording down the data while one
of the group member is taking the readings for the traverse survey.

As we taught in class that the horizontal reading must be taken twice which is
the first reading is taken, then turn back again to take the second reading. We also
did recorded the top stadia, middle stadia and bottom stadia readings to calculate
the length of the perimeter of the traverse since we didn’t have a measuring tape.
The angles are usually obtained through the usage of equipment provided by our
lecturer. However, we were unable to obtain the exact reading of 360°, therefore,
some adjustment was made to achieve 360° in our traverse survey completely.

Although the formula was hard for us to understand and apply compare to
levelling, but we try hard to learning with a spirit of not giving up. We really do likes
site surveying because we can feel that we are working together.

In a nutshell, we thanks our lecturer Mrs. Hisyarita for giving us an

opportunities to learn and hands on in levelling. We hope that next time we can have
a chance to conduct a survey like this again.
 DCC 3093 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 | TRAVERSE REPORT

9.0 REFERENCE

1) traversing-final-report-151129114418-lva1-app6891.pdf
2) https://www.basiccivilengineering.com/2017/06/electronic-distance-
measuring-method-edm.html