Geometry Concepts Explanatory Notes PDF

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ANC - FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOMETRY
Table of Contents
1. Parallel Lines ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Basic Proportionality Theorem ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Triangles .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Types of triangles based on angles ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Types of triangles based on sides: ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Equilateral Triangle: ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Isosceles triangle: ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Exterior angles: ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Relation between sides ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Four Lines and Four Points .................................................................................................................................................. 8
Centroid: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
In-center: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Circum-center: .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Orthocenter: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Few formulae: ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Right Angle Triangles......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Similarity of Triangles ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
Consider the given shapes: ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Rules for triangles to be similar ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Common Similar Figures ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Similarity in Right Angle Triangles ..................................................................................................................................... 19
3. Quadrilaterals & Polygons ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Parallelogram .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Rhombus ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Rectangle........................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Square ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Trapezium ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Cyclic Quadrilateral ........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Polygons ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24
4. Circles .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Circumference, Area, Sector, Segment ............................................................................................................................. 25
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Chord ................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Angles in a segment and angle at center. ......................................................................................................................... 26
Tangents ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Secants .............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Common Tangents to Two Circles .................................................................................................................................... 31
Common Chord to Two Intersecting Circles ..................................................................................................................... 32
5. Solids ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Geometry Assignment ................................................................................................................................................ 36
ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS: ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Answer key for Exercises ............................................................................................................................................ 66
ANIL NAIR CLASSES

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1. Parallel Lines
Two lines are parallel to each other when the distance between the two lines at any two
or more distinct points is the same.
Two parallel lines would have no points in common.
1. a. Transversal & Angles formed at the intersection
Transversal is a straight line that intersects two or more parallel lines.
When a transversal intersects two parallel lines,
There are 4 angles formed at each of the two intersection points. The angles are named
as follows:
Transversal
Corresponding Angles: A pair of angles, one each at the two intersection points, placed in a corresponding position with
respect to the transversal and the parallel line, are a pair of corresponding angles and is equal to each other.
Thus, in the above figure, ∠1=∠5; ∠2 = ∠6; ∠3 = ∠4 = ∠8.
Alternative Angles: A pair of angles, one each at the two intersection points, formed on alternate sides of the transversal
and the parallel lines are a pair of Alternate angles and equal to each other.
Thus, in the above figure. ∠1 = ∠7; ∠4 = ∠6; ∠2 = ∠8; ∠3 = ∠5.
Usually, we would be encountering only Alternate Interior Angles i.e. angles lying in the interior of the two parallel lines.
Thus, pay careful attention to the positioning of the pairs: ∠2 = ∠8; ∠3 = ∠5.
Interior Angles (Also called Allied angles): These are angles in the interior of the two parallel lines and on the same side
the transversal. Interior angles are supplementary.
Thus, in the above figure,∠2 + ∠5 = ∠3 + ∠8 = 180°
The converse of the above properties also holds i.e. if two corresponding angles are equal then the lines have to be
parallel. This converse is mostly used to prove that lines are parallel (and hence the quadrilateral is a parallelogram, as
we will see later). And usually the case will be of interior angles adding up to 180 degrees or alternate angles being
equal. So make a mental image of the following patterns….
Since the two alternate If 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 180, then lines

angles are equal, lines L1 L1 And L2 are parallel.
and L2 are parallel.
Basic Proportionality Theorem

The line segment of a transversal that lies between the parallel lines is called an Intercept.
The Basic Proportionality Theorem states: With three or more parallel lines, the ratios of the intercepts on two or
more transversals are equal.
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No part of this logic/questions may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
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It can be easily comprehended by the following figure….
In case the three horizontal lines are parallel, then
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
= =
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑋𝑋𝑌𝑌 𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Conversely, if = = , then the lines are parallel.
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑋𝑋𝑌𝑌 𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄
Basic Proportionality Theorem (or BPT, in short) is very useful. So understand its use carefully. Very often we would
have to find the ratio of areas and in finding the ratio of areas we would invariably need the ratio of heights. In such
scenarios, rather than giving the ratio of intercepts on an oblique transversal will be given. But then the ratio of
heights will be the same as the ratio of intercepts, by BPT.
If the above was not understood try following the flow of the solution in the following examples
1
For all these examples you would need to know and use: area of a triangle = × 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
2
E.g. 1: Find the ratio of the areas of the triangles ABC and ADB, if the ratio BD: DC is 3 : 5
1
𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵) 2 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × ℎ1 ℎ1
= =
𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 1 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × ℎ ℎ2
2 2
Now the ratio ℎ1 : ℎ2 is the same BC: BD i.e. is 8:3. And,
Thus, this is also the ratio of the required areas.
This is the utility of BTP. If you are wondering where the three parallel lines are,
𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵
have a look at the following figure…… By BPT, =
𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Since BD: DC is 3 : 5, BC : BD is 8 : 3.
One could have also considered the base of the triangles as BC and BD and then
the heights of the two triangles would have been the same, as seen in the
following figure…
1
𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 ) 2 ×𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵×ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 8
Thus, = = =
𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) 1 ×𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴×ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3
2
E.g. 2: In the following figure, if the ratio of AC : CE : EF is 1 : 1 : 1, find the ratio of the areas of the triangles ABF :DEF.
Consider line CD is parallel to line AB.
Since AC : CF is 1 : 2, hence BD : DF is also 1 : 2 (ratio of intercepts are the same).
Height of ∆ABF BF 3
Thus = =
Height of ∆DEF DF 2
1
A(∆ABF ) ×AF ×height 3×3 9
= 21 = =
A(∆DEF ) ×EF ×height 1×2 2
2
E.g.3: Two lines AB and CD intersect at E such that AE: EB is 2 : 3 and CE : ED is 3 : 1. Find the ratio of the areas of
triangles ACE and BED.
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The figure based on the above data translates to…
This problem is a tough one if one needs to compare areas by the above process. And
hence follow the solution carefully to see how we can compare areas of triangles….
Joining AD (or you could also join BC)…

𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 1 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶) 1
Since = ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 = (Same height and base are in ratio 1 : 3)
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 3, 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ) 3
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 2 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴) 2
Similarly, since = , ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 = (Same height and base are in ratio 2 : 3)
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 3 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴) 3
Thus if 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴) = 6k, then 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶) = 2𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴) = 9𝑘𝑘. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 ratio is 2 : 9
Another useful message that this example gives is that if you shed away your
inhibitions of sine and cosine and just remember two of the use formulate pertaining
to them and a triangle, your job will be much easier. You do not need to know
1
trigonometry for this, you just need know that area of a triangle is 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 where 𝑎𝑎
2
and b are lengths of we sides and 𝑎𝑎 is the included angle between the sides (the other
formula is cosine rule which we shall see later).
If you use this formula,
1
𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶) ×2𝑘𝑘×𝑒𝑒×𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 2
= 12 = . The included angle between the sides in both the sides in both the triangles is the same
𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 ) ×3𝑘𝑘×3𝑒𝑒×𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 9
2
because they are vertically opposite angles.
Exercise 1:
Q.no Question
1. In the figure, AB ∥ 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 ∥ 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 ∥ 𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 ∥ 𝐸𝐸𝑄𝑄 such that B, D and F are
collinear. If AC = 4, CE = 6, and PQ =2.4, find the value of QR.
Directions for Qs 2 &3: point D divides side AB of triangle ABC in the ratio 2 : 3 and E divides BC in the ratio 2 : 1.
2. In the figure below AD ∥ 𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 ∥ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∥ EG ∥ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵. Point E is the
midpoint of AD and H is the point of trisection of DC i.e. ratio DH : DC is 1 : 3
Find the ratio of areas of the triangles AHF and HJG.
3. Find the ratio of the area of triangle BDE to the area of triangle ABC.
4. Find the ratio of the area of triangle DEC to the area of triangle ABC.
5. Points D, E and F lie on the sides AB, BC and AC of triangles ABC. The ratio AD : DB is 1 : 3, BE : EC is 3 : 2 and
CF : FA is 4 : 1. Find the ratio of area of triangle DEF to that of triangle ABC.
6. The sides AB, BC and CA of triangle ABC are extended to D, E and F respectively such that AB = BD, BC = CE and
CA = AF. Find the ratio of area of triangle DEF to that of triangle ABC.
7. In triangle ABC , point D and E are on sides BC and AC such that AD and BE intersect at F. if BF : FE is 3 : 2 and
AF : FD is 1 : 3 , find the ratio of areas of triangles AFE and BFD.
8. In triangles ABC, D is on side BC such that BD : DC is 2 : 3 and E is on side AC such that AE : EC is 1 : 2. Lines AD
and BE intersect at F. Find the ratio of area of triangle AFE and BFD.
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2. Triangles
More than half the geometry questions that come in an entrance exam are based on triangles (the
rest half are divided, in order, between circles, quadrilaterals and solids). So make sure you
understand all nuances of triangles before proceeding ahead. Further, among the topics are
similarity of triangles and right angle triangles. But first let us start from the basics…..
Sum of all interior angles of a triangle = 180°
Types of triangles based on angles

If the sides of a triangle are given, one can ascertain whether the triangle is Acute angels. Right
angled or Obtuse angled using the following. . .
For a Acute angled triangle, 𝑒𝑒 2 < 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
For a right angled triangle, 𝑒𝑒 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
For an obtuse angled triangle, 𝑒𝑒 2 > 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
In the above, c is the longest side and 𝑎𝑎 and b are the other two sides.
Types of triangles based on sides:
Equilateral Triangle:
All three sides are equal and so are all the three angles. Thus, each of the interior angle is 60. The following formulae for
the height and area of a equilateral triangle has to be very handy:
√3
Height of equilateral triangle of side a units = 𝑎𝑎
2
√3 2
Area of equilateral triangles of side a unit; = 𝑎𝑎
4
Isosceles triangle:
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The angles opposite to the equal sides would be equal. Further the
vertex common to the two equal sides is equidistant from the ends of the unequal side. Thus it
has to lie one the perpendicular bisector of the unequal side….
If D is the mid-point of BC then AD is perpendicular to BC. Conversely, if AD ⊥ BC, then D is the

mid-point of BC. Please note that this is valid only for the line through the vertex common to
the two equal sides.
Exterior angles:
Quite a few questions can be and are asked based on exterior angle. A specific property
of exterior angle in a triangle is: An exterior angle is equal to the sum of remote interior
angles.
It should be very obvious why the above should be the case ………..if the third interior
angle is considered as c, then a + b + c = 180 and so is the exterior angle + c = 180° (angles in a straight line). Thus the
exterior angle = a + b.
E.g. 4: in the following figure, if AD = CD = BC, and ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 96°, what is the measure of ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵?
Since AD = CD, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠.
Thus, ∠𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑥. because it is the exterior angle. Since DC = BC, ∠𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
2𝑥𝑥.
Next, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 is the exterior angle of

∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴. 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 3x =96, given. Thus x =
32 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑥𝑥 = 64°
Relation between sides

In any triangle, the sum of any sides has to be greater than the third side. This should also be obvious because the length
of a side is the shortest distance between the two end points.
If this condition is not met, the three lengths cannot be the sides of a triangle. Thus, the lengths 3, 5 and 9 cannot be the
sides of a triangle because 3 + 5 is not greater than 9.
It would be a wise thing to always check if the given lengths can form a triangle, before proceeding with any further
work.
The corollary to this property is that the difference between two sides is always less than the third side. But one does
not need to check this condition as well because this condition will be violated only if the earlier property is violated.
E.g. 5: How many distinct triangles are possible such that two of the sides are 4 and 7 and the third side also has an
integral length?
If the unknown side is the largest side, the sum of 4 + 7 has to be greater than the third side. Thus the third side has to
be less than 11.
Further, if the third side is the smallest, the sum of it’s length and 4 has to be greater than 7. Thus the third side has to
be greater than 3.
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So the third side could have its length as any natural number from 4 to 10 i.e. 7 different values are possible.
E.g.6: If the three sides of a triangle are given by x – 1,2x – 4 and 12, find the range of values that x can assume.
The sum of any two sides should be greater than the third side. Thus checking for each pair….
(x - 1) + (2x – 4) > 4x – 12 ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 < 7
(x – 1) + (4x – 12) > 2x – 4 ⇒ 3𝑥𝑥 > 9 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 > 3
(2x -4) + (4x – 12) > x - 1 ⇒ 5𝑥𝑥 > 15 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 > 3.
Thus the range of values that x can assume is 3 < x < 7.
Also check that for each of these values the sides are a positive quantity.
Exercise 2:
Q.no Question
1. In the triangle DEF shown below, points A, B and C are taken on DE, DF and EF
respectively such that EC = AC and CF =BC.
If ∠𝐴𝐴 = 40°, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴?
2. What is the number of distinct triangles with integral valued sides and perimeter 14?
3. If the two sides of a triangle are 15 and 24, find the range between which the perimeter of the triangle can lie.
4. The sides of a triangle are given by 8n – 25, 9n – 48 and 18n – 91, where n is a natural number. How many
such distinct triangles exist?
5. What is the sum of the angles formed at the vertices of a five-pointed star as drawn
below?
6. ABCD is a square and PBA is an equilateral triangle such that P lies in the interior of the square. Find the
measure of ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵.
7. In the following figure find the measure of ∠𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴.
8. Points D and E lies on extended sides AB and AC of triangle ABC. The angle bisectors of
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝐸𝐸. 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 ∠𝐴𝐴 = 120°. 𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ∠𝐸𝐸.
Four Lines and Four Points

In any triangles, four specific lines are defined as follows:
Page |9
Median: Line joining a vertex and the mid-point of the opposite side.
Perpendicular bisector of a side: Line perpendicular to a side and bisecting the side as well.
Altitude: Line from the vertex perpendicular to the opposite side.
Please do not confuse between the lines: Median need not be perpendicular to the opposite side, perpendicular bisector
of side need not pass through the opposite vertex and altitude need not pass through the mid-point of the side. See
diagram below for more clear understanding.
Angle bisector: Line bisecting the given angle (Line AG in the figure)
These four lines can be drawn from any of the three vertices. Thus any triangle would have 3 medians, 3 angle bisectors
and so on.
For any of these lines, the three lines of

a particular type are concurrent i.e. they
intersect in the same point. These
points are named as given below.
Further the properties associated with
the line and the points are also detailed
and need to be memorized.
Centroid:
Concurrency point of the medians (point G in the diagram)
Property 1: Median divides the triangle into two equal areas, 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) =
𝐴𝐴(∆ADC)
With all three medians drawn, the six non over-lapping areas formed are
all equal in area.
Property 2: The centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1 with the
larger part being towards the vertex .
Thus, AG: GD is 2 : 1.
Property 3: Apollonius theorem
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 2 = 2 × (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴2 )
In-center:
Concurrency point of the angle bisectors (I in the figure). It is called an In-center because
with this point as a center a circle can be drawn which lies ‘in’ the triangle i.e. it touches
each of the three sides. The radius to the circle is the perpendicular distance from I to
any of sides, shown as dotted lines in the figure.
(Any point on the angles bisector is equal-distant from the sides. The common points on
the three angle bisectors are, thus, at an equal distance from each of the sides. Hence it
P a g e | 10
is possible to draw such a circle)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Property 1: =
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵
∠𝐴𝐴
Property 2:∠𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 90 +
2
Circum-center:
Concurrency point of the perpendicular bisectors of the side (point O in the figure)
It is called a circum-center because with this as a center a circle can be drawn which
circumscribes the triangle i.e. passes through the vertices. The radius of the circle = AO = BO =
CO.
(Any point on the perpendicular bisector of a side is equidistant from the end points. The common points on the three
perpendicular bisectors are, thus, at an equal distance from each of the vertex. Hence it is possible to draw such a circle)
Property 1: ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2 × ∠𝐴𝐴
Orthocenter:
Concurrency point of the Altitudes (point H in the figures)
Property 1: ∠𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 + ∠𝐴𝐴 = 180 °
E.g.7: The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 12, 35 and 37. Find the length of the median drawn to the longest side.
Method 1:
Using Apollonius theorem, if the length of the median,
122 + 352 = 2 × �𝑥𝑥 2 + � � 2̇ � ⇒ 144 + 1225 = 2 × �𝑥𝑥 2 +

37 1369
�
2 4
1369 1369 1369 37

⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 = − = ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = = 18.5
2 4 4 2
Method 2:
This method would have been far more efficient but it would have to strike you that the
lengths 12.35 and 37 are sides of a right angle triangle. And in a right triangle the length of a
median to longest side i.e. hypotenuse is same as the circum-radius and the circum-radius is
half the length of the hypotenuse.
37
(See explanation at right side). Thus length of median = = 18.5
2
The following figure highlights that in a right angle triangle since ∠𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 90, hypotenuse AC is a
diameter of the circumcircle. Thus the midpoint of the hypotenuse would be the circum-
center. Further BO will also be the radius of the circle and will also be the median to the hypotenuse.
P a g e | 11
E.g.8: In right angle triangle ABC, right angled at B, the angle subtended by AB at the in-center is 110°. If D the midpoint
of the hypotenuse, find measure of ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵
∠𝐵𝐵
If the in-center is denoted by I, we are given that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 110° 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 90 + ,
2
We have ∠𝐵𝐵 = 40°, 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴 = 50°.
If D is the mid-point of the hypotenuse, it also the circum-center and since angle at the circum-center is twice the vertex
angle, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 2 × ∠𝐴𝐴 = 100°.
E.g.9: ABC is a scalene triangle with AB = 18, BC = 12 and AC = 15. BD and CE are the angle
bisectors with D and E lying on AC and AB. If P is the intersection of the angle bisectors, find the
ratio BP : PD
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵
We require the ratio BP : PD. Since CP is also an angle bisector in triangle BCD, we have = .
𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴
But as of now we do not know the length CD. But length CD can be found out as CD : DA is same as BC : BA i.e. 12 : 18 i.e.
2 : 3 and we know that the length of AC is 15. Thus CD = 6.
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 12 2
So the required ratio = = = .
𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 6 1
The fact that BP : PD is 2 : 1 does not make P a centroid. Also the logic that it had to be 2 : 1 and we need not have done
the above working is wrong because P is not the centroid. Any line would surely have a point that divides it in the ratio 2
: 1 , but this doesn’t make the point the centroid. If you are still not convinced find the ratio CP : PE using a similar logic
as above and you will find that it is not 2 : 1.
E.g.10: What is the distance between the in-center and the centroid of an isosceles triangle with length with of sides
being 17, 17 and 30.
In an isosceles triangle, the median from the vertex common to the two equal
sides is also the perpendicular bisector of opposite side. Thus in the figure AD is I
perpendicular bisector of BC. Thus in the right triangle ADC, since AC = 17 and
DC = 15, we can find AD = 8 using Pythagoras theorem.
2 16
If G is the centroid we have AG = × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
3 3
In an isosceles triangle the median from the vertex common to the two equal sides is also the angle bisector. Thus AD
𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 17
would also be the angle bisector. If I is the in-center, it would lie on AD and we would have = = . 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼 =
𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 15
17 17
×8= .
32 4
16 17 13
We need to find IG which can be found by AG – AI = − =
3 4 12
Few formulae:
Before we move on to the two most important topics, let’s just revise a couple of formulae…..
1
1. Area = × 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
2
P a g e | 12
2. Heron’s formulae: area = �𝑏𝑏(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑒𝑒), where s is the semi-perimeter and a, b and c are the sides of
the triangle.
3. Area = r × 𝑒𝑒, where r is the in-radius and s is the semi-perimeter. This formulae is handy in certain situations and
so it’s worthwhile to commit it to memory.
𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒
4. Area = , where R is the circum-radius and a, b and c are the sides of the triangle. This formula would rarely be
4𝑄𝑄
resorted to find the area because if we know value of a, b and c individually, one would rather use heron’s
formula for area. But then this formula can be used to find the circum-radius if we know a, b and c.
1
5. Using Sine ratio: area = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎
2
1
6. If the Cartesian co-ordinates of the three vertices are (𝑥𝑥1, 𝑠𝑠1),( 𝑥𝑥2,𝑠𝑠2 ) and (𝑥𝑥3 , 𝑠𝑠3 ), 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 area = ×
2
𝑥𝑥1 𝑠𝑠1 1
�𝑥𝑥2 𝑠𝑠2 1� 𝐴𝐴gain we will not use this formula, it given here just for completeness of theory.
𝑥𝑥3 𝑠𝑠3 1
√3 2
7. Specifically for equilateral triangle: area = 𝑎𝑎 , where a is the side of the trangle.
4
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒
8. Using Sine rule: = = where 𝑎𝑎 is the side opposite A and so on.
sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵,
Sine rule is a relation between the sides and the angles of a triangle. We will hardly ever have to use this. But
then it is good enough to keep the following relation between sides and angles in mind:
The side opposite to the largest angle is the largest and the side opposite to the smallest angle is the smallest.
But then the sides are not directly proportional to the angles, but are proportional to the sine of the angles.
9. Cosine rule: if a, b and c are the sides of the triangle opposite to angles A, B and C respectively, then 𝑎𝑎2 = 𝑏𝑏 2 +
𝑒𝑒 2 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 × cos 𝐴𝐴
𝑏𝑏 2 +𝑒𝑒 2 −𝑎𝑎 2
It is also expressed in re-arranged from as follows: cos A = . Use whichever format is easier for you to
2𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒
remember.
CAT has once had a question that could be solved more comfortably using cosine rule (else the solution was
pretty lengthy). So do remember this. It is useful in situations where two sides of the triangle and one angle are
known or when the three sides are given and the angle has to be found.
E.g. 11: the three sides of a triangle are 2, √6 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 1 + √3. Find the measure of the smallest angle. The smallest angle
will be the angle opposite to the shortest side i.e. opposite to 2 i.e. it will be the included angle between the sides
√6 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 1 + √3. If this angle is denoted as θ, then
(√6)2 +(1+√3)2 −22 6+4+2√3−4

Cos θ = =
2×√6×(1+√3) 2√6+2√18
6+2√3 3+√3 3+√3 1

⇒ cos 𝑎𝑎 = = = =
2√6+6√2 √6+3√2 √2(√3+3) √2
1
Since cos 45 = hence the required angle is 45 degrees.
√2,
E.g.12: In triangle ABC angle bisector of vertex angle A meets side BC at D. If AB = 6, AC = 9, BC =5, find length AD.
P a g e | 13
Since AD is the angle bisector hence the two angles shown in the figure are equal in measure.
BD AB 6
Also, since = = , BD = 2 and DC = 3.
DC AC 9
If side AD is assumed as x, then
62 +x 2 −22 92 +x 2 −32 32+x 2 72+x 2

= ⇒ = ⇒ x 2 = 48.
2×6×x 2×9×x 2 3
Thus AD = √48
E.g. 13: Find the radius of the in-circle of a triangle whose sides are 14, 48 and 50.
Method 1: To find the in-radius, we can make use of the formula area = in-radius × 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 − 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟. For this we need
to know the area, which we can find using the Heron’s formula. Semi-perimeter =56
Thus A =�56 × (56 − 14) × (56 − 48) × (56 − 50)
=√56 × 42 × 8 × 6 = √8 × 7 × 7 × 6 × 8 × 6 = 8 × 7 × 6
Thus, 8× 7 × 6 = 𝑟𝑟 × 56 ⇒ 𝑟𝑟 = 6.
Method 2: This is a far more efficient method but would require that it strikes you that a 14, 48, 50 triangle is a right
1
angle since 142 + 482 = 502 . Hence the area of the triangle = × 14 × 48 = 7 × 48.
2
Hereafter finding the in-radius is same as the above method.
E.g.14: In triangle ABC, AB = 35, BC = 24 and AC = 53. Find the length of the altitude AD on side BC.
1
If the altitude to BC is x, the area of the triangle = × x × BC. Also area is given by Heron’s formula and thus equating the
2
area found by the two methods, we can find the length of the required altitude.
1
Thus, × x × 24 = �56 × (56 − 35) × (56 − 24) × (56 − 53)
2
⇒ 12 × 𝑥𝑥 = √56 × 21 × 32 × 3 = √8 × 7 × 7 × 3 × 8 × 4 × 3 = 8 × 7 × 3 × 2
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 28. 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 28.
Exercise 3:
Q.no Question
1. In triangle ABC the internal bisector of the angle A meets BC at D. If AB =2√3, AC = 4√3 and ∠𝐴𝐴 =
60°, 𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
2. In the parallelogram ABCD, AB = 21, BC = 13 and BD = 14. Find the length AC. (The diagonals of a parallelogram
bisect each other)
3. In triangle ABC, the angle subtended by side BC at the orthocenter is 110 degrees, find the angles subtended
by BC at the in-center.
4. In triangle ABC, measure of ∠𝐴𝐴 = 60°. the angle bisectors of B and C intersect at I. If BI = 5 and CI = 8. Find
length of side BC.
5. Two of the medians of triangle ABC intersect each other at right angles. If their lengths are 16 and 20 units,
P a g e | 14
find the area of the triangle.
6. In isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC = 15 units and BC = 18 units. AD, BE and CF are the angle bisectors and they
intersect at I. Find length AI.
7. In triangle ABC, AB = 13 AC = 21. AD and AE are the median and the altitude drawn from vertex A. find length
of altitude AE if length of median AD is 16.
8. The lengths of the medians to the two perpendicular legs of a right angle triangle are 10 and 4√10. find the
length of the hypotenuse.
Right Angle Triangles

One would already be aware of Pythagoras theorem.
In a right angle triangle . . .
Rather than using this theorem in the above sense (and doing the calculation work),
one should be familiar with Pythagorean triplets. Pythagorean triplets are lengths of
three sides which can form a right angle triangle. The triplets used most often are (3,
4, 5) or (5, 12, 13). In rare cases (8, 15, 17) is also used any multiple of a triplet also
forms a triplet. Thus, it would be wise be wise to remember the following triplets,
which would take care of more than 90% of the cases you would encounter in an entrance test:
(3, 4, 5) 2× (3, 4, 5) = (6, 8, 10)
3× (3, 4, 5) = (9, 12, 15)
4× (3, 4, 5) = (12, 16, 20)
5× (3, 4, 5) = (15, 20, 25)
(5, 12, 13) 2× (5, 12, 13) = (10, 24, 25)
(7, 24, 25)
(8, 15, 17)
The following example shows how one can use these triplets…..
E.g.15: A ladder 65 units long is leaning against a wall with its base at a distance of 25 units from the foot of the wall. If
the top of the ladder slips down by 8 units, by what distance does the base of the ladder
moves away from the foot of the wall?
In the right triangle ABC, the sides are (25, x, 65). Since 65 = 5 × 13 and 25 = 5 × 5, we can
immediately deduce that the triplet is 5 × (5, 12, 13) i.e. (25, 60, 65)
Thus the top of the ladder was are a height of 60 and after it slipped. It is now at a height of 52.
Now, in the right triangle A1 BC, The sides are (2, 52, 65). Since 65 = 5× 13 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 52 = 4 × 13, we can deduce that the
triplet now is 13 × (3, 4, 5)𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 39, 52, 65.
Thus the base of the ladder is now 39 units from the foot of the well i.e. it has slipped 14 units away from the foot of the
wall.
P a g e | 15
E.g. 16: Two tall vertical buildings are such that the distance between their topmost points is 500 mts and the distance
between their base is 140 mts. If the height of one of them is 65 mts, find the height of the other building.
The line joining the top-most points will be the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle with the perpendicular sides being
the distance between their base and the difference in their heights.
Since the hypotenuse is 500 and one of the perpendicular side is 140, the other perpendicular side will be 480 ((7, 24,
25)× 20). Thus the difference between the heights of the building is 480 and since one of
them is 65 mts tall, the other has to be 65 +480=545 mts.
In right angle triangles, two specific right triangles are 30-60-90 and isosceles right triangle.
Please memorize the following ratio of the sides of these specific triangles.
30-60-90 triangle
In a 30-60-90 triangle, the ratio of the lengths of the sides opposite to 30, 60 and 90 degrees is 1 : √3 : 2. This is also
memorized as side opposite to degrees is half the hypotenuse
√3
And side opposite to 60 degrees is times the hypotenuse.
2
Almost all problems based on heights and distance would include a 30-60-90 triangle. In such question a common
mistake made is to understand the angle of depression as the angle made with the vertical. The correct interpretation of
angle of depression is the angle the line of sight makes with eye-level i.e. with the horizontal.
E.g. 17: A and B are two points on either side of the tower such that point A,
the base of the tower and point B are in a straight line. The angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is 30° and 45° from A and B respectively. if
the height of the tower is 100 meters, find the distance between points A
and B.
Since side opposite to 30 degree is 100, side AT, opposite to 60 degrees is 100√3 and it should be obvious that BT is 100
being an isosceles triangle. Thus AB= 100(1 - √3).
Isosceles Right angle triangle, 45-45-90 triangle in an isosceles right angle triangle, if the lengths of
the perpendicular sides is a, the hypotenuse is √2a. accordingly if the hypotenuse is h, length of
h
each perpendicular side is .
√2
A case of an isosceles right angle triangle is the triangle formed by two

adjacent sides of a square and the diagonal. Thus if the side of square is a
units, its diagonal is √2a. Such a square (and the isosceles right triangle
will appear in all problems where a circle is touching two perpendicular
sides…….
In such cases, one should immediately realize that the distance between
the center of the circle and the vertex of right angle is √2𝑟𝑟, where r is the radius of the circle.
P a g e | 16
E.g. 18: In the following figure, the line joining the vertex of the right angle, C and the center of the circle O is extended
to intersect the circle at A. What is length AB if the radius of the circle is I unit.
Since the radius of the circle is I, CO = √2. Thus, AC = √2 + 1.
In isosceles right triangle ABC, the hypotenuse AC = √2 + 1 and so the perpendicular side
√2+1
AB =
√2
We will see more of right angle triangles in questions based on similarity
Exercise 4:
Q.no Question
1. From each corners of a square of unit side, right angle triangles are cut off to from a regular octagon. What is the
side of the octagon so formed?
2. Two sides of a plot measure 32 and 24 meter and the angle between them is a
perfect right angle what is the area of the plot?
3. 4 equal circles of unit radius are placed such that each circle touches two other circles and the centers of the
four circles make a square. Find the radius of a circle which circumscribes all the four circles.
4. A circular table is pushed in the corner of a rectangular room such that it touches the two perpendicular walls of
the room. A point on the periphery of the table is such that it is 9 units from one wall and 8 units from the other
wall. Find the radius of the table.
5. In the figure shown, ABC is a quarter of a circle and line AD and CD are tangents
to it at A and C respectively. Find the ratio of radius of the circle having ABC as its
segment and the radius of the smaller circle drawn (tangential to the lines and
the arc) as drawn in the figure.
6. In a square ABCD of units side, a circle is drawn such that it is tangent to sides AB and BC and passes trough
vertex D. find the radius of the circle.
7. ABC is a right angle triangle, with angle B being the right angle. Points D and E are on ABC and AC respectively
such that ADE is an equilateral triangle. If the ratio of the areas of the equilateral triangle and the hypotenuse of
the right triangle is 2 : 9, find the ratio of the side of the equilateral triangle and the hypotenuse of the right
triangle.
8. The length of a ladder is exactly equal to the height of the wall. If a ladder is placed on a 2 ft stool, placed 10 ft
away from the wall, then the top of the ladder just reaches the top of the wall. Find the height of the wall.
9. The top of a 15 meters high pole makes an angle of elevation of 60° with the top of a sky-scrapper and an angle
of depression of 30° with the base of the sky-scrapper. What is the height of the sky-scrapper?
10. Three equal circles touch each other, there are two equilateral triangles formed, one by joining the centers of
the three circles and other by three common tangents to each pair of the circle. Find the ratio of the sides of two
equilateral triangles. (Identify the use of 30-60-90 triangle in this case)
P a g e | 17
Similarity of Triangles
Similarity is a very important topic of geometry and similarity in triangles is extensively tested in CAT and other exams.
While similarity as a concept is very simple, problems can be a wee bit difficult if similarity as a concept is ignored
because of its simplicity.
Two geometrical figures are similar if they are similar in shape. Two figures are exactly similar in shape if the ratios of
corresponding sides are all equal.
Consider the given shapes:

Which of the figure (i), (ii) and (iii) are similar to figure (a)? For your convenience the figure (a) is drawn along with each
of the figure (i),(ii) and (iii) as dotted figure.
Loosely speaking all the four figures may have the same shape. But then, by using this logic all triangles should be similar
because basically all have three vertices and three sides!
In figure (i), the shape has been stretched out horizontally but there is no corresponding change in the vertical
dimension. Hence the figure gets distorted in the one direction and the shape is not similar to figure (a). Same is the
case on figure (ii) viz. the change in the vertical dimension is disproportionate to the change in horizontal dimension and
hence distortion of shape takes place.
In figure (iii), the shape has been enlarged and the enlargement is equal in all possible dimensions. Thus the basic shape
remains same and only the size changes. Thus this figure is similar to figure (a).
PS
For no distortion to take place, the change in the dimension along all direction should be the same i.e. the ratio
AD
PQ PQ QR PS
should be equal to ratio . In general, = =
AB AB BC AD
Also important to understand is that ratio of any corresponding linear dimension will be equal to the above ratio i.e.
PR QS PQ
even = = .
AC BD AB
From Sides to Areas and Volumes
Consider two similar triangles ABC and PQR with ratio of corresponding sides
AB BC AC 2
= = = .
PQ QR PR 3
Since the ratio of any linear dimension is the same, the ratio of heights of the two triangles will also be in the ratio 2: 3.
Thus the area of the two triangle will be in the ratio of 4 : 9. (Also note that the ratio of the circum-radius, or the ratio of
in-radius or ratio of corresponding medians will all be equal to 2 : 3)
Extending the same logic to solids, if two solids are similar with ratio of sides of sides as a : b, the surface area of two
solids will be in the ratio 𝑎𝑎2 : 𝑏𝑏 2 and the ratio of the volume of the solids will be in ratio a3 ∶ b2 .
Rules for triangles to be similar

Now that we know how to use similarity, let’s see how to identify if two triangles are similar.
1. A –A rule:
P a g e | 18
If each of two angles of a triangle are equal of the other triangle, the third angle has to be equal. Hence all the angles of
one figures are equal to the other figure and the two triangles are similar.
2. If the ratios of corresponding sides are equal the two figures are similar.
Finding corresponding sides
Sides opposite to equal angles will be corresponding sides. See the following two examples to identify corresponding
sides . . .
E.g. In the given figure. It is given that ∠𝐴𝐴 =∠𝐴𝐴.
Thus since ∠𝐴𝐴 is common, the two triangles are similar as all angles of one triangle are equal to
the angle to the angles of other triangle. This is a classic case where one makes mistakes in
AC AD
identifying the corresponding sides (in a hurry one usually does = which is wrong).
AE AB
Considering ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵, 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∠𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 and in the other triangle, ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶, the side opposite
the equal angle i.e. ∠𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶. Thus AC corresponds to AE. Similarly in
∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵, 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴, 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 AB and side opposite to the equal angle i.e. ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏,
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 AC
= . since in the ratio , we have taken side of ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 in the numerator, in all other ratios we
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 AE
should be taking the side of ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 in the numerator.
E.g. In the given figure, it is given that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴.
Again since one pair of angles is given s equal and ∠𝐴𝐴 is common to the triangles ABD and ACB, the two triangles are
equal. Considering smaller triangle ABD as first and triangle ACD as second, the sides opposite the equal angles,
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 i.e. AD and AB; sides opposite ∠𝐴𝐴 i.e. BD and BC and the last pair of sides AB and AC are corresponding
AD BD AB
i.e. = = .
AB BC AC
Common Similar Figures

The most common figures of similar triangles that need to be immediately identified are as follows:
There are a lot of questions based on similarity of

triangles and it would pay off very well for one to get a
knack if identifying similar triangles very fast. One simple
give-away would be the presence of parallel lines or the
presence of a common angle.
In each of the following figures identify pairs of similar triangles figure (i) has one pair of similar triangles, figure (ii) and
(iii) have three pairs of similar triangles.
P a g e | 19
E.g. 19: In triangle ABC, D is a point on BC such that BD : DC is 5 : 4. Line DE is parallel to AC such that E is
on side AB. Find the ratio of the area of triangle BED to the area of quadrilateral ACDE.
Since DE is parallel to AC, triangles BED and BAC are similar and the ratio of their corresponding sides is 5 :
9. Thus the ratio of their base and also of their height will be the same and so the ratio of their areas will be 25 : 81. Thus
the required ratio is 25 : (81 – 25) i.e.. 25 : 56.
E.g. 20: In the given figure, AC = 9, CD = 11, AE = 12, find length EB, If∠𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴.
In the triangles ADE and ABC, ∠𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴 is common to both the triangles. Thus all three
angles of one triangle are equal to the angles of the other triangle. And thus the two triangles are
similar. Ratio of the corresponding sides will be equal and thus,
AC AB 9 AB
= ⇒ = ⇒ AB = 15. BE = 15 − 12 = 3
AE AD 12 20
E.g. 21: In the parallelogram ABCD, point E is one side AB such that AE : EB is 2 : 3 and
point F is one side CD such that CF : FD is 3 : 7 Line EF intersects BD at G. Find the ratio if
the areas of triangles BEG and DFG.
Triangles BEG and DFG are similar because EB is parallel to DF and thus alternating angles will be equal. The ratio of the
7
DF ×DC 7
corresponding sides will be = 103 = Since DC = AB. Thus the ratio of the areas of the triangles will be 36 : 49.
EF ×AB 6
5
E.g. 22: trapezium ABCD has an area of 40 sq. units and the length of parallel sides AB and CD is
12 and 8 respectively. If the diagonals intersect at E, find the sum of areas of ∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵.
Triangles AED and CED are similar because AB is parallel to CD. Further the ratio of the
corresponding sides of the two triangles is 12 : 8 i.e. 3 : 2 and hence the height of the two
triangles would also be in the ratio of 3 : 2.
1
Since we know the area of the trapezium and also the lengths of the parallel sides, using the formula, Area = ×
2
(sum of parallel sides) × height, we can find the height of the trapezium as 4 units.
3 2
So the height of ∆AEB will be × 4 = 2.4 and the height of ∆DEC will be x 4 = 1.6.
5 5
1 1
Thus the area of the triangles will be x 12 x 2.4 = 14.4 and x 8 x 1.6 = 6.4. (Having found one of the area, the other
2 2
could also have been found using the fact that the areas would be in ratio of 32 : 22 i.e. 9 : 4)
The sum of the areas of ∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 will be 14.4 + 6.4 = 20.8 and thus the sum of the areas of
∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 will be 40 – 20.8 = 19.2
Similarity in Right Angle Triangles

A specific case of use of similarity is in right angle
triangles, as shown below.
In figure (i) and (ii) there are three right angle

triangles and in figure (iii) there are two right angle
P a g e | 20
triangles. In case figure, all the right triangles are similar as all the triangles have angles equal to θ,90, 90 –θ.
A very efficient way of solving questions based on above figures is using the funda of similarity. Since all the triangles are
similar. If we know the Pythagorean triplet of any one triangle, the other triangle will also be some multiple of the same
triplet. See the following examples to build expertise on this approach ………..
E.g. 23: In right angle triangle ABC, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 90°, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 8 D is a point on the hypotenuse AC such that BD is
perpendicular to AC. Find lengths of BD, AD and CD.
As explained earlier, all the three right angle triangles, ABC, ADB and BDC are similar. And since ABC is based in the
triplet (3, 4, 5), so would the other two triangles also be some multiple of (3, 4, 5). Also in
the triangle ABC, side opposite to θ is corresponds to a multiple of 4. So in all triangles
sides opposite sides opposite θ would be the side corresponding to 4 out of (3, 4, 5).
In ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, we can assume the sides AD, BD and AB as 3k, 4k and 5k. Since AB = 6, we can
deduce that k = 1.2 and thus AD = 3 × 1.2 = 3.6 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 BD = 4 × 1.2 = 4.8. Thus CD = 10 -3.6
= 6.4.
It would be worthwhile to also notice that in ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵, the sides are 4.8, 6.4 and 8 all of which are multiple of the triple 3,
4, 5 (1.6× (3, 4, 5) = 4.8, 6.4 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 8)as expected.
E.g. 24: In rectangle ABCD with AB = 2 and BC = 1, point E is taken on side CD such that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 = ∠𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, where F is the
mid-point of BC. Find length DE.
It should be obvious that ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 are similar because each has one right angle
and it is given that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 = ∠𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. Further we know that the ratio of the sides BF and
1
AB of ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 : 2 i.e. 1: 4. Since the triangles are similar, the ratio of DE and AD would
2
1
also be 1 : 4. And since AD = 1, ED has to be .
4
E.g. 25: In right angle triangle ABC, AB = 6, BC = 8 and AC = 10. A square PQRS is inscribed in the triangle as shown in the
figure. Find the side of the square?
If ∠𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎. 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 angles of right angle triangle ARQ will be 𝑎𝑎, 90 − 𝑎𝑎, 90. so would the angles in
triangle ARQ.
Since PQRS is a square, PQ is parallel to SR and so ∠PQB = θ. Angle in right triangle QBP would
also be θ, 90 – θ, 90. Similarly angles in PSC would also be 𝑎𝑎, 90 − 𝑎𝑎, 90 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐵𝐵 = 90 − 𝑎𝑎.
Thus all four right angle triangles seen in the figure are similar and thus are based in the same
triplet 3, 4, 5 (as triangle ABC is 2× (3, 4, 5)). Equal angles are marked in the figure to help find corresponding sides and
opposite to them correspond to 4 out of the 3, 4, 5.
If BQ is assumed as 3k, then PQ would be 5k. Since PQRS is a square QR will also be 5k.
5 25
In right triangle ARQ ratio of sides QR and AQ would be 4 : 5 and since QR is 5k , so AQ has to be × 5k = k.
4 4
25 24
BQ+AQ = 3k + k=6⇒k=
4 37
P a g e | 21
120
Thus, side of the square, 5k = .
37
Please learn the above approach very carefully as the solution by any other way is pretty lengthy.
Exercise 5:
Q.no Question
1. In the triangle ABC, a point D is taken on side AB such that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵. If AC = 12, AD = 6 and CD = 8, find
the perimeter of triangle ABC.
2. In the figure given AB, EF and CD are perpendicular to BD. If AB : CD is 3 :
4, find the ratio of BF : FD
3. In the given figure, point D divides BC in the ratio 1 : 4 From D a line DE

parallel to AB is drawn and from E a line EF parallel to AD is drawn. Find
the ratio CF : BC.
4. The triangle ABC, line DE and FG are parallel to BC such that D and F lie on side AB and E and G lie on side AC. If
the ratio of length of AD : DF : FB is 4 : 3 : 2, which of the areas among area of triangle ADE, area of quadrilateral
DEGF and area of quadrilateral BCGF is the largest and which is the smallest?.
5. In trapezium ABCD with AB and CD being the parallel lines, EF is a line parallel to the parallel sides and it divides
the trapezium into two equal areas. If AB = 8 and CD = 12. Find the length of EF.
6. In the parallelogram ABCD, points P divides AD in the ratio 1 : 3 and point Q divides BC in the ratio 3 : 1. The
diagonal AC intersects lines PB and DQ at E and F respectively. Find the ratio of AE : EF : FC.
7. ABCD is a rectangle piece of paper with AB = 10 and BC = 8. The paper is folded such that vertex C coincides with
vertex A and a firm crease is formed. Find the length of the crease.
8. ABCD is a square inscribed in right angle triangle EBF such that AB and BC lie on the perpendicular legs of the
triangle and vertex D lies on the hypotenuse. If EB = 6 and BF = 8, find the side of the square.
9. In right angle triangle ABC, with B being the right angle, point D divides BC in ratio 2 : 1 and point E divides BA in
ratio 1 : 2. DF and EG are perpendiculars drawn on the hypotenuse. Find length FG, if AB = 9 and BC = 12.
10. In right angle triangle ABC, with B being the right angle, BD is drawn perpendicular to AC. E and F are the centers
of the in-circles drawn in triangles ABD and BDC respectively. If AB = 15, BC = 20 find EF.
3. Quadrilaterals & Polygons

There are hardly any questions based on quadrilaterals alone. They usually find an appearance along with some theory
of triangles or circles, as we have seen in the questions based on triangles. So the following test briefly captures the
salient points of the various quadrilaterals……
Parallelogram
Any one of the following conditions is sufficient in itself to define a parallelogram
1. Both the pairs of opposite sides are parallel
2. One pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal
3. The diagonals of the quadrilateral bisect each other
P a g e | 22
Thus, if in any quadrilateral the diagonals bisect each other, it necessarily has to be a parallelogram.
Further it would be worthwhile to keep the following in mind about a parallelogram……
1. Opposite sides are equal in length
2. Opposite angles are equal and adjacent angles are supplementary.
3. Area of a parallelogram = base × ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
4. The areas of triangle ABC and ADB are equal as they stand on the same base and have the same height.
5. Since the diagonals bisect each other, BO will be a median in triangle ABC and similar results exists for other half of
diagonals. Thus one can apply Apollonius Theorem in questions involving lengths of the diagonals.
6. A common misconception is that the diagonals are also the angle bisectors. The diagonals need not be the angle
bisectors in a parallelogram.
Rhombus
In a parallelogram, when the lengths of the adjacent sides are equal, it becomes a rhombus. Thus rhombus is a specific
case of parallelogram and as such all the properties of a parallelogram would also be valid for a rhombus.
Additionally because of the specific case of adjacent sides being equal, we have the following additional properties…
1. The diagonals are going to bisect each other at right angles.
2. The diagonals are going to be the angle bisectors as well.
1
3. The area of a rhombus is d d , where d1 and d2 are the lengths of the diagonals.
2 1 2
(In fact this formula for area is valid for any quadrilaterals where the diagonals intersect
at right angles e.g. kite). The earlier formula for base × ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 still valid as rhombus
is also a parallelogram.
Rectangle
In a parallelogram when the adjacent sides are perpendicular to each other, it becomes a rectangle. Thus a rectangle is
also a specific case of parallelogram and as such all the properties of a parallelogram would also be valid for a rectangle
as well.
The only additional property as distinct from a parallelogram is that the diagonals would become equal in length. The
diagonals need not be the angle bisector (this will happen only when adjacent sides are equal)
Square
In the case, the adjacent sides are perpendicular to each other and are equal to each other as well. Thus a square is a
rhombus, is also a rectangle and obviously parallelogram being the parent figure, a square figure, a square is also a
parallelogram.
Thus, a square will have all the properties of a rhombus as well, specifically, diagonals bisecting at right angles and
1
diagonals being the angle bisector. Similarly, while the area of a square is (side)2, it is also × (diagonal)2 , using the
2
formula for area of a rhombus.
Trapezium
A distinct figure as compared to the above is a trapezium where only one pair of opposite sides is parallel. The other pair
of opposite sides, which are not parallel, are called oblique sides.
P a g e | 23
In a trapezium....
1. The opposite angles are not equal. Just the allied interior angles between
the parallel lines have to be supplementary.
2. Line joining the mid-points of the oblique sides is parallel to the parallel
sides and its length is the arithmetic mean of the lengths of the parallel
sides.
1
3. Area = × (sum of parallel sides) × height.
2
A specific type of trapezium is an isosceles Trapezium. In this the Length of the

oblique sides is equal. Because of this, in an Isosceles Trapezium.
1. The base angles are equal and so are the other two angles
2. The diagonals becomes equal in length
Cyclic Quadrilateral
A cyclic quadrilateral is one in which the four vertices of the quadrilateral lie on a circle. In a cyclic quadrilateral the
opposite angles are supplementary (the reason for this will be learnt in the chapter on
circles). Whenever it is mentioned that a quadrilateral is cyclic, most often the above
property will be used. Another feature worth remembering for a cyclic quadrilateral is
that the exterior angle is equal to the sum of remote interior angle.
Exercise 6:
1. The lengths of the diagonals of a parallelogram are 16 units and 30 units. If the length of one side of the
parallelogram is 17 units, what is the perimeter of the parallelogram?
2. In a rhombus, if the two diagonals measure 24 units, and 32 units, find the perimeter of the rhombus.
3. In rectangle ABCD, points P, Q, R and S divide the sides AB, CB, CD and AD in the ratio 2 : 3. Find the ratio of the
area of quadrilateral PQRS to the area of rectangle ABCD.
4. In parallelogram ABCD, the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and AD are joined to from another quadrilateral PQRS. If the
area of quadrilateral PQRS is a sq units, what is the area of the parallelogram ABCD (in terms of a)?
5. Square ABCD, with side = 3 cm, is rotated by 45 degree keeping its center fixed to result into another square
PQRS. What is the area of the region common to the two squares?
6. In parallelogram ABCD, the bisector of angle ABC intersects AD at point P. If l(PD) = 5, l(BP) = 6, and l(CP) = 6, find
the length of AB.
7. In isosceles trapezium ABCD, AB and CD are the parallel sides and have length equal to 16 cm and 10 cm. if the
length of oblique sides is 5 cm, find the area of the trapezium.
8. In a trapezium ABCD with AB ∥ CD, EF is a line parallel to the parallel sides with E and F lying on AD and BC such
that the perimeter of trapezium ABFE and EFCD are equal. If AB = 18, BC = 6, CD = 13 and AD = 4, find the ratio
AE : ED.
P a g e | 24
Polygons
Any closed figure whose sides are straight lines is a polygon. Examples . . . .
If all the vertices lie on the same side of the line containing each
of the sides of the polygon, then it is a convex polygon. If the
above is not the case, it will be a concave polygon.
As far as management entrance exams go, we will focus mainly

on convex polygon. So unless specified otherwise, assume the
polygon to be convex.
Further polygons are named depending on the number of sides, as follows:
3 sides: triangle 4 sides: quadrilateral 5 sides: pentagon 6 sides: hexagon
7 sides: heptagon 8 sides: Octages 9 sides: nonagon 10 sides: Decagon
12 sides: Dodecagon
Regular polygon: A regular polygon is one in which all the sides are of equal length. Consequently all the interior angles
of a regular convex polygon would also be equal.
Interior and Exterior Angle:
The following depicts a pair of interior and exterior angle for a triangle
and a hexagon.
Exterior angle is formed by extending a side of the polygon and the angle formed by the extended side with the adjacent
side is called the exterior angle.
A polygon of n sides has n exterior angles. Thus, a triangle will have three exterior angles. The following figure depicts
all the three exterior angles. Please note that either of the triplets can be taken as a set of exterior angles, and it is
wrong to state that there are 6 exterior angles.
Sum of all exterior angles of any convex polygon is 360. This is valid for all convex polygons, irrespective of the number
of sides.
The above can be used to find the sum of all interior angles of any convex
polygon. We know a pair of interior angles would add up to 180°. In a polygon
of n sides, there would be n pairs of interior and exterior angle and their sum
would be n × 180°. Excluding the sum of all exterior angles i.e. 360, the sum of
all interior angles will be 𝑒𝑒 × 180 − 360 = (𝑒𝑒 − 2) × 180° or as it is usually
expressed (2n - 4) × 90°.
P a g e | 25
Thus, one should remember the following facts about regular polygons …
Only for regular polygons & for non-regular polygons also
Polygon Each exterior angle Each interior angle Sum of interior angle
Triangle 360
= 120 o 60o 180o
2
Quadrilateral 360 90 ° 360°
= 90°
4
Pentagon 360 108° 540°
= 72°
5
Hexagon 360 120 ° 720°
= 60°
6
Octagon 360 135° 1080°
= 45°
8
Of these polygons, the next popular one after triangles and quadrilaterals, are hexagons. So please keep the following in
mind while dealing with a regular hexagon…..
A regular hexagon can be considered as 6 equilateral triangles placed side by side……..
√3
Thus, if 𝑎𝑎 is the side of the hexagon, then the area of the hexagon = 6× 𝑎𝑎2 .
4
Exercise 7:
1. If the ratio of interior angles of two regular polygons is 75 : 78 and the difference in the number of sides of the two
polygons is 3, find the ratio of the number of sides of the polygons.
2. If the difference between the sums of all interior angles of two polygons is 720, find the difference between the
numbers of sides of the two polygons.
3. Each side of a given polygon is parallel to either the X-axis or the Y-axis. A corner of such a polygon is said to be
convex if the internal angle is 90 degrees or concave if the internal angle is 270 degrees. If the number of convex
corners is 25, find the number of concave corners.
4(1+2√2)
4. A regular octagon having an area of sq units is inscribed in a square. Find the side of the square.
(3+2√2)
5. In a hexagon of unit of unit sides, three alternate vertices are joined to form an equilateral triangle within the
hexagon. Find the area of the triangle?
4. Circles
Circle is the locus of points that are equidistant from a given point. The given point is the center of the circle and the
distance of the equidistant points from the center is the radius of the circle.
Circumference, Area, Sector, Segment

In a circle of radius r, circumference = 2 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟, 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
Segment is a part of the circumference
θ
Length of the segment = × 2πr
360
P a g e | 26
Sector is the shaded area in the figure
θ
Area of a sector = × πr 2
360
Chord
A chord is a line segment joining any two points on the circumference. The longest chord is the diameter and as the
chord moves away from the center, the length of the chord decreases.
The line joining the mid-point of the chord to the center is perpendicular to the chord.
Conversely perpendicular
dropped from the center of
the chord bisects the chord.
The above property is

invariably used to questions related to a chord. Thus one should be conversant with the fact that while dealing with the
length of a chord. One would get right triangle with the radius of the circle being the hypotenuse and the perpendicular
sides being half the length of the chord and the distance of the chord from the center….
E.g. 26: What is the distance between two parallel chords of lengths 32 cm and 24 cm in a circle of radius 20 cm?
Radius of 20 cm will be the hypotenuse and one of the perpendicular sides will be half the length of the chords i.e. in
one case it will be 16 and in other case it will be 12. Thus the other perpendicular side, i.e. the distance from the center
will be 12 in first case and 16 in second case (as 12, 16, 20 are a Pythagorean triplet). Thus the distance between the
chords could be 12 + 16 = 28, if both are on opposite sides of the center and would be 16 – 12 = 4 if both are on the
same side of the center.
E.g. 27: APB is a tangent drawn to a circle with center O such that P is the point of tangency. CD is a chord of length 18
cm drawn parallel to AB at a distance of 3 cm from P. Find the radius of the circle.
OP is perpendicular to the tangent and since the chord is parallel to the tangent, OP is also
perpendicular to the chord. Thus it will bisect the chord .s
If r is the radius of the circle, 9, r – 3 and r are the sides of the right angle triangle and thus,
92 + (r − 3)2 = r 2
81 + 𝑟𝑟 2 − 6𝑟𝑟 + 9 = 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 6𝑟𝑟 = 90 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑟𝑟 = 15.s
Angles in a segment and angle at center.

The chord AB divides the circle into two segments viz, the major segment AxB and the minor
segment AyB
An angle formed in segment AxB, is where the vertex of the angle is on the
segment AxB and the rays of the angle pass through A and B. many such
angels can be formed as seen in the figure. O
a 2a
All angles formed in a segment are equal. Further the angle formed by the
chord at the center is twice the angle formed by the chord at the
P a g e | 27
circumference.
Similarly all angles formed in the minor segment AyB will also be equal and in this case also, the angle at the center will
be twice the angle at the circumference, but in this case the angle at the center will be the reflex
angle (angle in a minor segment is obtuse and hence twice the angle will be more than 180
degrees).
When angles are formed in both the minor and major segment, we get a cyclic quadrilateral and
as learnt earlier we can see that the sum of opposite angels is 180 degrees.
There are two approaches in solving questions based on angles being formed at the intersection of chords . . .
Approach 1: A triangle with one vertex being, the center of the circle and other two vertices lying
on the circumference will be a isosceles triangle as two of its sides are equal to the radius of the
circle. So, in such a triangle knowing any one angle can help us find the values for both the other
angles. . . .
Approach 2: Also look out for angles being formed at the circumference because they can be easily found if one knows
the angle being formed by the same chord at the center, see diagram for identifying such
patterns. . .
E.g. 28: Chord AB, BC and CD subtend angle 60°, 70° 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 80° at the center of the circle. Find
the obtuse angle at the intersection of AC and BD.
The required angle is formed in the interior of the circle i.e. it is not formed at the center and nor is it formed at the
circumference. It is not possible to find this angle directly. We would have to find the angle by finding other angles
formed in a triangle which includes the angle to be found.
Chord AB forms 60 degrees at the center and hence it would form 30 degrees at the
circumference. Thus ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 30.
Similarly, chord CD forms 80 degrees at the center and hence it would form 40 degrees at the
circumference. Thus ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 40°.
Thus the required angle = 180 – 30 – 40 = 110 degrees.
E.g. 29: A circle is divided into eight equal segments. The points area numbered A, B, C, …..H in a clockwise manner and
then points B and E are joined and D and F are joined. Find the measure of ∠𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶, where I is the intersection of the two
lines.
As seen in the earlier example, the required angle is in the interior and not at the
circumference. So we have to find it by finding the other angles at the circumference.
Each of the eight segment of the circle subtends angle 45 degrees at the center. Thus ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 is
formed by chord BD at the circumference and hence would be half of the angle subtended by
BD at the center i.e. half of 90 degrees. Thus, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 45°.
Similarly, ∠𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 formed by chord FE at the circumference and would be half of the angle formed by FE at the center
i.e. half of 45 degrees. Thus, ∠𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 22.5.
P a g e | 28
So, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 108 − 45 − 22.5 = 112.5.
As seen in the earlier two examples, the measure of angle being formed in the interior of a circle (not at the
circumference or the center) is found in in indirect way by finding the angles formed at the circumference. The same
approach can also be used to find the measure of an angle formed at the exterior of a circle . . .
E.g. 30: In the above example, find the measure of angle formed at the intersection of AC and GD.
∠𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 22.5°𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 45°. 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 is an external angle to triangle

CGI, it is equal to the sum of ∠𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴.
Thus ∠𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 22.5.
E.g. 31: In the adjoining figure chord ED is parallel to the diameter AC of the circle. If ∠𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 65°, then what is the
value of ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵?
Since ∠𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 65°, ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 130°.
In triangle COE, since CO = OE, ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 25°
Since ED is parallel to AC, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 25°, being the alternate angle.
Tangents
A tangent is line that touches the circle at only one point. The point where the line touches are circle is called point of
tangency. The aspects of a tangent that are going to be used very often are. . . .
1. The line joining the center and the point of tangency is

perpendicular to the tangent.
2. From an external point, two tangents can be formed to a circle.
The lengths of the two tangents are equal.
E.g. 32: In the adjoining figure, circles with centers P and Q touch each other at T and have a common tangent that
touches them at points R and S respectively. This common tangent
meets the line joining P and Q at O. If the diameters of the circles are in
the ratio 4 : 3 and PQ = 28, find length OT.
Triangles ORP and OSQ are similar since ∠𝐵𝐵 is common to both the
triangles and ∠𝐵𝐵𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 = ∠𝐵𝐵𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑃 = 90°. Thus the ratio of the
corresponding sides is same as the ratio of RP and SQ i.e. the radii i.e. given to be 4 : 3. Thus if OQ = 3k, then OP = 4k and
we have 4k – 3k = 28 i.e. k = 28. Thus OQ = 3k = 84.
Further PQ is the sum of the radii and since the radii are in ratio 4 : 3, hence PT =
4 3
× 28 = 16 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑇 = × 28 = 12. 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = 84 + 12 = 96.
7 7
E.g. 33: A quadrilateral is circumscribed about a circle. If three sides of the

quadrilateral are 17, 18, and 21, not necessarily in that order, compute the
smallest possible value of the fourth side.
P a g e | 29
The shortest measure for the fourth side could happen in any of the situation when it is opposite to side measuring 17 or
18 or 21. Thus, we need to check three conditions. One such condition is as shown in the figure when we are finding the
side opposite to 21.
In all cases, tangents from an external point are equal and assuming length of any tangent to be x, we can get length of
all other tangents in terms of x and can find the length of the fourth side.
If side measuring 21 is between side measuring 17 and 18, as show in above figure, length of fourth side is (17 – x) + (x –
3) = 14.
If side measuring 18 is between side measuring 21 and 17, length of fourth side can be found as 20 and if side measuring
17 is between side measuring 21 and 18, length of fourth side can be found as 22.
Thus, the smallest length for the fourth side is 14 and it occurs when side measuring 21 is between the sides measuring
17 and 18.
E.g. 34: A circle is inscribed in rhombus ABCD. Segment AC and BD are diagonals of the rhombus and measure 12 and 24
cm respectively. Find the area of the inscribed circle.
We know that in a rhombus. The diagonals bisect at right angles.
Thus, the side of the rhombus can be found as √62 + 122 = √180.
The area of triangle AOB can be found by either considering the side of the rhombus as the base (and the radius being
1 1
the height) or by considering AO as the base and BO as the height. Equating the area so found, × 12 × 6 = ×
2 2
12 144
√180 × r ⇒ r = √5. thus, area of the inscribed circle = π.
5
Secants
Secant is the line of which a segment is a chord.
The following property will be very handy……
PA× 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 × 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴
While the proof of the above is not necessary, it is worth noting it because
of the use of similarity in the proof. So pay attention to the pattern of
similar triangles formed in a circle……
The above is property is valid also for an internal intersection of chords …
PA× 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 × 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴
A similar property can also be constructed in the case of a secant and a tangent ….
PT 2 = PA× 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴
P a g e | 30
This theorem relates the angle formed between a tangent and a secant drawn at the point of tangency with the angle
formed in the alternate segment.
Thus in the following figure the angle 𝑎𝑎 is going to be related to angle formed in the alternate
segment i.e In segment AxB and the angle 𝑎𝑎 is related to angle formed in the alternate segment
i.e, in segment AyB Ɵ Ɵ
Angle between the tangent and a secant drawn at point of tangent is equal to the angle formed
in the alternate segment. Thus,
The two most common figures in which one has to tangent secant theorem are …..
Another situation where the tangent secant theorem comes in

very handy is in the case of two circles that touch each other
either internally or externally. The following figures explain how
tangent secant theorem can be applied in these situations after
drawing a common tangent to the two circles at the point of
contact.
E.g. 35: PT is a tangent to a circle at T as shown in the adjoining figure (not drawn to scale). PAB is a secant intersecting
the circle at A and B as shown. If PT = BT = 6 and PB = 9, find length of AT.
In triangles PTA and PBT, ∠𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 (by tangent secant theorem) and ∠𝑃𝑃 is common to
the two triangles and hence the triangles are similar.
AT PT
Thus, = = AT = 4
BT PB
E.g. 36: in the figure shown (not drawn to scale) the two circles touch each other at P. if AC : BD is 2 : 5, find the ratio of
l(PA )×l(PB )
.
l(PC )×l(PD )
∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 will be equal as each will be equal to the angle between the secant BP and the
common tangent at P (not drawn). Further ∠𝑃𝑃 is common to the two triangles.
Thus the two triangles PAC and PBD are similar and the ratio of the corresponding sides AC and BD
is given to be 2 : 5. Thus, AP : BP and CP : DP will also be 2 : 5. Thus if AP = 2k, then BP = 5k and if CP = 2n, then DP = 5n.
P a g e | 31
2k×5k k2
So the required ratio will be = i.e. the answer cannot be determined with just this data.
2n×5n n2
E.g. 37: The in-circle of triangle ABC touches the three sides of the triangle at P, Q and R, Q and R.
Line PQ, QR and RP are joined to form a triangle PQR, for which the given circle is the circum-
circle. Find the measures of the internal angles of triangle ABC if the measures of the internal
angles of triangle PQR are 50, 60, and 70 degrees.
Using tangent-secant theorem,
∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 = 60° ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐴 = 60°
∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 = 50° ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐴 = 80°
∠𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ∠𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 70° ⇒ ∠𝐵𝐵 = 40°
Thus angle of triangle ABC are 40, 60, and 80 degrees.
Common Tangents to Two Circles

The number of common tangents to two circles could range from 4 to 0
depending on the relative placement of the circles…….
A common tangent is said to be a direct common tangent if the two circles lie on
the same side of the tangent and is a transverse tangent if the circles lie on the
opposite sides of the tangent.
An expression to find the length of direct or transverse common tangent can be

found as follows……..
As seen in the above figures, the length of the direct common tangent, DT, is given by
DT = �𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵12 − (𝑟𝑟1 − 𝑟𝑟2 )2 , and the length of transverse common tangent, TT, is given by
TT = �𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵12 − (𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 )2 , where C1 C2 is the distance between the centers and r1 and r2
are the radius of the two circles.
One should not try to memorize the above expressions and should simply think of a right
angle triangle with hypotenuse being the distance between the centers and the
perpendicular sides being length of the tangent and r1 ± r2 …
A difficult example based on the above is ….
E.g. 38: In rectangle ABCD, AB = 8 cm. P and Q are the in-circle of triangles of triangle ABC and ADC. The circles touch
the diagonal AC at R and S. find the length RS.
RS is the length of the transverse tangent and hence to find its length one needs to know
the distance between the centers and the radius of the two circles. Let’s find the distance
P a g e | 32
between the centers, PQ, first.
Each of the triangles is a right angle triangle with sides 6, 8, and 10. As learnt earlier the in-radius of such a triangle is 2
cm. thus, the horizontal distance between the centers is 10 -2 – 2 = 6 and the vertical distance between the centers is 6
– 2 – 2 = 2.
Thus, PQ = √62 + 22 = √40.
Now, we can find the length of the transverse tangent, RS, as
PQ = �(�40)2 − (2 + 2)2 = √40 − 16 = √24.
Common Chord to Two Intersecting Circles

In the following figure where the two circles with centers A and B intersect each other. The chord PQ is the common
chord.
A few aspects of the above figure worth keeping in mind are …
1. The line joining the centers (AB) bisects the common chord at right angles. Thus R os the mid-point of PQ and
also AB ⊥ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃.
2. R need not necessarily be the midpoint of AB. In fact R will divide AB in the ratio
of r1 ∶ r2 .
3. ∠𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ; ∠𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ; ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 ;
∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 ; ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴
4. AP and AQ need not necessarily be tangents to the circle with center with center B.
similarly BP and BQ also need not necessarily be tangents to the circle with center A. thus the angles ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 and
∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 need not be right angles. Infact when ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 = 90°, the circles are said to be intersecting
orthogonally.
E.g. 39: Find the length of the common chord of two circles of radii 15 cm and 20 cm, whose centers are 25 cm apart.
Since the lengths given are 15, 20 and 25, it should be obvious that the circles intersect orthogonally and the angle
formed by the radii at the intersection of the circles is a right angle. And from this right angle a perpendicular is dropped
to the hypotenuse (line joining the centers). Also since the values used 15, 20 and 25 are so very often used in the earlier
questions one should have got the length of the perpendicular dropped from the right angle to the hypotenuse as 12
without the need of any calculation.
Since the common chord if dissected by the line joining the centers, the length of the common chord is 24.
E.g. 40: Circle A and B both have a radius of I unit. The centers of each circle are I unit apart
as well. Find the area of the union of the two circles.
It should be obvious that the two circles pass through each other’s centers as the radii are I
unit and the distance between the centers is also I unit. The triangle shown in the figure is an equilateral triangle of area,
√3 60 𝜋𝜋
T= sq. units. The anfle in a equilateral triangle is 60 degrees and hence the area of the sector, S = × 𝜋𝜋 = .
4 360 6
P a g e | 33
2𝜋𝜋 √3
Area of the required union = 2 × 𝑇𝑇 + 4 × (𝑆𝑆 − 𝑇𝑇) = 4 × 𝑆𝑆 − 2𝑇𝑇 = − .
2 2
Exercise 8:
Q.no Question
1. In a circle, the distance between two parallel chords of length 48 cm and 14 cm (drawn on the same side of the
center) is 17. Find the radius of the circle.
2. C is the center of the circle below. The length of segment CB is 7
units. The length of segment BD is 4 units. Find the length of
diagonal AB in the rectangle.
3. Diameter AOB of circle with center O is extended such that it

intersects extended chord CD at E. If ∠AOC = 50 and ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 =
15, 𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴.
4. In the figure below, find the measure of ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 =

100 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 50 °.
5. The diagonals EC and GB of a regular 10 sided polygon ABCDEFGHIJ are extended to intersect at P. Find the
measure of angle P.
6. AOB is the diameter of the semicircle with center O as shown in the
figure. If 𝑠𝑠∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 80°, 𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵.
7. The in-circle of triangle ABC touches AB, BC and AC at P, Q and R respectively. If AB =12; cms, BC = 18 cm and
AC = 24. Find AP + BQ + CR.
8. In the following figure PQ and PR are tangents to the circle. If
∠𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 40°, Find the sum of measure of angles ∠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 + ∠𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆.
9. Two circles touch each other externally at P. APD and APD are two straight lines intersecting the first circle at A
and C the second circle at B and D and passing through P. if AO = 12, PC = 4, PD = 6, find length PB.
10. In the following figure PQR is a tangent to the circle with center O. if
𝑠𝑠∠𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 = 75°, 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠∠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆.
P a g e | 34
11. In the figure given below (not drawn to scale of A, B and C are three
points on a circle with center O. the chord BA is extended to a point
T such that CT becomes a tangent to not the circle at point C. if
∠𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 = 30° 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = 50 ° 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴.
12. In the adjoining figure, if AP = 8 and BP = 6, find the ratio of the radii
of the two circles? Also find length of segments AQ, BQ and QP.
13. Three coke cans of radius 2 cm are placed such that each can touches the other two cans. The three cans are
tied with a string such that the string makes exactly one full round across the three cans and the string is drawn
tight. Find length of the string.
14. Six equal circles are placed uniformly such that each touch two
other circles and that an equal circle can be placed between the
circles, as shown in the figure. Find the area enclosed within the
circles if the radius of each circles is 1 unit.
15. In the following figure, AB is the diameter of semicircle with center

M. Two semi-circles are drawn with AM and MB as the diameters. A
circle is drawn such that it is tangent to all the three semi-circles. If
AM = r units, find the radius of the circle (in terms of r).
5. Solids
There are hardly any questions based on solids. The following table gives the formulae for the surface area and volume
of the regular solids encountered.
S. No Name Figure Lateral/Curved Total Surface Area Volume

Surface Area
1. Cuboid 2 × ℎ × (𝑒𝑒 + 𝑏𝑏) 2(lb + bh + lh) 𝑒𝑒 × 𝑏𝑏 × ℎ
ℎ − ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡
𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡ℎ
2. Cube 4a2 6a2 a3
a-edge
3. Right 2πrh 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟(𝑟𝑟 + ℎ) πr 2 h

Circular r –radius
Cylinder h- height
4. Right 𝜋𝜋rl 𝜋𝜋r(r + l) 1

× 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ
Circular h- height 3
Cone r-radius
l-slant height
P a g e | 35
l2 = r 2 + h2
5. Sphere 4πr 2 4πr 2 4
× 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 3
r-radius r-radius 3
6. Hemi- 2πr 2 3πr 2 2

× 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 3
sphere 3
Exercise 9:
1. A spherical metal ball is melted and is re-casted into smaller spherical metal pellets. If the 64 such smaller pellets
could be formed, find the ratio of the surface area of the original metal ball and the total surface area of all the
pellets formed.
2. A metal in the form of a cylinder of radius 2cm and height 10 cm is drawn out into a wire with circular cross-
section of radius 1 mm. Find the length of the wire so formed.
3. The radius of a cylinder is increased by 10%. By what percent should the height of the cylinder be reduced to
maintain the volume of the cylinder?
4. A ratio of the sides of a cuboid is 1 : 2 : 3. Further the ratio of the numerical value of its surface area to the
numeric value of its volume is 11 : 18. Find the length of the longest diagonal of the cuboid.
5. A spider starts from a point on the bottom edge of a circular cylinder and moves in a spiral manner along the
curved surface area such that it reaches the top edge exactly as it completes one circle. Find the distance
8
covered by the spider if the radius of the cylinder is and its height is 15 units.
π
1
6. What would have been the distance covered by the spider if it would have made exactly 2 rounds in the time it
2
reaches the top edge.
7. A cone is formed from a sector of a circle of radius 9 cm and central angle being 120 degrees. Find the volume of
the cone so formed.
8. What is the volume of a tetrahedron of unit side. A tetrahedron is a triangular pyramid with all the triangles
being equilateral triangle.
1
Volume of a pyramid = × area of base × height.
3
9. A rectangular ground has dimensions 16 mts by 30 mts. There is a flagpost at the center of the ground such that
the side measuring 30 mts subtends a right angle at the top of the flagpost. Find the height of the flagpost.
10. A cylinder is carved out of a cone with height 15 cm and radius of base circle 12 cm. what is the maximum
volume of the cylinder?
P a g e | 36
Geometry Assignment
NOTE: Where not mentioned, A, B and C refers to angles of a triangles and a, b and c refer to sides opposite to angles A,
B and C respectively.
Q.no Question Options

1. ABC is an equilateral triangle. PQRS is a square a) AR2 = RC2
inscribed in it. Therefore b) 2AR2 = RC2
c) 3AR2 = 4RC2
d) 4AR2 = 3RC2
2. AD, EM are drawn perpendiculars to BC in a) 4 : 1
triangle ABC if AD = 5 cm and EM = 1 cm. the b) 4 : 3
ratio of area of triangle AEC is to that of triangle c) 5 : 1
BEC is d) 5 : 2
3. The measures of the sides of a triangle are 3, 5 and 7, then the greatest angle a) 100° b) 190°
is c) 140° d) 120°
4. The altitude drawn to the base of an isosceles triangle is 8, and the perimeter a) 56 b) 48
is 32. The area of triangle is c) 40 d) 32
5. In triangle ABC, AB = 12, AC = 7 and BC = 10. If sides AB a) The area is doubled
and AC are doubled while BC remains the same, then b) The altitude is doubled
c) The area is four times the original area
d) The area of triangle is zero.
6. In triangle ABC, AB =24 inches, BC = 10 inches and AB = 26 inches. The radius of a) 26 inches b) 4 inches
the inscribed circle is c) 13 inches d) 8 inches
7. If an angle of a triangle remains unchanged but each of its two including sides a) 2 b) 3
is doubled, then the area is multiplied by c) 4 d) 6
8. If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle such that a : b : c :: 1 : √3 : 2, then A : B : C is a) 3 : 2 : 1 b) 3 : 1 : 2
c) 1 : 3 : 2 d) 1 : 2 : 3
9. Let two sides of a triangle be I and 2004. If third side is also an integer, then a) 3006 b) 4009
possible perimeter of triangle is c) 5008 d) 6001
10. If the perimeter of a triangle is 12√3, then its greatest area is a) 12 b) 16
c) 12√3 d) 16√3
11. The sides of a triangle are 3x + 4y, 4x + 3y and 5x + 5y a) Right-angled b) Obtuse-angled
units where x>0, y>0. The triangle is: c) Equilateral d) None of these
12. In triangle ABC, D bisects BC, G bisects AB and the points a) 18 b) 36
E and F trisect side AC. What is the area of polygon c) 64 d) 72
BGFED, if the area of the triangle ABC is 108? e) 90
13. In a triangle ABC, if a = 4, b = 8 and angle C = 60°, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 a) c = 4 b) ∠𝐴𝐴 = 120°

c) ∠𝐴𝐴 = 30° d) c = 6
14. The centroid of a triangle is (2, 7) and two of its vertices are (4, 8) and (-2, 6). a) (0, 0) b) (4, 7)
The third vertex is: c) (7, 4) d) (7, 7)
15. In a triangle ABC, the internal bisectors of angles B and C intersect at the point a) 90 b) 120
I and meet the opposite sides at E and F respectively. If the quadrilateral IEAF c) 135 d) 150
is cyclic, then angle EIF is
16. The base of triangle is 15 inches. Two lines are drawn parallel to the a) 5√6 inches b) 10 inches
base, terminating in the other two sides, and dividing the triangle c) 4√3 inches d) 7.5 inches
P a g e | 37
into three equal areas. The length of the parallel line closer to the
base is
17. The sides of right triangle are 𝑎𝑎 and b and the hypotenuse is c. A a) 1 : 3 b) 1 : 9
perpendicular from the vertex divides c into segment r and s, adjacent c) 1 : 10 d) 3 : 10
respectively to 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏. If a : b = 1 : 3, then the ratio of r to s is
18. The sides of a right angled triangle are integers. If its area is equal to its a) 24 b) 30
perimeter, find the area. c) 36 d) 48
19. The in-radius and circum-radius of a right angled triangle are 𝑟𝑟 and R a) r(r + 2R) b) r(2r + R)
respectively. The area of the triangle is c) rR d) R(2r + R)
20. In -circle of radius 4 cm of a triangle ABC touches the side BC at D. If a) 42 cm2 b) 84 cm2
BD = 6, DC = 8, The area of triangle ABC is equal to c) 21 cm2 d) None of these
21. The area of a rhombus is 96 sq. cm. If one of the a) 16 cm & 8 cm b) 16 cm & 10 cm
diagonals is 12 cm, then the other diagonal and the side c) 10 cm & 16 cm d) 8 cm & 16 cm
of the rhombus are respectively
22. There is a grass pathway surrounding a flower bed in the square shape. The a) 34/3 b) 17/3
width of grass path is 2 mts. If 70 % more grass is required to double the c) 34/9
width of the grass path by shortening the area under flowers, the length of d) None of these
flower bed originally was
23. A square playground is surrounded by a runaway 2.5 a) 1950 + 300√42 b) 1950 + 30√42
meters wide. The area of the runway is 1/6 times that of c) 195 + 300√42 d) 195 + 30√42
the playground. The area of the playground is (in m2 )
24. An arrow is formed in a 2 × 2 square by joining a) 1 b) 4
the bottom corners to the midpoint of the top c) 2 d) None of these
edge and the center of the square. Find the area
of the arrow ABOC.
25. In a trapezoid ABCD, AD is parallel to BC. a) 4 b) 2√2
∠𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴 = 45°, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐵𝐵 = 135°. If AB c) √2 d) 3√2
= 6 and the area of ABCD is 30, Find BC.
26. In a trapezium ABCD, AD is parallel to BC and AB = a) 60 b) 90
6, BC = 7, CD = 8, AD = 17. If sides AB and CD are c) 75 d) 85
extended to meet at E, find the resulting angle at
E (in degrees).
27. The larger angles of a rhombus are twice the smaller angle of the rhombus. If a) 40 b) 40√3
the shorter diagonal is 20, find the perimeter of the rhombus. c) 60 d) 80
e) 80√3
28. The number of sides in two regular polygons is in the ratio of 1 : 2 and the a) 5 b) 6
difference between their exterior angles is 45 degrees. The number of sides in c) 7 d) 8
one of these polygons is
29. There are two regular polygons with number of sides in the ratio 4 : 5 and the a) 8 b) 10
interior angles are in the ratio 25 : 26. Number of sides in the first polygon is c) 12 d) 15
30. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. If the smallest angle is 100° and the a) 5 b) 7
common difference is 4°, then the number of sides is c) 36 d) 44
31. How many sides does a regular polygon whose each interior angle measures 160 a) 12 b) 18
degrees have? c) 20 d) 24
32. In the figure, OA is parallel to CB, COD is a a) 29° b) 30°
diameter of the circle, and angle OCB = 64°, c) 32 ° d) 34°
find angle DBA.
33. Four equal circles are described about the four corners of a square of side 14 cm a) 42 cm2 b) 36 cm2
P a g e | 38
so that each touches two of the others. The area of the space enclosed in c) 21 cm2 d) cm2
between the circumference of the circles is
34. A circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bends again into an arc of a circle of a) 50° b) 210°
radius 12 cm. The angle subtended by the arc at the centre is c) 100° d) 60°
35. The number of circular pipes with an inside diameter of 1 inch, which will carry a) 6𝜋𝜋 b) 6
the same amount of water as a pipe with an inside diameter of 6 inches is c) 12 d) 36
36. Find the ratio of the radii of the circum-circle of an equilateral triangle and a a) 2 : √3 b) √2 ∶ 2
regular hexagon having equal perimeter c) 1 d) 1 : √3
37. In the figure, ABE, DCE, BCF and ADF are straight a) 47° b) 48°
lines. E = 40°, 𝐸𝐸 = 46°, find measure of angle A. c) 50° d) 52°
38. Two circular arcs of same length subtend angles of 30° and 70° at their a) 10 : 21 b) 21 : 10
respective centers; the ratio of radii of the circles in reference is c) 3 : 7 d) 7 : 3
39. Two circles of radii 𝑎𝑎 and b intersect orthogonally. The a) a+b b) √𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏
2
length of the common chord is 2ab 2ab
c) d) 2 2
a+b √a +b
40. In the diagram below, find the a) 2√2 + 2 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠 b) 2 + √2 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠
distance AB, given that radius of c) 2√2 − 1 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠 d) √2 − 1 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠
each circle is √2 cm and the
tangent makes an angle 45° with
the line AX
41. The sum of area of the two circles which touch each other externally a) 4 b) 2
is 153𝜋𝜋. If the sum of their radii is 15, the ratio of the larger to the c) 3 d) None of these
smaller radius is:
42. Two parallel chords in a circle have lengths 10 and 14, and the a) 144 b) 184
distance between them is 6. The chord parallel to these chords and c) 164 d) 169
midway between them is of length √𝑎𝑎, where a is:
43. In the diagram, square ABCD has side length a) 36 b) 12𝜋𝜋 − 6
of 6. Circular arcs of radius 6 are drawn with c) 15𝜋𝜋 − 18 d) 18𝜋𝜋 − 36
centers B and D. what is the area enclosed e) None of these
between the two arcs?
44. The radius of a circle is r. ABCD is a square, r2 r2
a) b)
what is the area of the triangle AOC? √2 2
r
c) d) None of these
√2
45. In an equilateral triangle of side 𝑎𝑎, a circle is inscribed in a) a 2 (𝜋𝜋 + 3√3) b) a 2 (𝜋𝜋 + √3)
which again an equilateral triangle is inscribed and so 9 3
a2
on. This continues till infinity. Find the total area of all c) 9 (π + √6) d) None of these.
the figures.
46. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side a. The area of a) a2 /3 b) a2 /6
any square inscribed in the circle is c) a3 /2 d) None of these
47. Two cubes with sides 10 cm each are put together in contact forming a) 200 cm2 b) 600 cm2
a cuboid. The surface area of the cuboid is c) 1000 cm2 d) 2000 cm2
48. A cylinder circumscribes a hemisphere and cone is inscribed in the cylinder. a) 1 : 2 : 3 b) 1 : 2 : 4

If the vertex of the cone is at the center of the base of the cylinder, then the c) 2 : 3 : 4 d) 1 : 3 : 4
volume of cone, hemisphere and cylinder will be in the ratio of
49. A tent has four vertical walls, the height of each wall is 4 meters and the a) 64 b) 84
P a g e | 39
base of each is also 4 meters long. The top of the tent is a right pyramid, the c) 64 + 4√17 d) 84 + 4√17
height of the vertex from the base is 5.5 meters. Find the total tarpaulin
required for the tent.
50. The volume of a cube is numerically equal to the sum of its edges. What is a) 66 b) 183
the total surface area in square units? c) 36 d) 72
51. A hollow spherical ball whose inner radius is 2 cm is full of water. Half the a) 2 cm b) 4 cm
water is transferred to a conical cup and it fully fills the cup. Given the c) 2√3 cm d) √2 cm
height of the cup is 1 cm, the radius of the base of the cone is
52. Three cylinders each of height 8 cm and radius of a) 16(2√3 - 𝜋𝜋) 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠3 b) 16(4√3 – 𝜋𝜋) 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠3
base 2 cm are placed on a plane so that each c) 8(2√3 – 𝜋𝜋) 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠3 d) 8(2𝜋𝜋 − √3) 𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠3
touches the other two. The volume of the region
bounded by three cylinders is
53. A toy has a hemispherical base, a conical cap a cylindrical body. It is a) 64π b)
188π
3 3
25 cm long. All the base diameters are 4 cm and the cylindrical parts 148π
c) d) None of these.
is 10 cm long. The volume of the toy is (in cm3 ) 6
54. In triangle ABC, AB = 25. BC = 16 and AC = 39. If ABC IS rotated about a)1200 𝜋𝜋 b) 1500 𝜋𝜋
its shortest side, what is the volume of the resultant seller c) 1500 d) None of these.
55. A swimming pool is in the shape of a circle with diameter 60 ft. The depth varies linearly a) 16200 𝜋𝜋
along the east-west direction from 3 ft at the shallow end in the east to 15 ft at the diving b) 8100 𝜋𝜋
end in the west (this is so that divers look impressive against the sunset) but does not vary c) 900𝜋𝜋
at all along the north-south direction. What is the volume of the pool, in cubic feet? d) None of these
56. The points ( −𝑎𝑎, −𝑏𝑏) (0, 0) (a, b) and (a2 , ab) a) Collinear b) Vertices of rectangle
are c) Vertices of a square d) None of these
57. The vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2, 3) and the opposite side is x + y = 2. a) 3√6 b)
3√3
The area of the triangle is 8 2
3√3 4√4
c) d)
4 5
58. If the points (k, 3), (2, k), (-k, 3) are collinear, then values of k are a) 2, 3 b) 1, 0
c) 1, 2 d) 0, 3
59. The sides of a triangle have lengths 11, 15 and k, where k is an integer. For how a) 5 b) 7
many values of k is the triangle obtuse? c) 12 d) 13
e) 14
60. A point P is selected inside an equilateral triangle. If sum of lengths of a) 1002 b) 2004
perpendicular dropped on to sides from P is 2004, length of altitude of the c) 501 d) 4008
triangle is
61. 3
If the sides of a triangle are in A.P and its area is th of an equilateral triangle of a) 2 : 5 : 3 b) 2 : 3 : 7
5
same perimeter, then the ratio of its sides are c) 5 : 3 : 7 d) 3 : 5 : 7
62. What is the largest number of acute angles that a convex a) 2 b) 3
hexagon can have? c) 4 d) 5 e) 6
63. P is a point inside a triangle ABC. Perpendiculars from P to the sides BC, a) 1 b)
1
4 2
CA, AB meet the respective sides at L, M, N. Points X, Y, Z are the circum-
A(∆XYZ ) 1 1
centers of the triangles PAN, PBL, PCM respectively. The ratio is c) d)
A(∆ABC ) 3 √2
64. The sides of a triangle are 6, 8, 10. Then the area of the triangle formed a) 1 b) ½
by the centroid, in-center and circum-center of the triangle is c) 1/3 d) 2
65. PQR is a right angled triangle, right angled at Q. PX and RY are two a) 3√5 b) 4√5
3√5
medians drawn from P and R respectively. Given PR = 5 cm, PX = cm,
2
c) 2√5 d) √5
the length of RY is
P a g e | 40
66. If ABCD is a square with area 121 cm2 . E is the a) 18 cm2 b) 25.5 cm2
center of the square, ∠𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 is a right angle, c) 81 cm2 d) 62.125 cm2
and FC = 3. Find the area of GEFC. e) 30.25 cm2
67. In rectangle ABCD, angle C is trisected by CF a) 110 b) 120

and CE, where E is on AB, F is on AD, BE = 6 c) 130 d) 140
and AF = 2. Which of the following is closest e) 150
to the area of the rectangle ABCD?
68. Triangles ABC and ABD are isosceles with AB = a) 115 ° b) 120 °
AC = BD, and BD intersects AC at E. If BD ⊥ c) 130 ° d) 135 °
AC, then ∠C + ∠D is: e) Cannot be determined
69. In the figure, ABCD is a 2 × 2 square, E is the midpoint of √3

a) 2 b) 3 -
AD, and F is on BE. If CF is perpendicular to BE, then find 2
the area of quadrilateral CDEF is 11 9

c) d) √5 e)
5 4
70. Triangle ABC and point P in the same plane are given. a) 5 b) 6
Point P is equidistant from A and B, angle APB is twice c) 7 d) 8
angle ACB, and AC intersects BP at point D. If PB = 3 and e) 9
PD = 2, then AD × 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = ?
71. A right circular cone of volume A, a right circular cylinder a) A – M + C = 0 b) A + M = C
of volume M and a sphere of volume C all have the same c) 2A = M + C d) A2 − M 2 + C 2 = 0
radius, and the common height of the cone and the e) 2A + 2M =3C
cylinder is equal to the diameter of the sphere. Then
72. ABC is a right-angled triangle, AC = 6 cm and a) 6 b)
6
c)
2√3
d)
2√3
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 60°. I is the in-center of the triangle √3−1 √3+1 √3−1 √3+ 1
ABC, then AI is (in cm)
73. The radius of the in-circle of a triangle is 24 cm and the a) 78 and 90 b) 72 and 60
segments into which one side is divided by the point of c) 72 and 90 d) 78 and 60
contact are 36 cm and 48 cm. The lengths of two other
sides of the triangle are
74. In the given figure, FG ∥ 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ∥ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴 ∥ 𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵. a) c =
a
b) c 2 =
b3
Find c in term of 𝑎𝑎 and b. b2 a2
b4 b2
c) c 3 = d) c =
a3 a
75. In a triangle ABC right angled at B, the in-radius r is a) c + b – a b) c + b + a
a + c−b
c) d) None of these
2
76. In a triangle ABC, let angle C be 90 degrees. If r is the in- a) a + b b) b + c
radius and R is the circum-radius of the triangle ABC, c) c + a d) a + b + c
then 2(r + R) equals
77. ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle with angle B being a) 35√2 cm b) 70√2 cm
90°. If D is a point on AB so that angle DCB = 15 and if AD 35√3
c) cm d) 35√6 cm
= 35 cm, then CD is 2
Directions for 78 and 79: T is the mid-point of the hypotenuse PR of a right-angled triangle PQR. The perpendicular TU
to PR meets PQ produced at X and meets QR at U. Given TU = 4 cm and XU = 8 cm.
78. What is the length of the hypotenuse PR? a) 16 cm b) 12 cm
c) 20 cm d) None of these
79. The side PQ and PR have lengths (in cm) 24 36 12 24
a) , b) ,
√13 √13 √3 √3
P a g e | 41
12 36
c)12 and 8 d) ,
√13 √3
80. In the figure shown AB = AD √130 cm and BEDC is a a) 5 b) 10
square. Also the area of triangle AEB =area of square c) 20 d) 25
BEDC. Find the area of BEDC.
81. PQRS is a rectangle with PR as one of its diameter and PR + PQ = 5PS and PR – PS a) 40 b) 50
= 8. The area of the rectangle is c) 60 d) 75
82. Let s1 , s2 ,………… be square such that for each n ≥ 1, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 length of a side of sn a) 7 b) 8
equals the length of a diagonal of sn+1 . If the length of side of s1 is 10 cm, then c) 9 d) 10
the smallest value of n for which area (sn ) < 𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏
83. M is the midpoint of sides QR of a rectangle a) 2 : 15 b) 3 : 20
4 c) 1 : 12 d) 2 : 21
PQRS, L lies on PS extended such that PL = PS.
3
What is the ratio of areas of triangle MRT and
rectangle PQRS?
84. In a rectangle PQRS, PM and PN are perpendiculars drawn from P and R on the a) 10 b) 15. 5
diagonal QS. The ratio of area of the triangle PMS and NMP is 1 : 3. Also the area c) 5 d) 12.5
of the rectangle PQRS is 100 sq.cm. Then the area of triangle PNQ is (in sq.cm.)
85. The top left corner of a square is joined to the midpoint of the bottom edge, the a) 3/15
midpoint of the top edge is joined to the bottom right corner; the top right b) 4/15
corner is joined to the midpoint of the left edge, and the midpoint of the right c) 6/19
edge is joined to the bottom left corner. What fraction of the square is shaded? d) 3/17
86. In unit square ABCD, A is joined to the midpoint of BC, B is joined to the a) ¼
midpoint of CD, C is joined to the midpoint of DA and D is joined to the midpoint b) 1/5
of AB. Find the area of the shaded square formed by this construction. c) 3/5
d) 2
87. P is inside rectangle ABCD. PA = 2, PB = 3 and PC = 10. Find PD. a) 10 b) 9
c) √95 d) √104
88. In the given figure, triangle ABC is a right angle with BC < AB. With B as the a) 2 : 1
center a quadrant of a circle is drawn. If the area of the right angle triangle b) 𝜋𝜋 ∶ 2
having one of the quadrant of the circle is equal to the area of the quadrant of c) 2𝜋𝜋 ∶ 3
the circle lying outside the triangle. Find the ratio AB BC d) 3𝜋𝜋 ∶ 2
89. A regular polygon of 12 sides is formed by cutting off each corner of a a) 4√3 b) 2√3 – 3
hexagon with side 15 cm. The ratio of the perimeter of the 12 sided 2+ √3
polygon to the original hexagon is 2√3

c) 4√3 – 6 d)
2− √3
90. A line meets the coordinate axes in P and Q. A circle is circumscribed a) p(p + q) b) p + q
p+q
about the triangle OPQ. If p and q are the distances of the tangent to the c) q(p + q) d)
2
circle at the origin O from the points P and Q respectively, the diameter
of the circle is
91. The maximum area that can be enclosed by a wire of length 20 cm by a) 20 sq. cm b) 25 sq. cm
bending it in the form of a sector of the circle is c) 30 sq. cm d) 5 sq. cm
92. The maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a semi-circle of unit radius a) 1 b) √2
is π 1
c) d)
2√2 √2
π π
93. Three circles touch each other as shown in the a) (2 + √2) b) (2 + √2)
2 4
diagram. The radii of both the larger circles are
√2 + 1 cm each, while that of smaller circle is 1 π
c) (2 - √2)
π
d) (2√2 − 1)
cm. The perimeter of the region enclosed 4 4
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between the three circles is
94. Two identical circles intersect so that their centres and the points at a) π π
b) − 1
4 2
which they intersect, form a square of side 1 cm. The area in sq. cm of the π
c) d) √2 – 1
portion that is common to the two circles is 5
95. About a unit circle, a regular hexagon is circumscribed, about which a) 3 : 15 b) 4 : 5

another circle is circumscribed, about which an equilateral triangle is c) 3 : 16 d) 1 : 2
circumscribed, about which a third circle is circumscribed. Find in
simplified and exact from, the ratio of the area of the smallest circle to
that of the largest.
96. Two circles with radii 2 cm and 8 cm touch other externally. Also drawn a) 16 b) 64 : 3
to these two circles are three common tangents intersecting each other c) 25 : 3 d) 24
at three points. The area of the triangle (in sq. cm) formed by joining
these intersecting points is
97. In the following diagram, two externally a) 2 + √2 b) 4 + 2√2
tangent circles of radii 2 cm, each are internally
tangent to the semi-circle. The radius of big c) 2 + 2√2 d) 4 + √2
circle is
98. Two parallel lines are one unit apart. A circle of radius 2 touches one of the lines a) 3
and cuts the other line. The area of the circular cap between the two parallel lines b) 4
𝜋𝜋
can be written in the form 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏√3. Find the sum a + b of the two integers 𝑎𝑎 and c) 5
3
b. d) 6
e) 7
99. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral drawn in a circle with CD as diameter. Also AD = BC = a) 3 : 2 b) 2 : 1
1 c) 5 : 3 d) 4 : 3
CD. The ratio of sides DC and AB is
2
100. From an external point A outside a circle, two secants AB and AC are drawn a) 30 b)
5
7 3
meeting the circle at P and Q respectively. The length of AB and AC are 6 and 15
cms respectively. Also AQ = BP. Then the length of AP is 12 13
c) d)
7 3
101. RQ and RP are two secants of a circle meeting outside the circle at a point R and a) 6 b) 3√2 + 3
meeting the circle at B and A respectively. Given AB = 3 cm, QB = 3 cm. ∠𝐴𝐴𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 =
∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 45°, the length of PA is c) 5 d) 4√2 + 3
102. In the figure, AB and CD are the diameters of the circle a) 23𝜋𝜋 b) 24𝜋𝜋
with center O, AB is perpendicular to CD, and chord DF 24
c) d) 24
3π
intersects AB at E. If DE = 6 and EF = 2, then the area of
the circle is
103. A circle of radius 3 crosses the center of a square of side length 2. Find the a) 9𝜋𝜋 − 4 b) 3𝜋𝜋 − 18
positive difference between the areas of the non-overlapping portions of the c) 4 d) 6
figure.
104. A point on a circle inscribed in a square 1 and 2 units from the two closest a) 121 b)100
sides of the square. Find the area of the square c) 144 d)169
105. In the diagram the two circles C1 and C2 have a common chord a) 12 b)
AB. Point P is chosen on C1 so that it is outside C2 . Lines PA and PB 10
are extended to cut C2 at X and Y , respectively. If AB = 6, PA = 5, c) 8 d)
PB = 7 and AX = 16; determine the length of XY. 18
106. Three circles are mutually tangential externally. Their centers from a triangle whose sides a) 64𝜋𝜋 b) 89𝜋𝜋
are of length 8, 9 and 13. Find the total area of the three circles c) 108𝜋𝜋 d) 229𝜋𝜋
e) 314𝜋𝜋
107. The shaded crescent area is bounded by the a) 36√3 − 6𝜋𝜋 b) 18√3 − 4𝜋𝜋
semicircle ADB with diameter AB and by the arc ACB c) 22𝜋𝜋 d) 36√3𝜋𝜋
of a circle with center P. If AB = 12 and AP = 12, what
P a g e | 43
is the area in inches of the crescent area? e) 40𝜋𝜋
108. Three circles with centers A, B and C are tangential as a)
15√6
b) 15
shown in the figure. Each circle has radius 5. Lines DE 6
and FG are tangent to C and intersect at G. Find the c) 5√2 d) None of these
length of FG
109. a, b, c are the sides of ∆ABC. If the lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 a) right angled b) equilateral
and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent then D ABC is c) isosceles d) scalene
110. The hypotenuse of a right angled isosceles triangles has equation 3x – y = 7. Then a) 2, − 1 2
b) , −
3
2 3 2
the slopes of the two perpendicular sides are 1 5 3
c) , −2 d) , −
2 3 5
Directions for Qs. 111 & 112: A flower-pot in the form of a truncated cone is rolled
on its curved surface, without slipping, such that the top edge and the bottom edge
of the flower pot trance a circle. The diameter of the circles at the top edge and
bottom edge of the flower pot are 𝑎𝑎 and b and the slant height of the flower-pot is l.
111. What is the diameter of the circle traced by the top 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏
a) �( )2 − ( )2 b) �( )2 − ( )2
edge? 𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏 2 𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏 2
al bl
c) d)
a−b a−b
112. What is the ratio of the radii of the circles traced by the top edge and a) a : b b) a : (a – b)
the bottom edge? c) (a + b) : b d) None of these
113. In the figure given below, ABCD is a rectangle. Points E and F a) √5 : 1 : √5
lie on the diagonal and line parallel to the sides of the b) √5 : 2 : √5
rectangle are drawn from E and F as shown. If all the five c) √5 – 1 : 1 : √5 – 1
areas are equal, find the ratio AE : EF : FC
d) √5 – 1 : 2 : √5 -1
114. What is the length of a diagonal of a regular pentagon with side 1 unit? √5− 1 √5+ 1
a) b)
2 2
√3+ 1
c) √3 + 1 d)
2
Directions for Qs 115 & 116: In the given figure ABCD is a isosceles trapezium with AB = 30 cm and
DC = 10 cm. The inscribed circle is tangential to AB and DC at their midpoint.
115. Find the radius of the inscribed circle? a) 2√3 b) 3√3

c) 4√3 d) 5√3
116. What is the distance between the centers of the two circles? a) 2√3 b) 5√3
5 10
c) d)
√3 √3
117. P is any point on the outer circle of two concentric circles. PT is a tangent to the inner a) πx 2 b) πx 2
circle at T and is of length x units. Find the area enclosed between the two circles? 2
c) 2πx 2 d) 4πx 2
118. ABCD is rhombus of area 25 sq. cm. with O being the intersection point of its a) 12.5 b) 6.25
diagonals. Points E and F are the midpoints of AO and OC respectively. Find the area c) 8.33 d)
of the quadrilateral BEDF. 18.75
119. In the given figure ABCD is a square. Sides BA, CB, DC and AD are a) 26 b) 16
extended to E, F, G and H respectively such that EA : AB = GC : CD = 1 c) 13 d) 52
: 1 and FB : BC = HD : DA = 3 : 2. If the area of quadrilateral EFGH is
104 sq. units, what is the area of the square ABCD?
120. A rectangle ABCD and a circle are drawn such that the circle passes through the a) 117 b)
117
18 9
vertices A and B and is tangential to side CD at its midpoint. If AB = 12 cm and BC = 9 c) 15 d) 16.5
cm, find the diameter of the circle?
P a g e | 44
121. If the side of the outer regular hexagon is I unit, find the side of the 1 1
a) b)
2 √2
inner regular hexagon, as formed in the figure. 1 2
c) d)
√3 √3
122. The shaded part, as shown in the figure, of a square with side 12 cm a) 36 b) 48
is cut and the remaining part is folded to form a closed box with c) 64 d) 72
dimensions I × 𝑤𝑤 × ℎ. Find the 0maximum volume of the box that
can be formed thus.
123. Two chords AB, CD in a circle intersect at right angles at a point O, not being the a) 5√146 b) 9√146
centre. If AO = 77 cm, OB = 27 cm, CO = 99 cm and OD = 21 cm, find the radius of c) 11√146 d) 4√146
the circle.
124. ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle with ∠ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴. The tangents a)
180
b)
45
7 2
to the circle at point B and C intersect each other at D. If ∠ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 2 × 180
∠ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵, find the measure of ∠ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵. c) d) Either (a) or (c)
9
125. In the figure given below, a belt passes tightly over two a) 24 + 22𝜋𝜋
circles with centers A and B. If the radius of the circles are b) 24 + 11𝜋𝜋
22
5√3 and √3 and the distance between the centers is 8√3, c) 24 + 𝜋𝜋
3
find the length of the belt. 11
d) 24 + 𝜋𝜋
2
126. In the given figure, diameter AB of the circle intersects the chord a) 1 : 1 b) 2 : 3
CD at E. AM and BN are the perpendiculars on CD from A and B c) 3 : 2 d) 3 : 4
respectively. If E divides AB in the ratio 3 : 2, find the ratio of CN /
DM.
127. Triangle ABC is a right angle triangle with AB = 60 cm and BC 625 625
a) b)
17 19
= 25 cm. Triangle BDC is also a right angle triangle with D = 625 625
90° and BD = 7 cm. Line AEF is parallel to BD. Find the ratio c) d)
21 23
AE/EF.
128. Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle with AB = BC. a) 8 b) 10
DAE is a tangent to the circle at point A and DAB = 15°, 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 is also a c) 12 d) 15
side of a regular polygon of a sides inscribed in the same circle. Find
it
129. Consider the trapezium ABCD with the parallel sides, AB and CD a) 16 b) 12
being 12 cm and 8 cm respectively. The diagonals AC and BD 48
c) d) 8
5
intersect each other at O. From O, a line parallel to the parallel sides
is drawn such that it intersects AD and BC at E and F. Find length of
line segment EF.
130. Consider a square ABCD of side 2 cm. E is the midpoint of AB and F is the midpoint of a) 0.2 b) 0.4
BC. AF and DE intersect at I. Find the area of triangle AEI. c) 0.5 d) 1
131. ABCD is a rectangle of length greater than 6 units and breadth equal to 3 units. a) 3π + 9√3 b) 3π + 9√3
Its diagonals intersect at O. With O as center, a circle of radius 3 units is drawn. 2
Find that area of the rectangle that overlaps with the circle. c) 3(π + √3) d) 3( 𝜋𝜋 − √3)
132. Consider a regular hexagon of side I cm. A circle is inscribed as 3
a) √3 − b) 3 − √3
2
shown in the figure. Find the radius of the circle. 1
c) √3 − d) √3 − 1
2
133. In the figure shown, lines AB, CD and EF are parallel to each a) 2 b) 2.4
other. If AB = 6 cm and CD = 4 cm, find the length of EF. c) 1.5 d) 2/3
134. Consider a piece of paper in the form of the right angle triangle ABC with AB = 8 cm, a) 6 2 b)
15
3 2
BC = 6 cm and AC = 10 cm. The paper is folded such that vertex C coincides with 1
vertex A and a neat crease is formed along the line the paper is folded. Find the c) 6 d) 6.75
3
P a g e | 45
length of the crease.
Directions for Qs 135 & 136: In a square ABCD of side 2 units, with A as the center, an arc is
drawn which intersects side BC and CD at E and F respectively. Next with E as center an arc is
drawn which is a tangent to AD at point G and with F as center an arc is drawn is tangent to
side AB at H.
135. Find the radius of Arc EF a) �10 − √2 b) �10 − 2√2

c) �10 − 3√2 d) �10 − 4√2
136. Find the area of the shaded region ExFGJHE a) 𝜋𝜋 − √3 b) 2𝜋𝜋 − √3
4π
c) 4𝜋𝜋 − √3 d) – √3
3
137. Consider the isosceles trapezium ABCD with the parallel sides AB = 16 cm & CD = 4 a) 1 : 1 b) 1 : 2
cm. The perpendicular distance between AB and DC is 8 cm and the oblique sides BC c) 2 : 1 d) 1 : 4
and AD are equal. Line L is perpendicular to AB and DC and bisects them at P and R
respectively. Point Q us is on PR such that angle CQB = 90°. Find the ratio PQ/QR.
138. Consider triangle ABC. Point D, E and F are taken on the sides a) 49 : 20 b) 49 : 29
AB, BC and AC such that angle AFD = angle CFE, angle ADF = c) 53 : 25 d) 53 : 28
angle BDE and angle BED = angle CEF. If the ratio of BE : EF : FA :
AB is 2 : 3 : 4 : 7, find the ratio of area of triangles ABC and DEF.
139. The circumference of a circle is divided into eight equal arc by the point 1, 2, 3, . . , a) 22.5 b) 45
8 marked clockwise on the periphery of the circle. Line joining points 3 and 4 c) 67.5
intersect with the line joining points 8 and 5 at T. Find the acute angle formed at d) None of these
the intersection of these secants.
140. In isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC = 8 cm, D is a point on BC such that BD = 7 cm a) 5 b) 6
and DC = 4 cm. Find the length of AD. c) 7 d) 7.5
141. Consider a quadrilateral ABCD. The midpoints of AB, BC, CD and a) 3/2 b) 2
AD are E, F, G and H respectively. If the area of quadrilateral EFGH c) 2.5 d) 3
is 1 sq. units, find the area of quadrilateral ABCD.
142. In the given figure find the length of DE, if AB = 7.5 cm, BC = 9 cm, a) 15 b) 18
AC = 10.5 cm and BE = 24 cm. c) 27
d) Cannot be determined
143. What is the radius of a circle inscribed in a rhombus with diagonals of length 10 and a) 4 58
b)
13
24? 60
c) d) 5 e) 6
13
144. The mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 1), (4, 3) and (3, 5). Find the area of a) 14 b) 16
the triangle. c) 18 d) 20 e) 22
145. On the opposite corners of a rectangle which is 3 by 5 are squares a) 3√5 b) √41
whose centers are the vertices of the rectangle, and whose sides c) √34 d) 2√10
are parallel to the sides of the rectangle, and whose side lengths e) 2√13
are each 1. Find the distances between the vertices A and B of the
smaller squares.
146. ABC is an equilateral triangle with AD being the median. E is the a) √12 b) √15
midpoint of AD and DF is parallel to AC. Find the distance GE where c) √18 d) √21
G is the median of triangle BDF.
147. Two circles with radii 5 and 13 touch each other at A, BAC is any line such that B lies a) 5 : 13 b) 5 : 8
on the circumference of one circle and C lies are the circumference of the other c) 8 : 13
circle. Find the ratio BA/AC. d) Not Unique
P a g e | 46
148. In the figure shown, four semicircles are drawn inside a square with the 2−π
a) 1 : 1 b)
π−1
sides of the squares being the diameter such that four petals shaped
areas are created. What is the ratio of the area of the square not 2+ π π−2
c) d)
common to the four petals and the total area of the petals? π+1 π+1
149. Consider two identical coins placed touching each other. The coin B has a) 1 b) 2
four points marked on its circumference as 1, 2, 3 and 4 as shown in the c) 3 d) 4
figure. Now, this coin is rolled firmly (without slipping) along the
circumference of the coin A, which is stationary. When the coin B has
been rolled along three fourth of the circumference, which point among
1, 2, 3 and 4 is in contact with coin A?
150. In triangle ABC, BD and CE are the medians. F is a point on side BC such a) 1 :6 b) 1 : 5
that BF : FC is 1 : 2. From F, a line parallel to CE is drawn which intersect
AB at H and BD at I. Find the ratio HI/GC c) 1 : 4 d) 1 : 3
ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS:

Q.no Explanation Q.no Explanation
(ANS) (ANS)
1. Triangle ARS will also be an equilateral triangle 2. Consider triangles ABC and BEC. Both of them
(d) and let AR = SR = x. (a) share the same base, BC, and thus their area will
Since PQRS is a square, RQ = SR = x. be proportional to their heights i.e. 5 : 1. Since
Triangle RQC is a 30-60-90 triangle and since 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵) = 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵) − 𝐴𝐴(∆𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵), the
side opposite to 60, QR is x, hence hypotenuse required ratio is (5 – 1) : 1 i.e. 4 : 1.
2
RC = x. 3. The greatest angle will be the angle opposite to
√3
4 (d) the largest side i.e. angle opposite to 7. Using
Thus, AR2 = x 2 and RC2 = x 2 and 4AR2 = cosine rule, if this angle is θ, then cos θ =
3
3RC2 32 − 52 − 72 1
= − . Since cos (180 - θ) = -cos θ and
2 ×3 × 5 2
1
cos 60 = , 𝑎𝑎 = 120°
2
4. The altitude drawn to the base of an isosceles 5. When the sides AB and AC are doubled and BC
(b) triangle is perpendicular bisector of the base. (d) remains the same, the sides of the triangle
Thus, if the equal sides are x, then the base = 32 would become 24, 14 and 10. Since 10 + 14 = 24,
– 2x and half the base = 16 – x. Thus, 8, 16 – x the three points are collinear and thus the area
and x form a right angle triangle and using of the triangle they form is zero.
Pythagoras Theorem. x 2 = 64 + ( 16 −
x)2 i.e.x=10.Thus base=32−2 ×10=12 and
1
area = × 12 × 8 = 48.
2
1
6. 10, 24, 26 are sides of a right angle triangle. 7. Using A = absin θ,it is easy to deduce that the
1 2
(b) Thus its area, A, is × 10 × 24 and its semi- (c) area becomes 4 times.
2
perimeter, s, is 30. Using A = r 8. The ratio 1 : √3 ∶ 2 should be immediately
1
× 𝑏𝑏, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝑤𝑤𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 × (d) identifiable as the sides of a 30-60-90 triangle
2
10 × 24 = 𝑟𝑟 × 30 ⇒ 𝑟𝑟 = 4 and thus the ratio of the angles A, B and C is 1 : 2
:3
9. The third side has to be less than 1 + 2004 i.e. 10. For the greatest area, the triangle should be an
(b) less than 2005. Since the third side is an integer, (c) equilateral triangle and thus its side would be
the maximum it can be is 2004. √3
4√3 and its area would be × (4√3)2 =
Similarly the third side has to be greater than 4
12√3.
P a g e | 47
2004 – 1 i.e. 2003. Since the third side is an
integer, the minimum it can be is 2004.
Thus the third side is 2004 and the perimeter of
the triangle is 4009.
11. The sum of the squares of the two smaller 12. Base of triangle DEC is one third the base of
(b) sides, (3x + 4y)2 and (4x + 3y)2 , is 25x 2 + (d) triangle ABC and height of DEC is one-half the
1
48xy + 25y 2 . The square of the largest side is height of ABC. Thus area of DEC is the area of
6
25x 2 + 50xy + 25 y 2 . ABC
Since c 2 > a2 + b2 , where c is the largest side 1
Similarly, the area of triangle AGF is also the
of the triangle and 𝑎𝑎 and b are the other two 6
sides, the triangle is obtuse angled triangle. area of ABC
Thus the area of quadrilateral BGFED is
2 2𝑡𝑡ℎ
�1 − � 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. the area of triangle ABC. Since
6 3
area of triangle ABC is 108, required area = 72.
13. We can find the third side, c, using cosine rule. 14. If the vertices of a triangle are
(c) Cos60 =
42 + 8 2 − c 2 1
⇒ =
80− c 2
⇒ c = √48. (b) (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑠𝑠1 ), (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑠𝑠2 ) 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥3 , 𝑠𝑠3 ), 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡-
2 ×4 × 8 2 2 ×4 ×8 ordiantes of the centroid are
Thus, option choice (a) and (d) are wrong. 𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑠𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑠2 + 𝑠𝑠3
Further (b) cannot be correct as then � , �.
3 3
∠𝐵𝐵 + ∠𝐴𝐴 = 180° 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏
4−2+𝑥𝑥 3
= 2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥3 = 4 𝑎𝑎nd only one
3
Thus correct choice is option has the x co-ordinate as 4.
∠𝐴𝐴 = 30 °. 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, ∠𝐴𝐴 =
90° 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐵𝐵 = 60° and the triangle
becomes a 30-60-90 triangle with a being side
opposite to 30 and b being the hypotenuse. And
their ratio of 1 : 2 also satisfies the condition
needed.
15. ∠EIF = ∠BIC as they are vertically opposite 16. The three triangles so formed are all similar.
(b) and since I is the in-center of the circle (a) Since the ratio of the areas of the smallest
∠A triangle to the largest triangle is in the ratio 1 : 2
∠BIC = 90 + .
2
: 3. The ratio of their sides are in the ratio 1 :
Since quadrilateral IEAF is cyclic,
∠𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐶𝐶𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑠𝑠. Thus, √2 ∶ √3. Since the largest side corresponding to
∠𝐴𝐴 + 90 +
∠𝐴𝐴
= 180 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐴 = 60°. √3 is 15, the side corresponding to√2 will be 15
2 √2
∠𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐶𝐶𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑠𝑠, and thus × = 5√6
√3
∠EIF =120°.
17. Let AB = k and BC = 3k. Thus AC = √10𝑘𝑘. Thus 18. Since the sides are integers, we should look out
(b) the ratio of the sides of the right angle triangle (a) for Pythagorean triplets satisfying the conditions
are 1 :3 : √10. given. The most common triplets are (3, 4, 5) and
Now triangle BDC is also a right angle triangle multiples of it, (5, 12, 13) and its multiple and so
and is similar to ABC. Thus ratio of its sides is on. Checking with 3, 4, 5, we see that area = 6
also 1 : 3 : √10. Since and the perimeter is 12. Checking with 6, 8, 10,
hypotenuse, side the area is 24 its perimeter is 24. Thus, area =
perimeter and the required area = 24.
corresponding to √10 is
19. If we take the right angle triangle as one having
actually 3k, hence side CD,
(a) sides 3, 4, 5, then we know that the in-radius is I
side corresponding to 3, will
3k 9k and the circum-radius will be half the
be ×3= . hypotenuse i.e. 2.5. We also know that the area
√10 √10
of this triangle is 6 units. Using r = I and R = 2.5,
Also triangle ABD is a right angle triangle and it the options boil down to (a)6, (b) 4.5, (c) 2.5, (d)
is also similar to ABC. Thus its side are also in 2.5 × 4.5. Only option (a) matches the correct
P a g e | 48
the ratio 1 : 3 : √10. Since hypotenuse, side area and thus and thus the answer has to be (a)
corresponding to √10 is actually k, hence side
AD, side corresponding to I, will be
k k
. Thus required ratio r : s is ∶
√10 √10
9k
i. ee 1 ∶ 9.
√10
20. Since tangents from an external point are equal, 21. 1 1

Area of a rhombus = d1 d2. Thus, 96 = ×
2 2
(b) BD = BF = 6 and DC = (b) 12 × 𝑎𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎2 = 16.
CE = 8. Let AF = FE = x. Further, half the lengths of the diagonal and the
Now the area of a side form a right angle triangle with the side
triangle is given by being the hypotenuse (since the diagonals bisect
𝑟𝑟 × 𝑏𝑏 and also by the at right angle in a rhombus). Half the lengths of
Heron’s formula, the diagonal are 6 and 8 and thus the side = 10.
�𝑏𝑏( 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎)( 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑒𝑒), where r is the in- 22. If the length of the flower bed was initially x m,
radius (4 in this example), s is the semi- (a) then the side of the square would have been (x +
perimeter and a, b, c are sides of the triangle. 4) m.
The semi-perimeter in this example is 14 + x The area of the grass path would be (x +
4)2 − x 2 i. e. 8x + 16
Equating the areas found by the above two If the width of the grass path was doubled, by
approaches, reducing the area of flower bed, length of the
4 × (14 + 𝑥𝑥) = flower bed would now be (x – 4) m. And the area
�( 14 + 𝑥𝑥) × 𝑥𝑥 × 6 × 8 ⇒ 16𝑥𝑥 (14 + of the grass path would be
𝑥𝑥)2 = ( 14 + 𝑥𝑥) × 𝑥𝑥 × 6 × 8 ⇒ 16 × (𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 − ( 𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 16𝑥𝑥.
(14 + 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 × 6 × 8 ⇒ 16 × 14 = 32𝑥𝑥 ⇒ It is given that 16𝑥𝑥 = 1.7 × (8𝑥𝑥 +
𝑥𝑥 = 7. 16𝑒𝑒.𝑏𝑏.2.4𝑥𝑥=1.7 ×16 𝑒𝑒.𝑏𝑏.𝑥𝑥= 343
Thus, area = 𝑟𝑟 × 𝑏𝑏 = 4 × 21 = 84.
23. Let the side of the square playground be x m. 24. Area of square = 4 sq. units. Area of triangle BOC
(a) Thus the side of the square along with the (a) 1
= ×2 ×1=1
2
runaway would be (x + 5) m. Area of the Area of each triangle at top left and right corners
runaway = (𝑥𝑥 + 5)2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = 10𝑥𝑥 + 1
1𝑡𝑡ℎ
= × 2 × 1 = 1.
2
25 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑔𝑔𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 of the area of Thus, area of the arrow = 4 -1 – 2 × 1 =
6
2
playground i.e. x . 1 𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟. 𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡.
Thus, 60x + 150 = x 2 . Solving the quadratic, we 25. Triangle ABE would be an isosceles right angle
60 ± √3600+4 ×150 (b) 6
get x = = 30 ± 5√42. triangle and thus AE = BE = .
2 √2
We will use the positive sign only as the side If BC = x, then so would EF also be x. Thus AD = 2
has to be positive quantity. Thus area of the 6
× + 𝑥𝑥 = 6√2 +
√2
playground = ( 30 + 5√42 )2 = 1950 + 𝑥𝑥 and using
300√42. formula for area of
the trapezium, 30 =
1 6
× �x + 6√2 + x� × ⇒x=
2 √2
2√2. Thus, BC = 2√2.
26. Triangles BEC and AED are similar and ratio of 27. Since the larger angle and the smaller angle are
(b) corresponding sides BC and AD is 7 : 17. Thus EB (d) supplementary, the angles can be found to be 60
: EA will also be 7 : 17 and since AB = 6, side EB and 120 degrees.
= 7 × 0.6. Similarly, EC : ED will also be 7 : 17 Further in a rhombus, the diagonals are also the
and since CD = 8, side EC = 7 × 0.8. angle bisectors. Thus the triangle formed by the
In triangle BEC, the sides area 7 × 0.6, 7 × shorter diagonal and the two sides will be an
P a g e | 49
0.8 and 7 i.e. in the ratio 6 : 8 : 10. Thus triangle equilateral triangle and thus side of the rhombus
BEC is a right angle triangle and E will be 90 will be 20. Thus, required perimeter = 80.
degrees.
28. If the sides are k and 2k, then the exterior 29. Number of sides of the first polygon has to be a
(d) 360 360 360 360
angels will be and . Thus, − = (c) multiple of 4 and thus only 8 or 12 can be the
k 2k k 2k
180 possible answer. If the side of the first polygon
⇒ k = 4.
4 were 8, then side of the second polygon would
Thus the sides of the polygons will be 4 and 8. be 10 and the respective interior angles would
30. Since smallest angle is 100, the largest exterior be 180 -
360
and 180 -
360
i.e. 135 and 144 i.e. in
(a) angle will be 80 degrees and each successive 8 10
the ratio 15 : 16. But the given ratio is 25 : 26.
exterior angle will decrease by 4 degrees. The
Thus the answer has to be 12.
sum of exterior angles has to be 360 degrees
One need not check any further, but with sides
and thus writing the exterior angles in
being 12 and 15, the interior angles would be
sequence, till the time sum is 360 degrees leads 360 360
us to the exterior angles being 80, 76, 72, 68, 180 - and 180 − i. e. 150 ∶ 156 i. e. 25 ∶
12 15
and 64. Thus the polygon has 5 sides. 26.
31. Since interior angle is 160 degrees each exterior 32. Since ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 64°, ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 64° being
(b) is 26 degrees. The sum of all exterior angles has (c) the corresponding angle.
to be 360 degrees and thus there would be 18 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴
And hence ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 32°.
2
exterior angles and number of sides will also be
18.
33. The required area = area of the square – 4 34. The length of the wire = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 7. This will be
(a) ×area of each quadrant of the circle = (b) the length of the segment it is formed into. Thus,
22 θ
142 − π × 72 = 196 – × 72 = 42 × 2 × π × 12 = 2 × π × 7 ⇒ θ = 210 °
7 360
35. If the required number of pipes is n, then 36. Let perimeter of the hexagon be 6a. Thus the
(d) 1 2 (a) equilateral triangle would also have the same
𝑒𝑒 × 𝜋𝜋 × � � = 𝜋𝜋 × 3 ⇒ 𝑒𝑒 = 36
2
2 perimeter and the sides of the equilateral
37. ∠𝐴𝐴 + ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 + 46 = 180 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐴 + ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 2a
triangle would be 2a. Thus its circum-radius = .
(a) = 134 √3
Similarly, ∠𝐴𝐴 + ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 + 40 = 180 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐴 + The circum-radius of the hexagon = side of an
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 140 equilateral triangle with side equal to the side of
Adding the two, 2 × ∠𝐴𝐴 + ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 + ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 = the hexagon i.e. a.
2
274 Thus required ratio ∶ 1 i. e. 2 : √3.
√3
But, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 + ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 = 180, since they are
opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral. Thus,
2 × ∠𝐴𝐴 = 94 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐴 = 47.
38. Since the lengths of the arc are same, 39. Since the circles intersect orthogonally, the angle
(d) 30 70 (d) formed by the radii and the line joining the
× 2 × π × r1 = × 2 × π × r2 ⇒
360 360
r1 ∶ r2 = 7 : 3 centers is a right angle triangle with
perpendicular sides being 𝑎𝑎 and b. Also. the
40. Triangle PQR is an
length of the common chord is twice the length
(b) isosceles triangle with
of the perpendicular drawn from the right angle
hypotenuse being 2√2.
to the hypotenuse.
Thus PQ = 2 and AB = 2 +
The fastest way to find the length of the
√2. perpendicular is to equate the area of the
triangle found by considering the perpendicular
sides as base and height in one case and the
41. If the radius of one circle is x, then the radius of hypotenuse and the perpendicular to the
(a) the other circle will be 15 – x. Thus, hypotenuse in other case. Thus if the length of
π × 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝜋𝜋 × (15 − 𝑥𝑥)2 = 153𝜋𝜋 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 + the perpendicular to the hypotenuse form the
(15 − 𝑥𝑥)2 = 153. A little hit and trial should right angle is x, then
P a g e | 50
give you x = 12. Else you need to solve the 1 1
×a ×b= × √𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 × 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2
quadratic to get the value of x as 15 or 3. 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏
The required ratio is 12 : 3 i.e. 4 : 1 .
√𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
2ab
The length of common chord = 2x =
√𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
42. If the radius of the circle is r and the distance of 43. 1
Area of each quadrant of the circle = × π ×
2
(b) the chord of length 10 from the center is x, then (d) 36 = 9π
and r = 5√2. 1
Area of the triangle ABC = × 6 × 6 = 18.
The chord midway between the chords will be 2
at a distance of 2 from the center and thus if Thus, half the required area = 9π – 18 and
half of its length is y, then y 2 + 22 = required area = 18π – 36.
(5√2)2 ⇒ y = √46.
Thus, chord length = 2√46 = √184 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 =
184.
44. Since radius = r, diagonal of square = diameter = 45. Side of the first triangle = a, radius of the first
a
(b) 2r. (a) circle =
2√3
d2 a
Area of the square = = 2r 2 . The required Side of the second triangle = , radius of the
2 2
area is one-fourth the area of the square and is a
second circle = .
r2 4√3
. Thus, area of the triangles is a GP with first term
2
a √3
46. Radius of the circle = being a2 and common ratio being . So the
1
2√3 4 4
(b) The diameter of the circle will be the diagonal √3 2
4
a a2
of the square. Thus, if s is the side of the sum of the areas of all triangles = 1 =
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 1− √3
square, then 𝑏𝑏√2 = ⇒ 𝑏𝑏 =
4
and the area Similarly, the areas of the circles will also be a GP
√3 √6
a2 𝑎𝑎 2
of the square will be
6
. with first term being π × and common ratio
12
47. The cuboid formed will have dimensions of 10 1
being . Thus, sum of areas of all circles =
4
(c) × 10 × 20. Thus its surface area = 2 a2
π× πa 2
× (100 + 200 + 200) = 1000 12
1 = .
1− 9
4
πa 2 a2 a2
Thus sum of all areas = + = �π + 3√3�
9 √3 9
48. The height of the cone and the cylinder will also 49. Each of the wall will have a surface area of 4
(a) be equal to the radius of the hemisphere, say r. (b) × 4 = 16. Thus total surface area of the four
1 walls = 64.
Thus, volume of the cone = × π ×
3
1 4 The top is a right pyramid and thus its surface
r 3 , volume of the hemisphere = × π × 𝑟𝑟 3 1
2 3 area will be × perimeter of base ×
and volume of cylinder = 2
1 2 slant height . Perimeter of base = 4 × 4 = 16.
𝜋𝜋 × 𝑟𝑟 3 . 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 ∶ ∶
3 3 Vertical height = 1.5 and if slant height is x, then
𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 3. 1.52 + 22 = x 2 . i.e. 2.25 + 4 = x 2 i. e. x 2 = 6.25.
50. If the side of the cube is s, then, s 3 = Thus, slant height, x = 2.5.
(d) 12s i. e. s = √12. Thus surface area = 6s 2 = So the surface area of the right pyramid at top is
6 × 12 = 72. 1
× 16 × 2.5 = 20
2
Thus, total tarpaulin needed = 64 + 20 = 84.
51. 1 4 52. Area bounded by the three base circles =
Equating the volumes, × × π × 23 =
2 3
(b) (a) √3 1
1
× π × r2 × 1 ⇒ r = 4 × 42 − × π × 22 = 4√3 − 2π
3 4 2
Thus volume of the region bounded by the three
cylinders = 8 × (4√3 − 2𝜋𝜋 )
53. The volume of the base hemi-sphere = 54. The solid generated will be two cones joined at
P a g e | 51
(c) 1 4 16π (a) the base circles as
× × π × 23 =
2 3 3
The volume of the cylindrical part = π shown in the
figure...
× 22 × 10 = 40 𝜋𝜋
The height of the conical part = 25 – 10 – 2 = 13
1 To find the
Volume of the conical part = × π × 22 ×
3 volumes of the
52π
13 = cones, we would need to know the radius of the
3
Thus, total volume =
16π
+ 40π +
52π
=
188π base circle i.e. BD. Please remember, we do not
3 3 3 need to know AD and DC individually as
eventually they will be added resulting in AC
which we already know is 16.
To find BD, we can equate the areas found by
considering AC as base and BD as height and
found by Heron’s formula . . . .
1
× 16 × BD = √40 × 24 × 1 × 15 ⇒ 8 ×
2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 8 × 5 × 3 ⇒ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 15
1
Thus, volume of the solid = × π × BD2 ×
3
1 1
AD + × π × BD2 × DC = × π × 152 ×
3 3
16 = 1200π
55. The shape of the swimming pool is as shown in 56. It should be obvious that A (−𝑎𝑎, −𝑏𝑏),
(b) the figure . . . . (a) 𝐴𝐴 (0, 0)𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) are collinear because the
𝑏𝑏
slope of AB is and so is the slope of BC. Also the
𝑎𝑎
The volume of the 𝑏𝑏
entire cylinder slope of B (0, 0) and D (a2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏) 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 . Thus all four
𝑎𝑎
(including the solid points are collinear.
made by the dotted 57. The perpendicular distance from a point (x1 , y1 )
lines, half of which (b) to a line 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠 + 𝑒𝑒 = 0 is given by
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠 1 + 𝑒𝑒
is not a part of the swimming pool = π × 302 � �.
√𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
× 15 = 13500𝜋𝜋 Thus the altitude of the equilateral triangle =
Part of this total volume which is not a part of 2+ 3−2 3
1 =
the swimming pool = × π × 302 × 12 = √1 +1
2 2 √2
2 Thus, the side of the equilateral triangle =
5400π. 2 3
Thus volume of the swimming pool = 13500π - × = √6 and the area of the equilateral
√3 √2
5400π = 8100π √3 3√3
triangle = ×6=
4 2
58. Equating the slopes,
k−3
=
3–k
⇒k= 59. A triangle with sides a, b, c is an obtuse angle
(d) 2−k −k−2 (d) triangle if a2 + b2 < c 2 where c is the largest
1 1
3 or = i. e. k = 0 side. If 𝑘𝑘 is the largest side, k 2 > 112 +
2–k 2+k
60. Since P could be any point, let it be the centroid 152 i. e. k > 19. But then sum of two sides has
(b) of the equilateral triangle. Thus all the three to be greater than the third side and hence k <
perpendiculars dropped to the sides will be 11 + 15 i.e. k < 26. Thus, 7 integral values of k
2004 would satisfy the given condition in the case
equal to = 668 and also each will be equal
3
1rd
when k is the largest side.
to
3
the altitude. Thus, altitude = 2004. If 𝑘𝑘 is not the largest side, then 112 + k 2 <
152 i. e. k ≤ 10. Also, 11 + 𝑘𝑘 > 15 i.e. 𝑘𝑘 > 4.
Thus, 𝑘𝑘 can take 6 more integral values.
Thus, in all k can assume 6 + 7 = 13 integral
values.
61. Let the sides of the triangle be a – d, a, a + d. 62. If the interior angle is an acute angle then the
P a g e | 52
(d) Thus the perimeter of the equilateral triangle = (b) exterior angle is an obtuse angle. Also since sum
3a and each side of the equilateral triangle = a. of the exterior angle is 300 degrees at maximum
Area of the triangle can be found using Heron’s there can be just three exterior angles that can
3th be obtuse. Thus, at maximum only three interior
formula and equating it to the area of the
5 angles can be acute.
equilateral triangle, we get. . . . .
�1.5𝑎𝑎 × 0.5𝑎𝑎 × (0.5𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎) × (0.5𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎) = 63. Since nothing is specified about the triangle and
3 √3
× × 𝑎𝑎 2 (a) since P could be any point in the interior of the
5 4
9 3 triangle, lets assume ABC
⇒ 0.75𝑎𝑎2 × (0.25𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 2 ) = × 𝑎𝑎4 ⇒
25 16 to be an equilateral
75𝑎𝑎4 − 300𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 2 = 27𝑎𝑎4 triangle and P to be the
⇒ 48𝑎𝑎2 = 300𝑎𝑎 2 ⇒ 4𝑎𝑎2 = 25𝑎𝑎 2 ⇒ 2𝑎𝑎 = centroid. If there is a
5𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑎𝑎 = 2.5𝑎𝑎 specific ratio, as the
Thus, the sides are 1.5d, 2.5d, 3.5d and the answer choices suggest,
required ratio is 3 : 5 : 7. the ratio should also be
64. Triangle with sides 6, 8 and 10 is a right angle valid for this assumption of ours and so it will
(c) triangle and for this triangle we should already make our job much easier.
know that the in-radius is 2 and the circum- With these assumptions, triangle ABC and XYZ
center will be the mid-point of the hypotenuse. would be as follows. . . .
One novel way to solve some questions like this Point P will be the centroid of both the triangles,
is through the use of co-ordinates. Assuming XYZ and ABC. Thus XP and AP would be the
that the right angle is at the origin of an X-Y circum-radius of the two triangles and since the
plane and the perpendicular sides along the two triangles are similar, the ratio of the sides of
axis, the co-ordinates of the vertices of the XYZ and ABC will be same as the ratio of XP : AP.
triangle would be (0, 0), (0, 8) and (6, 0). The co- Since X is the circum-radius of right angle
ordinates of the centroid would triangle PAN, X would be the midpoint of the
0+0+6 0+8+0 8
be � , � 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. �2, �. The co-ordinates hypotenuse AP i.e. the ratio XP : AP ( and the
3 3 3
of the in-center would be (2, 2). Since the ratio of sides of triangle XYZ and ABC) would be
circum-center is the midpoint of (0, 8) and (6, 1 : 2. Thus the required ratio of the areas would
0), its co-ordinates would be (3, 4). be 1 : 4.
Thus, we need to find the area of triangle with 65. Let QX = XR = 𝑎𝑎 and QY = YP = b.
co-ordinates (2, 2), �2, � and (3, 4). Say A, B (c) Applying Pythagoras theorem in triangle PQR,
8
3 we have 4𝑎𝑎2 + 4𝑏𝑏 2 = 25
and C respectively. It should be observed that
Also, applying Pythagoras theorem in triangle
AB is a vertical line (since x co-ordinates of both 45
8 2 PQX, 4b2 + a2 =
the point is 2) and its length is − 2 = . Also 4
55
3 3
the perpendicular from C to AB would be a Subtracting these two we have 3a2 = ⇒
4
55 5
horizontal line of length 3 – 2 = 1. Thus a2 = and b2 = .
12 3
considering AB as base, area of ABC would be We have to find RY and its length is given by
1 2 1
× ×1= . 55 5
2 3 3 √4𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 = � 3 + 3
= √20 = 2√5
66. Let angle GEI be θ degrees. Since 67. 1
∠𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = × 90 = 30. Thus triangle
3
(e) angle GEF is 90 degrees, so angle (e) CEB and triangle CFD are 30-60-90 triangles.
IEF will be 90 – θ. Also since angle
Since BE = 6, hence BC = 6√3. Also DF =
IEH is 90 degrees, angle FEH is
also θ degrees. Thus, the triangles 6√3 − 2. 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = �6√3 – 2�√3 = 18 − 2√3
EIG and EHF are similar. Further since Area of rectangle ABCD = 6√3 × �18 − 2√3� =
corresponding sides EI and EH are equal, hence, 108√3 − 36 = 108 × 1.7 − 36 = 183.6 −
triangle EIG and EHF are congruent and have 36 = 147.6.
the same area. Thus area of GEFC is equal to
P a g e | 53
1th
the area of IEHC and this will be the area of
4
1
the square i.e. × 121 = 30.25.
4
68. Consider ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 𝑎𝑎. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 69. Area of triangle ABE and triangle ECD =
(d) 180 − 2 𝑎𝑎. (c) 1
× 2 × 1 = 1.
If ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∅. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 180 − 2
Thus area of triangle BEC = 4 – 1 – 1 = 2. The area
2𝜑𝜑 1
In triangle ABE. Since angle AEB is 90 degrees, of triangle BEC is also given by × BE × FC and
2
1 4
hence Thus × √5 × FC = 2 ⇒ FC =
2 √5
∠𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + ∠𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 90 Applying Pythagoras Theorem in triangle BFC, BF
⇒ 180 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 180 − 2∅ = 90 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎+ = 135.
4 16 2
= �22 − ( )2 = �4 − = .
√5 5 √5
1 1
Area of triangle BFC = × 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 × 𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 = ×
2 2
2 4 4
× = & Area of quadrilateral DEFC =
√5 √5 5
4 11
4−1− = .
5 5
70. Since angle APB is twice 71. Let r be the radius of the base circle if the
(d) the angle ACB, we can (a) cylinder and the cone and the radius of the
consider points ABC to sphere. Thus, the height of the cylinder and the
lie on a circle with P as cone = 2r.
center . . . . 2πr 3 4πr 3
A= and M = 2πr 3 and C = . Thus, A :
Since PB = 3 is the radius 3 3
M : C is 2 : 6 : 4.Thus A – M + C = 0.
of the circle, PE = 3.
DE × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × CD = (3
+ 2) × (3 − 2) = 9 − 1 = 8.
72. Triangle ABD is also a 30- 73. Since tangents from an external point are equal,
(b) 60-90 triangle and thus (a) BD = BF = 36 and DC = CE =
AD = 2√3 and BD = √3. 48. Let AF = FE = x.
Also since BI is angle Now the area of a triangle is
bisector, =
AI 3
= given by r × s and also by
ID √3 the Heron’s formula,
√3 √3 6
. Thus AI = × 2√3 = . �𝑏𝑏(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑒𝑒),
1 1+ √3 1+ √3
74. The most efficient solution to this problem is where r is the in-radius (24
(d) that since triangle AGF is similar to triangle ABE in this example), s is the semi-perimeter and a, b,
and triangle ABE is similar to triangle ACD and c are sides of the triangle. The semi-perimeter in
further since the two pairs of similar triangle this example is 84 + x
are formed in a like-wise manner i.e. FB being Equating the areas found by the above two
c b approaches,
parallel to EC, hence = ⇒ b2 = ac.
b a
24×(84+x)= �(84 + 𝑥𝑥) × 𝑥𝑥 × 48 × 36 = 24 ×
24 × (84 + 𝑥𝑥)2 = (84 + 𝑥𝑥) × 𝑥𝑥 ×
48 × 36 = (84 + 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 × 3 = 𝑥𝑥 + 42
Thus, the other two sides are 36 – 42 = 78 and 48
+ 42 = 90.
75. In the above diagram, we have made use of the 76. a+b−c
As found in solution to question 75, r = (in
2
(c) fact that tangents from an external point are (a)
this question c is the hypotenuse and not b). Also
equal. Thus we have (𝑒𝑒 − 𝑟𝑟) + (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑟𝑟) = 𝑏𝑏 ⇒
𝑎𝑎+𝑒𝑒−𝑏𝑏 in a right angle triangle, circum-radii is half the
𝑟𝑟 = hypotenuse i.e. R = .
c
2
2
Practical Method: Thus 2(r + R) = a + b
P a g e | 54
A practical solution to this problem is by 77. DC AD DC
Applying sine rule, = ⇒ 1 =
sin 45 sin 30
considering the right (a) √2
35
angle triangle 3, 4, 5 1 ⇒ DC = 35√2
where-in know that 2
the in-radius is I.
Putting a = 3, b = 5
and c = 4, the option
choices boil down to (a) 6, (b) 12 and (c) I. Thus
one can be sure that (a) and (b) are not the
answers. To check if (c) is the correct answer,
one can also try out triangle 5, 12, 13 where the
in-radius is 2.
78. In the figure there are four 79. Having found TR = 4√3, we know that in each
(e) right angle triangle and all (a) triangle, the ratio of side opposite to 𝑎𝑎 and the
four are similar because side opposite to 90 – θ and the hypotenuse have
each has angles θ, 90 – θ, to be in the ratio
90. In this question, the only
difficult aspect is to identify 4 : 4√3 ∶ �42 + (4√3)2 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 1 ∶ √3 : 2. 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. each
which pair of similar triangles and ratio of which is a 30-60-90 triangle.
sides should I start with. One way out is to In ∆ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄, hypotenuse (side corresponding to 2)
quickly write the corresponding sides of all the has a length of 8√3 and thus PQ (side
triangles…….. 24
corresponding to 2) will have a length of and
Side side Hypotenuse √13
36
opposite opposite QR (side corresponding to 3) will length of .
√13
to θ to 90 – θ
80. Since area of square BEDC = area of triangle AEB,
∆ 𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 TU = 4 TR UR
(b) hence ratio of area of area of triangle AEB and
∆𝑋𝑋𝑃𝑃𝑋𝑋 QL QX XU = 8
triangle BEC will be 2 : 1. Thus, ratio of AE : EC is
∆𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 PQ QR = QU + PR = 2 × 𝑇𝑇𝑄𝑄
UR also 2 : 1 (they are the base of the triangles AEB
∆𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 PT = TR XT = 12 PX = PQ + QX and BEC and the heights of the triangles are
equal)
Now one can select any two rows and two If x is the side of the square, EB = x and EC = √2𝑥𝑥
columns such that three of the quantities are and AE = 2√2𝑥𝑥.
known and the fourth can be found. Also since angle BEC is 45, angle AEB will be 135.
𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑄𝑄 Applying cosine rule in triangle AEB,
Considering ∆ 𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∆𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃, = ⇒
𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑇 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇 (2√2𝑥𝑥)2 + x 2 − (√130)2 1
4
=
𝑇𝑇𝑄𝑄
⇒ 𝑇𝑇𝑄𝑄 = 4√4. Thus, hypotenuse PR = cos 135 = ⇒ − =
𝑇𝑇𝑄𝑄 12
2 ×2√2𝑥𝑥 ×𝑥𝑥 √2
9x 2 − 130
8√3. ⇒ x 2 = 10
4√2𝑥𝑥 2
Thus area of the square = 10
81. Let the sides of the rectangle, PS be x and PQ be 82. The sides of the squares would be IU,
(c) y. (b) 10 10 10
, , … … . i. e. a GP with first term being 10
√2 2 2√2
From the first data given we have, PR = 5x – y. 1
But PR2 = PQ2 + PS 2 . Hence 25x 2 − 10xy + and common ratio being . The areas are going
√2
x to be a GP with first term being 100 and
y 2 = x 2 + y 2 i. e. 24x 2 = 10xy i. e. =
y
5 common ratio being
. Thus the sides of the rectangle can be re- 1 7
12 . Since 2° = 64 (less than 100) and 2 =
2
assumed as 5k, 12k and the diagonal PR will be
128 (more than 100), the 8th term in the
13k. Putting these values in the second data
sequence of the area will be less than 1.
given 13k – 5k = 8 gives us the value of k = 1.
Thus the area = 60k 2 = 60.
P a g e | 55
83. Since PL : PS is given to be 4 : 3, hence LS : PS is 84. Since Area of triangle PMS
(b) 1 : 3. If LS = k, PS = 3k. (a) and NMP are in ratio 1 : 3,
And hence RQ = 3k hence SM : MN is also 1 : 3
(opposite sides of a (both are base of the
rectangle). Since M is the triangles and the heights
mid-point of RQ, MR = to these base are equal). Also since triangle PMS
1.5k. and RNQ are congruent (both are right angle
Triangle PRT and LST are similar (right angle triangle and also angle PSQ = angle RQS and SP =
triangle with a pair of opposite angles). Thus QR), length NQ is same as MS. Thus ratio of
ST LS 1 2 lengths of SM : MN : NQ is 1 : 3 : 1. Thus area of
= = = . If RT = 3n, then ST =
TR MR 1.5 3
triangle PNQ will be one fifth the area of triangle
2n n = and hence RS = 5n.
Area of the rectangle = 5n × 3𝑘𝑘 = PQS which in turn is half the area of the
1 rectangle. Thus required answer is 10 sq. cm.
15𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇 = ×
2
9
1.5𝑘𝑘 × 3𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑘𝑒𝑒.
4
9
Thus the required ratio ∶ 15 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 3 ∶ 20
4
85. Area of triangle ABC is one fourth the area of 86. As done in the area earlier question, area of
(a) the square. (b) square = 20a and the four smaller triangles add
Ratio of each shaded area to up to 4a and the four trapeziums add up to 12a.
each trapezium is 1 : 3 Thus the parallelogram in middle (actually a
(triangles are similar and the square) will have an area of 4a units. So the
ratio of the sides is 2 : 1 and 4 1
required fraction is =
20 5
thus ratio of area will be 4 : 1 and so ratio of
smaller triangle to the trapezium is 1 : 3).
Thus if each shaded area is a units, the
trapezium will be 3a units and triangle ABC will
be 5a units and the area of the square will be
4 1
20a units. So required fraction = =
20 5
87. PA2 = b2 − d2 ……… (i) 88. Let BC = a and AB = c, find x +
(c) PB 2 = b2 + c 2 ……… (ii) (b) 1 πa 2
y = 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒 and y + z =
2 4
PC 2 = a2 + c 2 ……… (iii)
Subtracting the two relations,
PD2 = a2 + d2 ……… (iv) 𝑎𝑎
x – y = × (2𝑒𝑒 −
Subtracting (i) from (ii) 4
PB 2 − PA2 = c 2 − d2 ……….(v) 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎). 𝐴𝐴𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑧𝑧,
𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋
Subtracting (iv) from (iii) Hence 2c – 𝜋𝜋a = 0 ⇒ = .
𝑎𝑎 2
PC 2 − PD2 = c 2 − d2 ………..(vi)
From (v) and (vi)
PC 2 − PD2 = PB 2 − PA2 i. e. PA2 + PC 2

= PB 2 + PD2
Substituting the values, 22 + 102 = 32 +
PD2 i. e. PD2 = 95 i. e. PD = √95
89. The above figure shows part of the hexagon 90. Practical solution: If P and Q are equidistant
(c) with a side of it being AD and the twelve sided (b) from the origin then the triangle POQ would be
polygon with sides BC and CE. an isosceles right angle triangle and the radius
If x is the side of the twelve sided polygon, then OQ, where O is the center of the circle would be
BC = CE = x. Draw DF a perpendicular to CE. perpendicular to PQ and thus PQ will be parallel
P a g e | 56
Angle CDF will be 60 degrees and the interior to the tangent at O. Thus
angle of a regular hexagon is 120 degrees. Thus distance p = q = r and so
triangle CFD will be a 30-60-90 triangle with substituting p = q in the
side opposite to 60 degrees, options we should arrive at
𝑥𝑥
CF = . the diameter being 2p. Only
2
Hence, side opposite to 90 option (b) satisfies this.
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥
degrees, CD = × = .
2 √3 √3
𝑥𝑥
Similarly AB will also be and
√3
2𝑥𝑥 91. Let the wire be bent into a sector of radius r and
the side of the hexagon AD = x + .
12 ×x
√3
2 (b) having a central angle of θ°.
Thus the required ratio = = = θ θ 20−2r
6 ×�x+
2x
√3
� �1+
2
√3
� Thus, 2r + × 2πr = 20 ⇒ = =
360 360 2πr
2√3 10−r
. πr
�√3+2�
𝑎𝑎 10−𝑟𝑟
2√3 We have to maximize, × 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. ×
Rationalising the denominator, = 360 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟
�√3+ 2�
𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. (10 − 𝑟𝑟)𝑟𝑟
2
2√3�2− √3�
= 4√3 − 6. (10 – r) × 𝑟𝑟 will be maximized when 10 – r = r i.e.
�2+ √3��2− √3�
r = 5.
Thus, maximum area = (10 – 5) × 5 = 25.
92. The easiest way to solve this question is to 93. The lines joining the centers of the three circles
(a) understand that the (a) will pass through the point of contact and will
rectangle in a semi-circle will form a triangle with sides 2× �√2 + 1�, �√2 +
have the maximum area 1) + 1 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 �√2 + 1� + 1 i.e. 2√2 + 2, √2 +
when it will be half of the
2 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 √2 + 2. Thus, it is a isosceles triangle and
square inscribed in the entire
further it is a isosceles right angle triangle since
circle.
(√2 + 2) × √2 = 2√2 + 2.
Since the radius of the circle is 1 unit, the sides
1 2 Thus the angles of the triangle are 45, 45 and 90
of the rectangle will be and and the degrees. And the lengths of the segments that
√2 √2
maximum area would be 1 sq. units. enclose the bounded region between the circles
90
are × 2𝜋𝜋 × 1 (segment of the smaller
360
45
circle) and × 2𝜋𝜋 × �√2 + 1� (each of the
360
segment of the larger circles). Thus required
𝜋𝜋
perimeter = �√2 + 2�.
2
94. 90 𝜋𝜋 95. The triangle formed in the figure is a 30-60-90
The area of sector ABD = × 𝜋𝜋 × 1 = 2
360 4
(b) 1 1 (c) triangle and thus the ratio of the radius of C1 and
The area of triangle ABD = × 1 × 1 = 2
2 2 C2 is 1 : i.e. √3 ∶ 2.
Thus, required area = 2 √3
𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋 The ratio of the
×� − �= −1
4 2 2 radius of
C2 and C3 as seen
in the figure is 1 :
96. We have to find the area of triangle ABC. 2 because the
(b) Triangle HDC and GFC are similar and the ratio ratio of the in-
of corresponding sides DH and FG is 4 : 1. Thus, radius and the circum-radius in a equilateral
if FC =k, then DC = 4k and hence DF = 3k. We triangle is in the ratio 1 : 2.
also know that DF = sum of radii = 8 + 2 = 10. This the ratio of the radii of C1 , C2 and c3 is
10
Thus, k = 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 =
10 40
𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = . √3 ∶ 2 ∶ 4 and the required ratio of area will be 3
3 3 3 : 16.
P a g e | 57
By, Pythagoras Theorem, 97. Again as soon as we draw a
HC = √𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 2 − 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹2 = (c) water image of the given figure,
10 2
and complete the entire picture,
��8 + 2 + � − 82 = most of the things that are
3
1024 32 intuitive to us, would be
� = 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 absolutely clear . . .
9 3
10 64 2 Since the radii of the smaller circles is 2 cm, the

GC = √𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 2 − 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 2 = �� − 22 = � = side of the square formed by the centers of the
3 9
8 circles will be 4 and the diagonal will be
3 4√2. Thus the diameter of the outside circle will
Next, HA = AE and also AE = AG, being tangents
be 4√2 + 4 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2√2 − 2.
from an external point.
𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵−𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵
Thus AE = HA = AG = = =4
2 2
1 1
Area of triangle ABC = × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = ×
2 2
10 64
8 × �2 + �= .
3 3
98. The area of the cap can be found as the area of 99. If CD = 2, the reach of OC,
(c) the sector minus the area of the triangle. Since (b) OB, OA and OD will be 1 as
the area of the circle is 4π and the area of the they are the radius. Also it
1 is given that AD = BC = 1.
sector involves the fraction , one can start by
3
assuming the central angle of the sector Thus, each of the triangles
as 120 degrees. OCB, ODA and OAB are equilateral triangle and
With this assumption, if a perpendicular is thus AB = 1. So the required ratio = 2 : 1.
drawn is from the center to the point of 100. 𝑥𝑥 × 15 = (6 − 𝑥𝑥) ×
tangency, the right angle triangle formed by the (a) 6 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 21𝑥𝑥 = 36 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 =
12
half the chord, the radius and distance of the . 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 , 𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃
7
12 30
chord from the center would be 30-60-90. Since =6– =
7 7
the radius = 2, the distance of the chord from
the center would be 1 and the distance 101. If is given that ∠𝐴𝐴𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 =
between the parallel lines would be 2-1 =1. This (b) ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 45°. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 ∠𝑃𝑃 =
is same as that given in the question. Thus our 90°. Further PQBA is a cyclic
assumption is right. quadrilateral and thus,
Half the length of the chord will be √3 and thus ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑄𝑄 = 90° 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑄𝑄 =
1
area of the triangle will be × 1 × 2√3 = √3. 45° (exterior angle in a cyclic
2
Thus area of the circular cap =
120
× 4𝜋𝜋 − quadrilateral is equal to the
360 remote interior angle).
𝜋𝜋
√3 = 4 3 − √3. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎 = 4 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 = 1
𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 Required sum is 5. In isosceles right angle triangle BAR, AB = AR = 3
and hence BR = 3√2.
PQ = QR = QB – BR = 3 + 3√2 . 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 =
√2 �3 − 3√2� = 6 − 3√2.
PA = PR – AB = 6 - 3√2 − 3 = 3 − 3√2.
102. Triangle DOE and DFC are similar 103. Since the placement of the circle with respect to
(b) (∠𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 = 90°). (a) the square is not specified,
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 6 𝑟𝑟 let’s place the circle such
Thus, = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑟𝑟 2 = 24, where r
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 2𝑟𝑟 8
is the radius of the circle. Thus, area of the that our calculation work is
circle = 24𝜋𝜋. minimized. In the following
P a g e | 58
104. B is the point on the figure, the circle is so placed that the line joining
(b) circle which is at a its center and the center of the square passes
distance of 1 units from through the vertex of the square. Thus, OAB is a
one side of the square quadrant of a circle with radius OA = OB = OO1 .
and 2 units from the Further OO1 = √2. Thus area of the quadrant
other side. If x is the 1 𝜋𝜋
OAB = × 𝜋𝜋 × 2 = .
radius of the circle, side of the square is 2x. 4 2
Also triangle OAB is a right angle triangle with

Thus area of the square that is not overlapping
sides (x - 1), (x – 2) and x. Thus, (x − 1)2 + 𝜋𝜋
with the circle = 4 – and area of the circle that
(x − 2)2 = x 2 . Solving this we get, x 2 − 6x + 2
𝜋𝜋
5 = 0 i. e. x = 1 or 5. Thus the side of the is not overlapping with the square = 9π – and
2
square could be 2 units or 10 units. And the the difference in these areas = 9π – 4.
area is 4 sq. units or 100 sq. uints. All this work was unnecessary. In whichever way
the circle is placed, if the area of common to the
square and the circle is A, then the required
difference = (9π – A) – (4 – A) = 9π – 4.
105. ∠𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑃𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋, exterior angle of a cyclic 106. If r1 , r2 and r3 are the radii of the three circles,
(d) quadrilateral. (b) then r1 + r2 = 8, r2 + r3 = 9, r3 + r1 = 13.
Hence triangle PAB is similar to triangle PYX Solving we get r1 = 6, r2 = 2 and r3 =
(angle P is common to the two triangles) 7. Thus the total area = π(62 + 22 + 72 ) =
𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃𝑋𝑋 21 89π.
Thus, = ⇒ 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 6 × = 18.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 7
107. 60 108. DC = 10 + 10 + 5 = 25. EC=5. Hence DE =
Area of sector PACB = × 𝜋𝜋 × 122 =
360
(a) √3
(a) √252 − 52 = 10√6.
24𝜋𝜋 & 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 = × 122 = Also DF = 10 + 10 + 10 =30.
4
36√3 Triangle DEC is similar to triangle DFG
Thus area of segment ABC = 24π – 36 √3 & Area (∠𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 = 90°).
1 Hence
of the semi-circle ABD = × 𝜋𝜋 × 62 = 18𝜋𝜋.
2 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 30 15√6
Thus area of the required crescent = 18π – (24π = ⇒ 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 = 5 × = .
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 10√6 6
−36 √3) = 36√3 − 6𝜋𝜋
109. Solving ax + by + c = 0 and bx + cy + a = 0, we 110. The angle between the perpendicular side and
(b) a 2 − bc ab −c 2
get y = and x = . Since the lines are (c) the hypotenuse is 45 degrees since it is an
b 2 −ac ac − b 2 isosceles right angle triangle. If m is the slope of
concurrent, these values of x and y also satisfy
either of the two perpendicular side, then, using
cx + ay + b = 0.
𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 −𝑒𝑒 2 𝑎𝑎 2 −𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒
the formula – if angle between two lines of
Thus, 𝑒𝑒 × + 𝑎𝑎 × + 𝑏𝑏 = 0 slopes m1 and m2 is θ, then, ten θ = �
m 1 +m 2
� -
𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒 −𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏 2 −𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒
−abc +a 3 +b 3 −abc +b 2 −abc 1−m 1 m 2
=0⇒a +b +c = 3 3 3 𝑠𝑠 +3
b 2 −ac we get, tan 45 = � � ⇒ 𝑠𝑠 + 3 = 3𝑠𝑠 − 1 ⇒
1−3𝑠𝑠
3abc.
𝑠𝑠 = 2. Thus the slopes of the perpendicular
Using, a3 + b3 + c 3 = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + 1
c 2 − ab − bc − ac) + 3abc, we get either (a + b sides are 2 and − (for perpendicular sides, the
2
+ c) =0 or else (a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ab) = product of the slopes will be -1)
0. But, (a + b + c) cannot be equal to zero as
they are the length of sides of a triangle and
hence (a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac) = 0. But
this is possible only if a = b = c. Thus, the
triangle is equilateral.
P a g e | 59
111. In this question, one should realize that the 112. Same from 111
(c) surface of the flower-pot will be in contact with (a)
the ground and hence in the following figure,
AB = l and not
CD.
This is a
straightforward
case of the two
triangles being
similar with
ratio
corresponding sides being a: b. Thus,
r0 : r1 is a ∶ b.
al
Since r0 − r1 = l, hence r0 = .
a−b
113. Triangle ABC is similar to triangle EGF and the 114. The interior angle of a pentagon is 108 degrees.
(d) ratio of their areas is 1 : 5. Hence the ratio AC : (b) Thus, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 108. Since BC = DC, hence
EF is √5 ∶ 1. Also because of the symmetric triangle DCB will also be an
√5−1 isosceles triangle and
pattern, AE = FC = . Thus the ratio AE : EF :
2 hence ∠𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 =∠𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 36.
FC is By the same logic we can
√5−1 √5−1
∶1∶ i.e.(√5 − 1) ∶ 2: �√5 − 1�. also arrive at ∠𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 =
2 2
115. DC = 10. Since circle is tangential to DC at its 36. Thus, triangle DFC will
(d) midpoint, DH=5. be an isosceles triangle
Since DH and DE are with ∠𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 =
tangents to the circle 108° 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠.
from an external Also, triangle BFC will also be an isosceles
point they are equal triangle with two angles being equal to 72 and
and thus DE = 5. hence BF = BC = 1
By the same logic, AE Angles in both triangles DFC and DCB will be 108,
= 15. 36 and 36 and hence they will be similar and
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴−𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 hence,
Thus, AD = 15+5=20 and AJ= =10 1+x 1 −1±√5
2
= ⇒ x2 + x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
1 x 2
Thus in right triangle AFD, AJ = 10 and Taking the positive value, x =
hypotenuse AD = 20. Hence it is a 30-60-90 √5−1 √5+1
and the length of the diagonal = .
2 2
triangle and hence DJ = 10√3.
But DJ is also equal to the diameter of the in-
circle and hence the required radius is 5√3.
116. In the above figure OD 117. If ro and r1 are the radius of the outer and inner
(d) and OA are the radii of (b) circle respectively, then, the required difference
the circle and hence between the area is (r02 − r12 ).
are equal to each Further applying Pythagoras Theorem in the
other. Hence right angle formed by the tangent and the radii
DE 2 + EO2 = AF 2 + to the two circles, we get r02 − r12 =
OF 2 Further, O is the r 2 . Thus, the required answer is πx 2 .
center of the in-circle 118. The diagonals of the quadrilateral BEDF would
and as found in the above solution Oi E =Oi F = (a) also bisect at right angles and hence the
5√3. We need to find the distance between the quadrilateral would also be a rhombus. The
two centers, O and O1 , say x. length of its diagonal EF would be half the length
Substituting the values ….. of the diagonal, AC, of the original rhombus. Its
P a g e | 60
2 2 other diagonal, BD, would be equal to the other
52 + �5√3 + 𝑥𝑥� = 152 + �5√3 − 𝑥𝑥� ⇒
10 diagonal of the original rhombus.
20√3𝑥𝑥 = 200 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 =
√3 Thus, using the formula, area of a diagonal =
1
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 , the area of rhombus BEDF would be half
2 1 2
the area of the rhombus ABCD and would thus
be 12.5 sq. units.
119. If the side of square ABCD is 2 units, then, EA = 120. AG is the diameter of the
(b) CG = 2 unit and DH = BF = 3 units. (b) circle because angle ABG is
Thus, area of each of the triangles EAH and GCF a right angle triangle and
1 angle in a semi-circle is a
is × 2 × 5 = 5 and area of each of the
2
1 right angle.
triangles is × 3 × 4 = 6.
2 Also since side DC is tangent
Thus, the area of quadrilateral EFGH will be at its midpoint to the circle hence EF
2× 5 + 2 × 6 + 4 = 26. perpendicular to CD at F is also going to pass
Thus ratio of area of square ABCD and through the center. Thus the center of the circle
quadrilateral EFGH is 2 : 13. And since area of is O.
quadrilateral EFGH is 104 sq. units, the area of Applying Pythagoras Theorem in right triangle
square ABCD is 16. AEO, 62 + (9 − r)2 = r 2 i. e. 36 + 81 − 18r +
117
r 2 = r 2 i. e. r = and the required diameter
18
117
will be
9
121. The figure 122. For a box to be

(c) below (c) formed the
reproduces dimensions shown in
only that part the following figure
of the given have to be equal, say
diagram that is relevant to the solution. x.
FH is drawn perpendicular to side BC. Measure The volume of the
of angle BFC will be same as that of EFG i.e. 120 box, 𝑉𝑉 = (12 − 2𝑥𝑥) × (6 − 𝑥𝑥) × 𝑥𝑥 and this has
degrees and thus angle BFH will be 60 degrees. to be maximized.
Thus right angle triangle BFH is a 30-60-90 𝑉𝑉 = 2 × (6 − 𝑥𝑥) × (6 − 𝑥𝑥) × 𝑥𝑥 = (6 − 𝑥𝑥) ×
1
triangle with BH = . Thus, BF = .
1 (6 − 𝑥𝑥) × 2𝑥𝑥
2 √3 Since the sum of (6 − 𝑥𝑥), (6 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 2𝑥𝑥 is a
1
By the same logic GD = . Next in outer constant 12, the product will be maximized
√3
hexagon, BD = 2 × = √3
√3 when they are all equal to 4 i.e.(6 − 𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 =
2 4𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and the volume in this case will be 64
Now, FG can be found as BD-BF-GD =
2 1 cubic units.
√3 − = .
√3 √3
123. 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 99 + 21 = 110. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝐵𝐵𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴 = 55. 124. Let O be the center of the circle
(a) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 77 + 27 = 104. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑎𝑎, 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = (d) Since angles OBD and OCD are right angles,
52 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 52 − 27 = 25. hence measure of angle
And since OFGE is a rectangle, GF = 25. BOC is 180−𝑎𝑎. And hence measure of angle BAC
𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 2 + 𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 2 = will be 90 – .
𝑎𝑎
252 + 552 = 625 + 2
3025 = 3650 In isosceles triangle ABC.
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 =
Hence 𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 5 × √146. 𝑎𝑎
180−�90− � 𝑎𝑎
2
= 45 + .
2 4
But it is given that
𝑎𝑎 180
45+ = 2𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎 =
4 7
P a g e | 61
The second scenario is when A is on minor are
BC, as shown by dotted line.
𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
In this case angle ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1 𝐵𝐵 = =
2
360−(180−𝑎𝑎) 𝑎𝑎
= 90 + .
2 2
In isosceles triangle ABC, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 =
𝑎𝑎
180−�90+ � 𝑎𝑎
2
= 45 − .
2 4
𝑎𝑎 180
But it is given that 45 − = 2𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎 =
4 9
125. Length of the direct common tangent, CD=EF= 126. If the diameter of the circle is 10k, then since E
(c) 2 2 (a) divides AB in the ratio 3 :
��8√3� − �5√3 − √3� = √192 − 48 =
2, hence AE = 6k and EB
√144 = 12 = 4k. Also AO = 5k.
To find the curved length 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵, we Hence OE = 6k – 5k = 1
need to know the Triangles AME, OFE and
angles DBE and BNE are smilar because they all are right angle
reflex angle FAC. triangle and ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 being vertically
In right triangle opposite angle. Thus the ratio of the
AGB, AG = corresponding sides ME, OFE and BE is 6k : k : 4k
5√3 − √3 = : i.e. 6 : 1 : 4. Hence EM : EF : EN will also be 6 : 1
4√3, : 4. The ratio of MF : FN will be (6 – 1) : (4 + 1) i.e.
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 12 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 8√3. Since the ratio 1 : 1. Thus MF = FN.
of the sides is 1 : √3 ∶ 2. Thus the triangle is a
Further F is the mid-point of chord CD and hence
30-60-90 triangle. And
CF = FD. CM = CF – MF and DN = DF – FN. Since
∠𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 60° 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 30°.
CF = DF and MF = FN, hence CM = ND.
Thus reflex angle CAF is 360 – 120 = 240 and
Thus the required ratio of CN and DM will be CM
angle DBE will be 360 – 90 – 60 – 90 = 120.
+ MN : DN + MN i.e. 1 : 1.
Thus the lengths of the belt over the arcs DxE
120 240
and FyC are × 2𝜋𝜋 × √3 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 × 2𝜋𝜋 ×
360 360
2𝜋𝜋 20𝜋𝜋
5√3 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 .
3 3
2𝜋𝜋
Thus the length of the belt will be 12 + +
3
20𝜋𝜋 22𝜋𝜋
12 + = 24 + .
3 3
127. BD = 7 and BC = 25. Hence DC = √252 − 72 = 128. Since angle DAB is 15 degrees, so will angle BCA
(c) √625 − 49 = √576 = 24 (c) because of alternate segment theorem.
In isosceles triangle ABC, since angle BCA is
Since AF is parallel to BD and CD is found to be 15 degrees, angle BAC will also be 15
perpendicular to BD, hence angle CFE will also degrees. BC subtends 15 degrees at the
be 90 degrees. circumference and hence will subtend 30
degrees at the center. If n is the number of sides
If ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 𝑎𝑎, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 90 − 𝑎𝑎. Angle FEC will of the regular polygon of which BC is a side,
also be 90 – θ as it is the vertically opposite angle subtended at the center by any side of
angle. Then angles in triangles ABE, CFE and the polygon at the center will be
360 360
CDB will be θ, 90 – θ, 90. Thus all three triangles 𝑒𝑒
. 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏,
𝑒𝑒
= 30 ⇒ 𝑒𝑒 = 12
P a g e | 62
will be similar. Taking ratio of corresponding 129. Since triangles AOB and COD are similar and the
sides of triangle ABE and CDB, we have (c) ratio of corresponding sides are in the ratio 12 :
8, the ratio AE : ED
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 60 125 will be also be 12 :
= ⇒ 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 25 × =
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 24 2
8. 8n
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 60 35 Triangles GDC and 12n
Also, = ⇒ 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 7 × = . 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = GAB are similar
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 24 2
triangles. Hence the
35 15 ratio GD : GA will be
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 − 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 25 − =
2 2 8 : 12 i.e. 2 : 3
15
Thus, if GD = 8n, then AD = 12n – 8n = 4n. But
𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 3 since AD is divided by E in ratio 3 : 2, hence DE =
Since = 2 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. ,
𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 25 10 2 8
𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 3 21 × 4𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒𝑒.
5 5
ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 10 10
8
125
Thus, the ratio GD : GE will be 8 : �8 + � i. e. 5: 6
5
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 625
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡, = 2
21 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. . Since triangles GDC and GEF are similar, hence
𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 21 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 6 6 48
10
= ⇒ 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 = 8 × = .
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 5 5 5
130. If angle FAB is θ degrees 131. In right angle triangle PQO, OP = radius = 3, OQ =
(a) then angle ADE will also (a) half the breadth of the
be θ degrees (because rectangle = .
3
2
triangle AFB and DEA Thus, OQ is half the
are congruent) length of the
In right triangle DAE, hypotenuse, and hence the triangle is a 30-60-90
since angle ADE is θ degrees, angle DEA will be triangle with angle POQ being 60 degrees. Thus
90 – θ degrees. Thus in triangle AIE, angle IAE is angle POR =120 degrees.
θ and angle AIE is 90 – θ degrees. Hence angle 120
Thus area of the sector, OPxRO = × 𝜋𝜋 ×
AIE has to be 90 degrees. Thus triangle AIE and 360
2
triangle ABF are similar and the ratio of the 3 = 3𝜋𝜋.
√3
corresponding sides AF : AE is √5 ∶ 1. Hence the Also, PQ = × 3, being side opposite to 60
2
ratio of the areas will be 5 : 1. Since the area of degrees angle in a 30-60-90 triangle. Thus, PR =
triangle ABF is 1 sq. unit, area of triangle AIE is 3√3.
1
𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟. 𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏. 1 3 9√3
5 Area of triangle OPR = × × 3√3 =
2 2 4
Area of the circle that lies outside the rectangle
(both the parts viz. above and below the
9√3 9√3
rectangle) = 2 × �3𝜋𝜋 − � = 6𝜋𝜋 −
4 2
Thus area of the circle common to the rectangle
9√3 9√3
= 9𝜋𝜋 − �6𝜋𝜋 − � = 3𝜋𝜋 − .
2 2
132. Angle ABC will be 30 degrees and hence triangle 133. Triangles ABF and CDF are similar (AB is parallel
(a) ABD will be a 30-60-90 (b) to CD) and the ratio GF : FH is 3 : 2. So will the
triangle with hypotenuse ratio AE : ED : also be 3 : 2.
being 1 unit. Thus, Triangle ABD and EFD are similar and hence
1 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 2 12
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = ⇒ 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 = 6 × = .
2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 5 5
√3 134. The crease will be the perpendicular bisector of
𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = √3
2 (b) the diagonal AC. Let E be the midpoint of the
1 1 √3
Area of triangle ABC = × × √3 = and its diagonal AC and F be the point of the crease on
2 2 4
side AB. Thus, right triangles AEF and ABC are
P a g e | 63
semi-perimeter will be .
2+√3 similar. Since sides of triangle ABC are in the
2 ratio 3 : 4 : 5, corresponding sides of triangle AEF
Using the formula, A = 𝑟𝑟 × 𝑏𝑏, we get the radius
will also be in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. But actual length
of the in-circle,
of AE (side corresponding to 4) is 5 cm. Hence
√3�
√3 2√3−3 3 length of EF (side corresponding to 3) will be
𝑟𝑟 = 4
= = = √3 − .
2+√3�2 2�2+√3� 2 2 3 15
× 5 = . thus length of the crease =
4 4
15 15
2× = .
4 2
135. Since G is the point of 136. Area of the sectors FEHJ and EFGJ are equal as
(d) tangency, the (d) both are sectors of circle with radius 2 units and
perpendicular drawn at G central angle 60 degrees. If each of this area is
would pass through the denoted by S and the area of the triangle is
center i.e. would pass denoted by T, the required area would be 2S – T.
through G. Thus, ABEG 1 √3
Thus the required area = 2 × × 𝜋𝜋 × 4 − ×
would form a rectangle. Since radius of the arc 6 4
4𝜋𝜋
EHJ is FH, it will be equal to the side of the 4= − √3.
3
square i.e. it will be 2 units. Thus, all the radii,
FE=FH =FJ=2 units. 137. If angle PBQ is θ
Similarly, the perpendicular drawn at H would (a) degrees, then angle
pass through F. Thus AHFD would also be a PQB is 90 – θ degrees.
rectangle. Since the radius of the arc FGJ is EG it Since angle BQC is 90
will be equal to the side of the square i.e. it degrees, hence CQR is
would be 2 units. Thus, all the radii EF = EG = EJ also θ degrees. Hence triangle BPQ and QRC are
= 2 units. similar triangles. Hence,
Thus, the triangle EFJ will be an equilateral
triangle of side 2 units. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴
= ⇒ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 × 𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄 = 2 × 8 = 16.
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄
Next, triangle AFD will be congruent to triangle
PQ + QR = 8. Solving the two relations between
AEB because both are right angle triangles
PQ and QR, we get PQ = QR = 4 and hence the
having the side of the square as one
required the required ratio 1 : 1.
perpendicular side and radius of the arc EF as
the hypotenuse. Thus FD = EB = x, say. Thus, CF
138. The angles of triangle
= CE = 2 – x. And since triangle FCE is a right
(a) DEF will be 180 – 2a,
angle isosceles triangle. Thus, (2 − 𝑥𝑥) × √2 =
180 – 2b and 180 – 2c.
2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 2 − √2. And now one can find the Since sum of interior
radius of the arc EF using Pythagoras Theorem angles of a triangle is
applied in right triangle 180, we get 540 – 2
AEB: AE 2 = 22 + (2 − √2)2 = 10 − 4√2 ⇒ × (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑒𝑒) = 180 which gives us, 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 +
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = �10 − 4√2 𝑒𝑒 = 180.
Thus, in triangle ADF, angle A will be c, in triangle
BED, angle B will be 𝑎𝑎 and in triangle CEF, angle C
will be b degrees.
Thus, angles of triangle ABC, ADF, BED and CFE
are all a, b and c degrees. Hence all three are
similar. Further the given ratio (BE : EF : FA : AB)
is of the sides of these triangles that are each
opposite to the angle measuring b degrees.
Thus, all these sides are corresponding sides.
Thus the ratio of the areas of triangles BED, CEF,
ADF and ABC is 4 : 9 : 16 : 49. Thus the ratio of
the area of triangle ABC and that of triangle DEF
P a g e | 64
is 49 : (49 – 16 – 9 – 4) i.e. 49 : 20.
139. Since the eight points are equidistant, each 140. If the altitude from A
(b) chord between consecutive points subtends a (b) is drawn, since
360° triangle ABC is an
angle of = 45 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟.
8
isosceles triangle, it
would intersect BC
Chord 38 subtends
at its mid-point. Thus E is the mid-point of BC
angle of 3 × 45 =
and BE = EC = 5.5. Thus ED =5.5 – 4 = 1.5.
135 degrees at the
Equating the length of AE as found by applying
center and hence
Pythagoras theorem in right triangles AED and
would subtend
135 AEC, we get:
= 67.5 at the circumference 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2 − 1.52 = 82 − 5.52 . 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴2 = 64 −
2
i.e. angle 348 is 67.5 degrees. 30.25 + 2.25 = 36 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6.
Chord 45 subtends 45 degrees at the center and
hence angle 485 is 22.5 degrees. Now angle 348
is the exterior angle in triangle 489 and thus is
sum of the interior angles i.e. of angle 485 and
495. Hence angle 495 = 67.5 – 22.5 = 45
degrees.
141. Draw CA and BD such that the quadrilateral 142. ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 being exterior and remote
(b) ABCD is divided into (c) interior angle of cyclic quadrilateral BCDE. Thus
four non-overlapping triangles ABC and ADE are similar and hence
triangles AJB, BJC, CJD 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 24+7.5
= ⇒ 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 9 × = 27.
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 10.5
and DJA. Let these
areas respectively be w,
143. Area of the rhombus =
x, y and z. 1
(c) × 10 × 24 = 120.
By mid-point theorem, FE is parallel to CA and 2
thus triangle BFE similar to triangle BCA and the Thus area of triangle ABC =
1
ratio of corresponding sides is 1 : 2. Thus the × 120 = 30.
4
area of triangle BFE is one-fourth of area of Also triangle ABC is a right
1
triangle ABC. Thus area of BFE = × (𝑤𝑤 + 𝑥𝑥). angle triangle since diagonals of a rhombus
4
By the same logic, area of CGF = ×
1 bisect at right angles. Since half the lengths of
4 the diagonals are 5 and 12, the side is 13.
1
(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠), 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 = × (𝑠𝑠 + 1 60
4 Thus, × 𝑟𝑟 × 13 = 30 ⇒ 𝑟𝑟 =
𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹=14×(𝑧𝑧+𝑤𝑤). 2 13
144. 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑠𝑠1 ), (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑠𝑠2 ) 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥3 , 𝑠𝑠3 ) are the
Thus sum of areas of triangles BFE, CGF, DGH (b) coordinates of the vertices of triangle, then
1 1 x 1 +x 2 x +x x +x
and AEH = × 2 × (𝑤𝑤 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠 + 𝑧𝑧) = × = 1; 2 3 = 4; 1 3 = 3. Solving these,
4 2 2 2 2
𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑢𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴. we get x1 = 0, x2 = 2 and x3 = 6
Thus the area of quadrilateral EFGH will be the Similarly we can get y1 = 3, y2 = −1 and y3 =
remaining half of the area of quadrilateral 7.
ABCD. Thus, the ratio of area of quadrilateral Thus the vertices of the triangle are
ABCD : EFGH is 2 : 1. Thus, if area of (0, 3), (2, −1) 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 (6, 7)
quadrilateral EFGH is 1 sq. units, the area of Using the formula, area of a triangle with
quadrilateral ABCD is 2 sq. units. vertices being
145. The horizontal distance between the vertices = 1
(𝑥𝑥1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) and (x3 , y3 ) is ×
1 1 2
(e) + 5 + = 6 and the vertical distance x1 y1 1
2 2
1 1
between the vertices = + 3 + = 4. Thus the �x2 y2 1�,
2 2 x3 y3 1
distance the vertices = √62 + 42 = √52 =
2√13.
P a g e | 65
146. Since side of triangle ABC is 8 units, AD = 1
we get the area of the triangle as
(d) √3 2
× 12 = 6√3. Since E is the mid-point of AD, 0 3 1
2
DE = 3 √3. × �2 −1 1�
Next, since FD is parallel 6 7 1
to AC, angle FDB is 60 1
=
degrees. Also angle B is 2
60 degrees. Thus triangle × [0 − 3 × (2 − 6) + 1
× (14 + 6)] = 16
BFD is also an equilateral
Alternately, area of the triangle formed by
triangle and FH would be
joining the midpoints =
the altitude. The side of triangle BFD would be
1 1 1
BD which is 6 since D is the mid-point of BC. 1 1
× �4 3 1� = × [1 × (3 − 5) − 1 ×
√3 2 2
Thus, FH = × 6 = 3√3 and since G is the 3 5 1
2
(4 − 3) + 1 × (20 − 9)] = 4. Now by joining
centroid, it divides FH in the ratio 2 : 1. Thus,
1 midpoints of any triangle we get a similar
GH = × 3√3 = √3. triangle with ratio of the area of the new triangle
3
Also HD is half of BD i.e. HD = 3. and original triangle being 1 : 4. Thus the area of
Thus in right triangle GJE, GJ = 3 and JE = the triangle is 4 × 4 = 16. By this method you
3√3 − √3 = 2√3. need not find the vertices of the triangle.
2 For those of you who are need to brush up find
Thus GE =�32 + �2√3� = √9 + 12 = √21. the value of a determinant:
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒
� 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑜𝑜� = 𝑎𝑎 × (𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 − ℎ𝑜𝑜) − 𝑏𝑏 × (𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜)
𝑒𝑒 ℎ 𝑒𝑒
+ 𝑒𝑒 × (𝑎𝑎ℎ − 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏)
147. In case the line BAC 148. Let the non-overlapping
(a) passes through the (b) area be 𝑎𝑎 and b sq. units as
centers of the two shown in the figure above.
circles, then BA and AC If s is side of the square,
would be the diameters then 4a + 4b =s 2 i.e.
and hence the required 𝑏𝑏 2 1 𝑏𝑏 2
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 a + 2b = = � � = a + 2b =
ratio would be 5 : 13. But since there is an 4 2 2
𝜋𝜋𝑏𝑏 2
option about the answer not being unique, let’s 4
find it when BAC does not pass through the (π−1)s 2
Subtracting the two equations, b = .
centers. 4
By tangent secant theorem angle BEA is equal Subtracting this in first equation,
𝑏𝑏 2 (𝜋𝜋−1)𝑏𝑏 2 (2−𝜋𝜋)𝑏𝑏 2
to angle PAB and similarly angle ADC is equal to 𝑎𝑎 = − = . Thus the required
4 4 4
QAC. But then angle QAC and PAB area equal 4𝑎𝑎 2−𝜋𝜋
ratio = = .
being vertically opposite angles. Thus, angle 4𝑏𝑏 𝜋𝜋−1
BEA and angle ADE are equal and so the
triangles BEA and CDA are similar. Taking the
ratios of corresponding sides, BA : AC :: EA : AD
i.e. ratio of BA and AC is same as that of the
diameters i.e. 5 : 13
149. When the coin B has turned one-quarter of a 150. Triangle BFH and BCE are similar (HF is parallel to
(d) circle, the point 3 will be in contact with coin A. (a) 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸 1
EC). Thus, = = .
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 3
From here when the coin turns one-quarter Triangle BHI and BEG are similar (HI is parallel to
more, the point 2 will be in contact and from 𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼 𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹 1
this point onwards, when the coin turns one- EG). Thus, = = .
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 3
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵
quarter more, the point 4 will be in contact with But EG = because G is the centroid and the
2
the coin A. centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1.
P a g e | 66
𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼 1 𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼 1 𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼 1 1 1
Thus, = ⇒ 𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = ⇒ = × = .
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 3 �2 3 𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 3 2 6
Answer key for Exercises

Exercise 1
1. 3.6 2. 1:1 3. 2:5 4. 1:5
5. 9:50 6. 7:1 7. 2:9 8. 5:8
Exercise 2
1. 100 2. 4 3. 48 < p < 78 4. 11
5. 180 6. 150 7. 36 8. 80
Exercise 3
1. 4 2. 32 3. 125 4. √105
5. 640/3 6. 7.5 7. 68/7 8. 4√3
Exercise 4
1. √2 2. 684 3. 2 + 2√2 4. 5/29
2 + √2
5. √2 + 1 6. √2 7. 1:3 8. 26
√2 − 1 1 + √2
9. 60 10. 1
1 + √3
Exercise 5
1. 56 2. 3:4 3. 16:25 4. ADE : DEGF
5. √104 6. 1 : 3 : 1 7. 5 8. 247
9. 82 10. √50
Exercise 6
1. 68 2. 160 3. 12:25 4. 2a
5. 2 + 2√2 6. 4 7. 52 8. 1:3
9×
3 + 2√2
Exercise 7
1. 4:5 2. 4 3. 21 4. 2
5. 3√3
4
Exercise 8
1. 25 2. 11 3. 20 4. 25
5. 22.5 6. 130 7. 27 8. 70
9. 18 10. 60 11. 100 12. 20/3, 15/4
13. 12+4π 14. 6√3 − 2𝜋𝜋 15. r/3
Exercise 9
1. 1:4 2. 40 mts 3. approx 16.66% 4. 6√14
5. √465 6. √1825 7. 18√2𝜋𝜋 8. 1
6√2
9. √161 10. 320π

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ANIL NAIR CLASSES

Thus, in the above figure, ∠1=∠5; ∠2 = ∠6; ∠3 = ∠4 = ∠8.

Thus, in the above figure. ∠1 = ∠7; ∠4 = ∠6; ∠2 = ∠8; ∠3 = ∠5.

Thus, in the above figure,∠2 + ∠5 = ∠3 + ∠8 = 180°

Since the two alternate If 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 180, then lines

Basic Proportionality Theorem

Joining AD (or you could also join BC)…

Sum of all interior angles of a triangle = 180°

Types of triangles based on angles

angled or Obtuse angled using the following. . .

For a Acute angled triangle, 𝑒𝑒 2 < 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2

For a right angled triangle, 𝑒𝑒 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2

For an obtuse angled triangle, 𝑒𝑒 2 > 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2

Types of triangles based on sides:

If D is the mid-point of BC then AD is perpendicular to BC. Conversely, if AD ⊥ BC, then D is the

Since AD = CD, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠.

Next, ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 is the exterior angle of

Relation between sides

(x - 1) + (2x – 4) > 4x – 12 ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 < 7

(x – 1) + (4x – 12) > 2x – 4 ⇒ 3𝑥𝑥 > 9 𝑒𝑒. 𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 > 3

Thus the range of values that x can assume is 3 < x < 7.

If ∠𝐴𝐴 = 40°, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴?

Four Lines and Four Points

Altitude: Line from the vertex perpendicular to the opposite side.

For any of these lines, the three lines of

Property 3: Apollonius theorem

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 2 = 2 × (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴2 )

Property 1: ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2 × ∠𝐴𝐴

Property 1: ∠𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 + ∠𝐴𝐴 = 180 °

Using Apollonius theorem, if the length of the median,

122 + 352 = 2 × �𝑥𝑥 2 + � � 2̇ � ⇒ 144 + 1225 = 2 × �𝑥𝑥 2 +

1369 1369 1369 37

We have ∠𝐵𝐵 = 40°, 𝑎𝑎𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 ∠𝐴𝐴 = 50°.

(√6)2 +(1+√3)2 −22 6+4+2√3−4

6+2√3 3+√3 3+√3 1

If side AD is assumed as x, then

62 +x 2 −22 92 +x 2 −32 32+x 2 72+x 2

Thus A =�56 × (56 − 14) × (56 − 48) × (56 − 50)

Hereafter finding the in-radius is same as the above method.

⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 28. 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 28.

Right Angle Triangles

(3, 4, 5) 2× (3, 4, 5) = (6, 8, 10)

3× (3, 4, 5) = (9, 12, 15)

4× (3, 4, 5) = (12, 16, 20)

5× (3, 4, 5) = (15, 20, 25)

(5, 12, 13) 2× (5, 12, 13) = (10, 24, 25)

(7, 24, 25)

(8, 15, 17)

A case of an isosceles right angle triangle is the triangle formed by two

Since the radius of the circle is I, CO = √2. Thus, AC = √2 + 1.

We will see more of right angle triangles in questions based on similarity

Consider the given shapes:

Rules for triangles to be similar

Finding corresponding sides

E.g. In the given figure. It is given that ∠𝐴𝐴 =∠𝐴𝐴.

E.g. In the given figure, it is given that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴.

Common Similar Figures

There are a lot of questions based on similarity of