Integrated Solid Waste Management For Sustainability: A Review
Integrated Solid Waste Management For Sustainability: A Review
Integrated Solid Waste Management For Sustainability: A Review
Abstract : Solid Waste is considered as discarded material Composting and Pyrolysis. Appropriate Solid Waste
because it has served its purpose and the process of Management is significant for the assurance of community
collecting, treating & disposing of Solid Waste is known as health, environment quality & for conserve the natural beauty
Solid Waste Management (SWM). Municipal Solid Waste of our own earth.
Management continues to be a major issue nowadays in a
small & medium scale towns & their surrounding villages in II. Scenario Of Solid Waste Management In
developing countries like India. At present landfilling and Developed Countries
open dump are the most conceivable in developing countries, Almost all developed countries had adopted modern waste
while in developed countries they are giving priorities to management techniques to deal with waste rather than those
Waste-to-energy, Recycling of waste and many other conventional techniques to handle their waste. like they gives
advanced options towards effective and sustainable disposal priorities to Waste bin monitoring technology using GSM,
of Municipal Solid Waste. In India Majority of population Automated sorting, compact garbage collection truck, multi-
belongs to rural areas and it has been seen that their SWM compartment system and many more depends upon spending
network is lagging behind with compared to urban areas. budget in Solid Waste Management System. Germany is using
Hence opportunities have to be explored through Integrated mobile sorting, enhanced resolution that are verifying to be
Solid Waste Management which could be a very potential very plentiful in dodging the waste. Although it will creates a
and efficient tool to deal with waste management system better prospect of reuse and recycling. With the help of those
across the rural areas. techniques allowed an enlarging the level of recycling to 62%
till 2010, along with dumping ground was relatively decreased
Keywords: Developing Countries, Developed Countries, to nil by that time [6] [7]. With technical considerations there
Integration of Waste, Integrated Solid Waste Management, should be also legislation and sufficient laws are need to be
Rural & Semi-rural areas, Solid Waste Issues, Waste necessary for waste free country. Germany had prohibited on
Management land filling by representing essentiality of degradable content.
Waste has to be direct land filled largest 5% content of carbon
or at most 18% if the waste has been early treated. The
I. Introduction initiation was grabbed up in the year 1993 which was later
Solid Waste is considered as unessential and worthless solid brought up again in the year 2001 and 2002 and was totally
materials generated from different areas which belongs to carried out three years later in 2005 [6]. The advent of
human activities. It can be categorized on the basis of its Mechanical biological treatment plant has been a direct
origin (commercial, domestic, institutional, industrial); and consequence of it. That transforms the organic material to
according to its contents (organic materials, paper, glass, fermentation and impregnate plants for the production of
metal, plastic etc.) biogas [6].
Management of Solid Waste reduces unfavourable impacts on A small European country Netherlands have made ethics of
human health and environment and helps to enhance ‘Lansnik’s ladder’ (proposed in 1994) by minimizing and
economic development through participation of community or reclamations of important components from the waste
[6]
society. SWM is the operation or procedure of collection, .beneath that over 35 waste categories were prohibited by
transport, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste [1] 1995 and tax for landfill has been introduced that expanded
[2] [3]
.and the stages involved in the procedure are generation, method of Reprocessing by 45% to 50% in the first decade of
sorting, storage, collection, transport and disposal of waste 21st century before its deadline. It made it for its need by
[4]
.The quality and quantity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) creating a value of MSW. From the year 1919, Netherlands
relies upon particular community, social & economic status, has followed the process of waste treatment through thermal
population, cultural pattern, commercial activities and urban incineration because of its needs in accumulating fluctuations
structures [5].The most prevalent ways to manage solid waste of MSW [8] [6]. in lots of premises it was used by 12
are Sanitary landfill, Incineration, Recycling and recovery,
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International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890 (online),2347-5013(print)
Volume No.8, Issue Special 4, pp : 66-69 18-19 Feb. 2019
incineration plants in 2012 for obtaining 25% of extremity from all. Based on annual review report 2015-16 by CPCB
heat in Amsterdam [9] [6]. 1,35,198.27 TPD solid waste is generated from all states of
India where 1,11,027.55 TPD waste is collected, 25,572.25
III. Scenario Of Solid Waste Management In TPD waste is treated and 47,415.62 TPD waste land filled [15].
Developing Countries Which will indicates the poor acceptance to the MSW rules of
Improving Solid Waste Management is the considerable local bodies in urban areas through the country. The
challenge in developing countries. Thus the public authorities composition of waste in India is nearly 10% to 30%
faces the various conflicts to resolve the convenient recyclable, 30–50% inert waste, 40–60% compostable [13].
preference among policies for Sustainable Waste
Management. This is by virtue of inferior collection and The generated MSW in India usually disposed in depressed
inadequate transportation in developing countries, where areas in common manner against the healthy proceeding of
SWM is a matter of minimal concern. As per World Bank sanitary landfilling. Relatively no Urban Local Bodies have
global review cities of world generates about 1.3 billion satisfactory sanitary landfilling facility and MSW is unload in
tonnes of MSW yearly, the amount may reach 2.2 billion periphery of towns.in India by 2051 the population may 1,823
tonnes by the end of 2025 [10]. Major amount of Municipal million furthermore nearby 300 million tonnes in a year of
solid waste disposed through irrational way in open pots and SW will be produced that will needed about 1,450 km2 of land
landfill which will creates adverse effects on public health & to discard it in an appropriate way, if local bodies in urban
Environment and certainly large amount of valuable land is India persist to depends upon landfills for MSW [13]. These
being wasted. Disposing of wastes via inflammation in open figures towards reactionary point, by placing 1.33% yearly
dump sites are not preferable from most point of views. rise in per capita generation of solid waste pertaining to
Which will tends into air pollution & foul odour through municipal corporation [16] [17]. Accordingly, with 5% yearly
decomposing process, further open dump sites possess an rise in per capita generation landfill area needed for disposal
infections, and health threated problems and disease to of waste could be many folds (CPCB, 2013).
sweepers, rag pickers and to the peoples residing near to the
proximity distance. Yet, composting can be done to resolve
the issue of pollution occurring due to landfill disposal.
Infrastructure deficiencies for the SWM services are the
dominant opponents in developing countries. The MSW
Management disposal is a worldwide dilemma [11].which
comprises a maturing concern for cities in developing
countries [12] [13]. The efficient collection and safe disposal are
most essential concerns, but are evidently problematic and
extortionate factor of waste management in developing
countries. In Asia it is found that about US$25 billion spend
yearly for MSW, and it is predicted to charge up to US$47
billion till 2025 [14] [13].Hence, it is a major part to control the
expenditure of the system of waste management.
Fig 1: plot of prediction for MSW generation,land
IV. Scenario Of Solid Waste Management In India requirement and population from 2001 to 2051
According to census data 2011 India had 1.2 billion (Source: Rajkumar Joshi, Sirajuddin Ahmed (2016) Status and
population, among them 68.84 % people lives in rural areas challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A
where 31.16 % people lives in urban areas of India. On the review)
basis of population, the urban housing development, Gujarat
V. Scenario Of Solid Waste Management In Rural
has classified towns in 4 classes, population more than 1 Lac:
Areas Of Gujarat
Class-A, population ranging from 50,000-1,00,000 considered
According to details 2011 Census, out of total population
as Class-B, population between 25,000-50,000 considered as
57.40 % people lives in rural areas of Gujarat. There are 33
Class-C and population ranging from 15,000 to 25,000
administrative districts in the state (as per 2011). The major
considered as Class-D. Municipal Solid Waste (management
occupation of people in rural areas of Gujarat is farming and
and handling) Rules 2000 under the provisions of the
they were engaged with agriculture economy thus generated
Environmental Protection Act 1986 make treatment and
municipal waste in rural areas is very organic with lower in
discarding of MSW mandatory for all municipalities (Urban
amount with compared to urban areas as population is the
local bodies).
significant factor behind MSW generation. From the Received
The characteristics of generation of solid waste in urban & data of district level, which suggests that 25 % of the Gram
rural areas are different with its quantity.as Population, socio- Panchayat across the Gujarat state having Door to Door
economic status & commercial activities are the major reasons collection and 52 % Panchayats have dumping pit of the same
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Volume No.8, Issue Special 4, pp : 66-69 18-19 Feb. 2019
MSW depends on self-disposal of waste [19]. Nearly 23 % nations ISWM is taken as corresponding to standard
Panchayats are have solid waste collected over dustbin in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). In several
streets and disposed in pits [19]. countries, ISWM is presumed or at upcoming concept though
which manage their Municipal Solid Waste by enhancing
Porbandar district has superlative SWM system coverage of
efficiencies from 3R Concept.
85.43 %, which is trailed by Dahod district with 72.86 %
coverage after that next is kheda and Surat district with 65.68 Most number of studies regarding SWM in India has been
% and 60.18 % respectively [19]. The remaining districts have carried out for metropolitan cities or medium scale towns and
less than 50 % Panchayat having SWM systems [19]. least attention has been placed upon the rural area.The
efficiency of waste management in rural and Semi-rural areas
can be enhanced through Integration of waste at local level
like forming clusters of villages or small scale town rather
than the providing disposal facility at individual source of
generation and the quantity of waste generation is low in those
rural areas. In addition, major amount produced waste from
villages is decomposable. With that the further quantity of
abandoned waste decreases. Accordingly it is not feasible to
operate SWM facility viz. collection, segregation,
transportation & disposal on daily basis.which becomes
complex and although it is not financially viable to manage at
each villages. As a matter of fact discovered that the expenses
of land & cost of construction is very pricey when sorting at
sites are established at every village With improvement
through collection of waste for rural and semi-rural areas by
forming the clusters through which overall Municipal Solid
Waste Management costs can be saved. Consequently
opportunities have to be identified through the Process of
Fig 2: Percent Gram Panchayats in districts having SWM Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) which includes
system in different regions of Gujarat State the criterion study on characteristics and quantity of waste for
its generating location where ISWM has to be implemented,
(Source: State of Environment Report (2012), Gujarat)
evaluation of existing waste management practices and its
system. Recognition of various issues and advices from
community and stakeholders, development of outline plan,
The characteristics of production of waste in rural areas are preparation of implement strategy and formulation of
different than the urban areas cause of population and activity surveillance system. To implement ISWM system all the
based criteria. where generated MSW in rural areas is 0.08 concern regarding technological, financial, environmental and
Kg/capita/day, although the Composition of waste for small social issues are to be consider with the consideration of all
scale town is 48% perishable, 30% recyclable and 22% inert the significance policies.
[5]
.In most rural areas, people does not adopt hygienically
practices like do not use separate container for decomposable VII. Conclusion
and non-decomposable waste. It has been also noted that The Management of municipal solid waste is considerable
major amount of solid waste is dumped though open dumping challenge in developing countries, while in most developed
near water body which will creates adverse effects to the countries they have considered ISWM as an opportunity to
water body and water is being polluted. The composition of enhance economic and social development through very well
waste in rural areas where 73% waste is decomposable, 20% maintained SWM system. In India majority of studies have
recyclable and 7% inert materials [5]. been carried out on large and medium scale town and
metropolitan municipality. It is noted that less attention has
VI. Integrated Solid Waste Management Through been paid towards rural and semi-rural areas. Where ISWM
Integration Of Waste In Rural Areas approaches through integration of waste can be revolutionary
ISWM is the strategic approach towards to sustainable SWM. concept to manage its SWM system. Which can be recognized
Which will includes all sources and all aspects, covering to be technologically reliable and advisable side. Hence,
generation, segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery emphasis and opportunities have to be explored for
and disposal in an integrated manner, with significance on Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management through
increasing resource use efficiency [20] .ISWM and Reuse, ISWM.
Reduce & Recycle have turn into ordinary terms for
legislators and practitioners upon field of SWM [20].In many
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Volume No.8, Issue Special 4, pp : 66-69 18-19 Feb. 2019
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