ASSIGNMENT- I

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

COURSE TITLE : WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO : ENGR. KASHIF NAZIR

SUBMITTED BY : OSAMA DAWOOD (FA17-CVE-078)

SUBMISSION DATE : 17th OCTOBER,2020

Describe the different types of pumps and turbines which are used to produce the volume
of water from surface water resources or subsurface water resources. The design of pumps
and turbines for available head is very much important for this assignment.

Answer

TURBINE

Turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly coupled to
the shaft of the turbine. Thus, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The electric
power which is obtained from the hydraulic energy (energy of water) is known as Hydroelectric
power.

TYPES OF TURBINES

Pelton Turbine

The Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine . The water strikes the bucket
along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic
energy. The pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. This turbine is used for
high heads.

Working Of Pelton Turbine

The water from the reservoir flows through the penstocks at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted.
The nozzle increases the kinetic energy of the water flowing through the penstock. At the outlet of
the nozzle, the water comes out in the form of a jet and strikes the buckets of the runner.

The main parts of Pelton Turbine are :

 Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement

Nozzle :

The amount of water striking the buckets of the runner is controlled by providing a spear in
the nozzle. The speed is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or
automatically in an axial direction depending upon the size of the unit. When the spear is
pushed forward into the nozzle and the amount of water striking the runner is reduced. On the other
hand, if the sphere is pushed back, the amount of water striking the runner increases.
 Nozzle with a spear to regulate flow

Casing :

The function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to the
tailrace. It also acts as a safe ground against accidents. It is made of cast iron or fabricated steel
plates. The casing of the Pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic function.

Breaking jet :

When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the amount of
water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long
time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on
the back of the vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet.

Runner and buckets :

The runner or blade consists of a circular disc on the Periphery of which several buckets evenly
spaced are fixed. The Shape of the bucket is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is
divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing wall which is known as a splitter. The jet of water
strikes on the splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and the Jets come out at the
outer edge of the bucket. The bucket is shaped in such a way that the jet gets deflected through 160
degrees or 170 degrees. The bucket is made of cast iron, cast Steel bronze or stainless steel
depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.
 Runner Of Pelton Wheel

Parts Of Pelton Turbine

DESIGN OF PELTON TURBINE

 The velocity of the jet at the inlet is given by V1 = Cv √ 2 gH

Where Cv is coefficient of velocity = 0.98 or 0.99

 The velocity of the wheel is given by u = √ 2 gH

Where  is the speed ratio, its value ranges from 0.43 to 0.48.
  The angle of deflection of jet through the buckets is taken as 165° , if no angle of deflection
is given.

Radial Flow Reaction Turbines

Radial flow turbines are those turbines in which the water flows in the radial direction. The water
may flow radially from outwards to inwards (towards the axis of rotation) or from inwards to
outwards. If the water flows from outwards to inwards through the runner, the turbine is known as
inward radial flow turbine and if the water flows from inwards to outwards, the turbine is known as
outward radial flow turbine.

Working Of Radial Flow Turbines

Reaction turbine means that the water at the inlet of the turbine possesses kinetic energy as well as
pressure energy. As the water flows through the runner, a part of pressure energy goes on changing
into kinetic energy. Thus, the water through the runner is under pressure. The runner is completely
enclosed in an air – tight casing and casing and the runner is always full of water.

The main parts of radial flow reaction turbine are :

 Casing
 Guide Mechanism
 Runner
 Draft Tube
Casing :

As we have already discussed that in radial flow reaction turbine, casing and runner will always be
full of water. Water will enter in to the casing from the penstock. Casing of a radial flow reaction
turbine is displayed here in following figure. 

Casing of a radial flow reaction turbine will completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. Casing of
a radial flow reaction turbine, as displayed above in figure, will be in spiral shape so that water may
enter the runner at constant velocity throughout the circumference of the runner. Area of cross-
section of the casing will be decreasing gradually. Material of casting of casing will be concrete, cast
steel or plate steel. 

Guide Mechanism :

Guide mechanism will be basically a stationary circular wheel all around the turbine runner. There
will be stationary guide vanes fixed on the guide mechanism and these guide vanes will allow the
water to strike the vanes fixed on the turbine runner without shock at inlet. Width between two
adjacent vanes of guide mechanism could be varied with the help of a mechanism in order to alter
the amount of water striking the runner. 

Runner :

Runner of a radial flow reaction turbine is basically a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved
vanes will be fixed. Surface of these radial curved vanes will be made smooth in order to minimize
the hydraulic losses. These radial curved vanes will be shaped in such a way that water may enter
and leave the runner without shock. Runner will be fixed with the shaft with the key assembly.
Material of casting of runner will be cast steel, cast iron and stainless steel. 
Draft-Tube :

The pressure at the exit of the radial flow reaction turbine runner will be usually less than the
atmospheric pressure and hence water at exit could not be directly discharged to the tail
race. Therefore, a tube or pipe of gradually increasing area will be used in order to discharge the
water from the exit of turbine runner to the tail race. This tube or pipe of increasing area will be
termed as draft tube. 

Francis Turbine

The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as Francis Turbine. In the
modern Francis Turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction.at outlet
and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner.

Working of Francis Turbine

The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or wicket gates.  The opening between the
vanes can be adjusted to vary the quantity of water admitted to the turbine. This is done to suit the
load conditions. The water enters the runner with a low velocity but with a considerable pressure. As
the water flows over the vanes the pressure head is gradually converted into velocity head. This
kinetic energy is utilized in rotating the wheel Thus the hydraulic energy is converted into
mechanical energy. The outgoing water enters the tailrace after passing through the draft tube. The
draft tube enlarges gradually and the enlarged end is submerged deeply in the tailrace water , due to
this arrangement a suction head is created at the exit of the runner.

Parts of Francis Turbine

Francis turbine consists mainly of the following parts :

 Spiral Casing
 Guide Mechanism
 Runner And Turbine Main Shaft
 Draft Tube
 Penstock

Spiral or Scroll Casing :

It is a closed passage whose cross-sectional area gradually decreases along the flow direction. The
area is maximum at the inlet and nearly zero at the outlet.
Guide mechanism :

Guides vanes direct the water onto the runner at an angle appropriate to the design. The driving
force on the runner is both due to impulse and reaction effects. The number if a runner blade usually
varies between 16 and 24.

Runner and turbine main Shaft :

Runner is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surface of the vanes
are made very smooth. The radial curved vans are so shaped that the water enters and leaves the
runner without shocks. The flow in the runner of a modern Francis turbine is partly radial and partly
axial.

Draft tube :

It is a gradually expanding tube which discharges the water passing through the runner to the
tailrace.

Penstock :

It is the large pipe which conveys water from the upstream of the reservoir to the turbine runner.

Parts Of Francis turbine

If the water flows parallel to the axis of rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as axial flow
turbine, and if the head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of kinetic energy and pressure energy
and during the flow of water through runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic
energy.

For the axial flow reaction turbine, the shaft of the turbine is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is
made larger which is known as hub or boss. The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence hubs act as a
runner for an axial flow reaction turbine.

Following are the types of axial flow reaction turbine:

 Kaplan Turbine
 Propeller Turbine

When the vanes are fixed to the hub and they are not adjustable , the turbine is known as propeller
turbine, but if the vanes on the hub are adjustable, the turbine is known as Kaplan Turbine. This
turbine is suitable where a large quantity of water is available at lower head.

Working of Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine. So the working fluid changes the pressure as it
moves across the turbine and gives energy. Power recapitulates from both the Hydrostatic head and
kinetic energy of the following water. From the penstock, the water is coming to enter into the
casing. Here flow pressure is not lost because the shape of casing is designed in such a way that it
does not lose the flow. From the casing, the water is entering into the guide vane. Here rotor is
attached so the water comes with much pressure and hence it rotates the runner. From the runner,
the water enters into draft tube here pressure and kinetic energy decreases. The remaining kinetic
energy gets converted into pressure energy and hence increases the pressure of water. Further
rotation of the turbine is used to rotate the shaft of a generator and further used for the generation
or production of electricity.

Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine

A Kaplan Turbine is consisted of:

 Scroll casing

 Guide vane mechanism

 Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine

 Draft tube

Parts Of Kaplan Turbine

Scroll Casing :

The scroll casing is a spiral type of casing that decreases the cross-section area. First, the water from
the penstocks enters the scroll casing and then moves to the guide vanes. From the guide vanes, the
water turns through 90° and flows axially through the runner. The scroll casing protects the runner,
runner blades, guide vanes and other internal parts of the turbine from external damage to the
turbine.

Guide Vanes Mechanism :

This is the only controlling part of the whole turbine. which opens and closes depending upon the
demand of power requirement. When the more power output requirements, it opens wider to allow
more water to hit the blades of the rotor, and when low power output requires, it closes to cease
the flow of water. When the guide vanes are absent then the turbine cannot work efficiently and so
that the efficiency of the turbine decreases.

Hub with Vanes or Runner of Turbine :

The term "Runner" in the Kaplan turbine plays an important role. The runner is the rotating part of
the turbine in which helps in the production of electricity. The shaft is connected to the shaft of the
generator. The runner of this turbine has a large boss on which its blades are attached, and the
blades of the runner are adjustable to an optimum angle of attack for maximum power output. The
blades of the Kaplan turbine have twist along its length. Twist along its length in the Kaplan turbine
is provided because to have always the optimum angle of strike for all cross-section of blades and
hence to achieve greater efficiency of the turbine.

Draft Tube :

At the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine, the pressure available here is generally less than the
atmospheric pressure. The water at the exit cannot be directly discharged to the tailrace. A tube or
pipe is gradually increasing area and this is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to
the tailrace. So, the increasing area of the tube or pipe is called a Draft tube. One end of the draft
tube is connected to the runner outlet and the other end is submerged below the level of water in
the tail-race. The main important point is that the Draft tube is used only in the Reaction turbines.
 PUMP

The hydraulic machines which convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are known as
pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy.

Centrifugal Pump

When the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting
on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is known as centrifugal pump.

Working Of Centrifugal Pump

The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the
flow in centrifugal pumps is in radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the
principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an
external torque, the rise in the pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure
head at any point of the rotating flow is proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the
liquid at that point.

Main Parts Of Centrifugal Pump

Following are the main parts of centrifugal pump :

 Impeller
 Casing
 Suction pump with a foot valve and a strainer
 Delivery pipe

Impeller :

The rotating part of the centrifugal pump is known as an impeller, It consists of a series of backward
curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an electric
motor.

Casing :

The casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It is an air – tight
passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that kinetic energy of the water
discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves
the casing and enters the delivery pipe. The following three types of casings are commonly adopted :

 Volute Casing
 Vortex Casing
 Casing with Guide Plates
Centrifugal Pump With Volute Casing
Suction pump with a foot valve and a strainer :

A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end dips into water in a sump
is known as suction pipe. A foot valve which is a non-return valve or one-way type of valve is fitted at
the lower end of the suction pipe. A strainer is also fitted at the lower end of suction pipe.

Delivery Pipe :

A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end delivers the water at a
required height is known as delivery pipe.

DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Pipe Connections And Velocities :

The diameter of the suction pipe is usually made larger that the pump suction flange and both are
made larger than the discharge flange and pipe. Church recommends keeping the velocity at the
suction flange about 9 or 10 ft/s and that at the discharge flange between 18 and 25 ft/s.

Leakage Losses :

To design the impeller, account must be taken of leakage from the discharge side back to the suction
side. To reduce the leakage, wearing rings are fitted to the impeller and casing. These rings are
designed with specified clearances. The leakage across each ring can be calculated from the
following formula:

where: C = flow coefficient

A = leakage area =

D = mean clearance diameter

s = diametrical clearance  0.010  ( D  6)(0.001)in

HL 
3
4

 U 22  U 12  / 2 g 

Impeller Inlet Dimensions and Vane angle :

The diameter of the impeller eye, Do, is dependent on the shaft diameter, Ds, which must initially be
approximated. The hub diameter, DH , is made 5/16 to ½ inch larger than Ds. After estimating Ds
and DH , Do is based on the known flowrate. The inlet vane edge diameter, D1, is made about the
same as Do to ensure smooth flow.

Shaft diameter :

Calculate shaft diameter based on torque. Increase the calculated value somewhat to allow for
bending moment which is unknown at this point and to ensure that the critical speed exceeds the
operational speed by a reasonable margin. The bending moment will depend on the weight
distribution of the shaft and any unbalanced radial thrust acting on the impeller. From the figure
shown below, with the given flow of 2500 gpm and calculated value of specific speed of 1450, we
select a tentative value of efficiency of 80%.

Specific speed :
Actual tangential outlet velocity, V2

The inertia of the rotating fluid causes a circulatory flow opposite to the direction of rotation of the
impeller. This flow, superimposed on the outward flow, results in the fluid leaving the impeller at an
angle less than that calculated from angular momentum theory. Thus 2 must be decreased and ,
therefore, the absolute angle, 2 , increased. The effect of circulatory flow is to reduce V 2 and the
theoretical head. Church defines a circulatory flow coefficient,  , as:

Design Of Vanes

The entrance vane angle, 1 , has been found to be 130 ; that at the exit, 200 . For smooth flow, we
must design the vane such that this angle increases smoothly from 13 0 to 200 . We note also that the
radial components of velocity to these two angles are 12 and 11 ft/s, respectively. We also see from

the vector diagram that W  Vr / sin  .

1. Plot , Vr, and W against vane radius, r, for the entrance and outlet stations and connect by a
straight line (or a smooth curve).

2. The corresponding values for vane angle,  , are computed from sin   Vr / W . These
values are also plotted against their radii.

Number Of Vanes

The number of vanes is given by the Pfleiderer equation. First, calculate the average vane angle:
 Reciprocating Pump

When mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy (pressure energy) by sucking the liquid
into a cylinder in which a piston is reciprocating, which increases the thrust on the liquid and
increases its pressure energy, such pump is known as reciprocating pump.

Working Of Reciprocating Pump

Reciprocating pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a
reciprocating motion in a closed fitting cylinder.

Operation of reciprocating motion is done by the power source (i.e. electric motor or i.c engine, etc).
Power source gives rotary motion to crank; with the help of connecting rod we translate
reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder (i.e. intermediate link between connecting rod and
piston). When crank moves from inner dead center to outer dead center vacuum will create in the
cylinder. When piston moves outer dead center to inner dead center and piston force the water at
outlet or delivery value.
Expression for Discharge

Q=ALN/60

Where,

Q: – discharge in m3/sec

A: – cross-section of piston or cylinder in m 2

L: – length of stroke in meter

N: – speed of crank in r.p.m