Journal of Education, Management and Social Sciences Volume II Issue I

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Cyberbullying Practices and Experiences of the Filipino College

Students’ Social Media Users
Christopher J. Cocal

Pangasinan State University – Alaminos City Campus, cjc [email protected]

Abstract – The low cost of internet connectivity and smart phones have pave the way for the wide use of
social media especially among college students. Social media tools however have become an easy tool for others to
harm other, among which, is cyberbullying. The study determined the practices, experiences, and responses of the
college students’ social media users on cyberbullying. The descriptive method of research was employed with a total
of 500 college students enrolled during the S.Y. 2018 – 2018 who were randomly selected served as respondents of
the study. Results of the study revealed that sending and receiving mean messages was the number one act of
cyberbullying practiced and experienced by the college students’ social media users. Praying, avoiding the person
involved, and disregarding the issues were the common responses of the students on their cyberbullying experiences.

Keywords – Cyberbullying, social media users

INTRODUCTION posting embarrassing videos, photos, messages, and

opinions that are publicly shared and viewed worldwide.
Technological advancement, and the low cost of As the accessibility to the Internet and continued online
the internet connectivity and smart phones have brought communication grow, individuals will likely use these
about significant change in the past years. Physical tools to harm others (Barlett, 2017) which is known as
boundaries have been broken, leading to the realization cyber bullying, also known as social bullying. Self-
of global village. This technological advancement has presentation on Facebook can increase the likelihood of
also lead significant changes in the social behavior of eliciting negative attention from potential perpetrators
people. (Dredge, Gleeson, De, & Garcia, 2014).

Participatory technologies have expanded the Cyberbullying has been identified as an

boundaries of our communities by bridging the local with important problem amongst youth in the last decade
the global. However, involvement in these online (Slonje, Smith, & Frisén, 2013). It is often a systemic
communities are not without risk (Nagle, 2018). The attempt to get another child or teen to feel bad about him
technology encompasses a range of technologies or herself through electronic communication (devices
including e-mails, mobile phones, personal websites and and equipment such as cell phones, computers, and
more popularly social networking sites such as tablets, as well as social media sites and text messages).
Facebook, Twitter and Instagram (Balakrishnan & This is not limited to the Internet; cyber bullying also
Fernandez, 2018). Social media sites such as Facebook, encompasses bullying done through such things as text
Twitter, and YouTube offer opportunities for users to messages using mobile devices. It is important to note
interact and share information not only with their friends that cyber bulling can only happen between minors.
and family but also with people who have similar When an adult is harassing children or teenagers, it is
interests (Beverley & Covey, 2018). Social media have known as cyber harassment or cyber stalking.
been transforming how individuals, communities, and
organizations create, share, and consume information Cyber bullying is when a child or teenager is
from each other and from firm (Baccarella, Wagner, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, threatened or
Kietzmann, & Mccarthy, 2018). tormented (bullied) using digital technology. There are a
number of ways to humiliate and threaten children
Despite the identified benefits of using social online. It usually happens more than once, and includes
media, users are prone to anti-social behaviors and leaving demeaning messages on someone’s Facebook
psychological and emotional violence such as sexting, page (social bullying), uploading embarrassing photos,
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or spreading gossip or rumors through instant messaging have been bullied online, and about the same number
and text messaging. Uploading mean videos, use of have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young
websites, or fake profiles are also examples of people have experienced cyber threats online., over 25
cyberbullying (Chapin & Coleman, 2017). Public percent of adolescents and teens have been bullied
comment, hacked account, and identity theft strategies repeatedly through their cell phones or the Internet.
reveal the various ways the structure of online Further, over half of young people do not tell their
environments can shape harassment and bullying (Brody parents when cyber bullying occurs.
& Vangelisti, 2017). Once things are circulated on the
Internet, they may never disappear, resurfacing at later The Harford County Examiner reported
times to renew the pain of cyber bullying. The damage is similarly concerning cyber bullying statistics wherein,
often psychological, and carries over into the real world, around half of teens have been the victims of cyber
the threats posed by cyber bullying can be very real. It bullying. Only 1 in 10 teens tells a parent if they have
can lead to anxiety, depression, self-harm, and even been a cyber bully victim. Fewer than 1 in 5 cyber
suicide. bullying incidents are reported to law enforcement. 1 in
10 adolescents or teens have had embarrassing or
Many cyber bullies think that bullying others damaging pictures taken of themselves without their
online is funny. Cyber bullies may not realize the permission, often using cell phone cameras. About 1 in 5
consequences for themselves of cyberbullying. Despite teens have posted or sent sexually suggestive or nude
the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly pictures of themselves to others. Girls are somewhat
common among adolescents and teens. The things teens more likely than boys to be involved in cyber bullying.
post online now may reflect badly on them later when
they apply for college or a job. Cyber bullies can lose The Cyberbullying Research Center also did a
their cell phone or online accounts for cyber bullying. series of surveys that found these cyber bullying
Also, cyber bullies and their parents may face legal statistics: Over 80 percent of teens use a cell phone
charges for cyber bullying, and if the cyber bullying was regularly, making it the most popular form of technology
sexual in nature or involved sexting, the results can and a common medium for cyber bullying; About half of
include being registered as a sex offender. Youth are young people have experienced some form of cyber
knowingly engaging in harmful behavior on the internet bullying, and 10 to 20 percent experience it regularly;
that they believe is unlikely to receive consequences Mean, hurtful comments and spreading rumors are the
(Pettalia, Levin, & Dickinson, 2013). Teens may think most common type of cyber bullying; Girls are at least as
that if they use a fake name they won’t get caught, but likely as boys to be cyber bullies or their victims; Boys
there are many ways to track someone who is cyber are more likely to be threatened by cyber bullies than
bullying. girls; Cyber bullying affects all races; Cyber bullying
victims are more likely to have low self esteem and to
Even with the heavy use of social media, consider suicide
adolescents believe they are less likely than peers to be
victims of cyberbullying and less likely to bully others. Cyberbullying continues to be a disturbing trend
While the self-reported incidence rates of experience not only among adolescents but also undergraduate
with bullying (bystanding, victimization, and students (Watts, Wagner, Velasquez, & Behrens, 2017).
perpetration) are likely under-reported, most (65%) say However, college students underrated their involvement
they have witnessed some form of bullying; nearly half in acts of cyberbullying, which indicates that one’s
(46%) say they been victimized in some form, and some involvement in acts of cyberbullying is in fact, a hidden
(18%) acknowledge bullying others (Chapin & Coleman, side of college students (Mateus, Margarida, Simão,
2017). Costa, & José, 2015). Young adults who spent between
2 – 5 h daily on the Internet significantly engaged in more
Self-presentation on Facebook can increase the cyberbullying activities than those who spent less than an
likelihood of eliciting negative attention from potential hour daily. The more users get onto the Internet, the more
perpetrators (Dredge, Gleeson, De, & Garcia, 2014). exposed they are to being cyberbullied (Balakrishnan,
2015).
According to Cyber bullying statistics from the -
SAFE foundation, over half of adolescents and teens
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Teenagers who had been victims of 2017. A total of 500 college students served as
cyberbullying reported more antisocial reaction respondents of the study. Prior to the selection of
strategies than non-victims. Meanwhile, girls were more samples, the researcher explained that a research is being
likely to perform prosocial bystander behaviors, whereas conducted; the students were asked if they are willing to
boys tended to behave more antisocially. Girls who had be part of the study. Only those who have signified their
been cyberbullied claimed to adopt more prosocial willingness were included in the study. Further, the
bystander behaviors than male victims. Teenagers who researcher ensured that all information given by the
had more online social interactions had more prosocial respondents were treated with strict confidentiality.
bystander reactions, compared to those who interacted
less online. Empathy and reciprocity were discussed as The knowledge, practices, and experiences of
the mechanisms for teenagers’ prosocial and antisocial the respondents on cyberbullying were determined using
reaction strategies (Cao & Lin, 2015). a questionnaire checklist. The respondents were asked to
identify their practices and experiences relating to
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY cyberbullying. They were also asked if they are
knowledgeable that the different acts are forms of
This study determined the awareness and cyberbullying. Descriptive statistical tools such as
practices on cyber bullying of college students using the frequency count and percentages were utilized in the
social media. The device, platforms used, and the social analysis of the data.
networking activities performed by the college students
were determined. The cyberbullying practices, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
experiences, and responses and of the college students’
social media users were identified. Device and Flat Forms Used by College Students in
Social Networking
METHODS
As presented in Table 1, 87.20% of the social
The research employed the descriptive design media users were using cellular phones in their social
since the purpose of the study was to determine the networking activities. Other gadgets that can be
cyberbullying practices and experiences of social media connected to the internet such as tablet, laptop, desktop,
users. Their knowledge on cyberbullying was also be and netbook were also utilized by the college students in
determined. The study was conducted in the Pangsinan their social networking activities.
State University - Alaminos City Campus during the F.Y

Table 1. Device Used by the College Students Social Media Users in Social Networking

Device F %
CP 436 87.20
Tablet 97 19.40
Laptop 194 38.80
netbook 35 7.00
desktop 41 8.20
Note: Respondents have multiple responses

The availability of low-cost smartphones propelled and can be used anywhere as long as there is signal.
smartphones to register 15% retail volume growth to Likewise, telecommunication companies in the
reach 16.8 million units in 2016. Mobile internet Philippines offer free internet data where the subscribers
penetration also continued to outpace fixed broadband can log-in to their Facebook accounts.
penetration, leading smartphones to become a key digital
device in the Philippines (Euromonitor International, As shown in Table 2, 100% of the respondents
2017). Smart phones can easily connect to the internet were using Facebook, and messenger in their social

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networking activities. Again, this is attributed to the free telecommunication companies in the Philippines to their
Facebook and messenger data given by the subscribers.

Table 2. Platform Used by the College Students Social Media Users in Social Networking

Flat Form F %
Facebook 500 100
Twitter 132 26.40
e-mail 262 52.40
Messenger 500 100.00
Text Message 416 83.20
Instagram 214 42.80
Phone Calls 376 75.20
Note: Respondents have multiple responses

Twitters and Instagram are not popular to the college YouTube are being used by users to interact and share
students as shown by the fact that only 26.40% have their information not only with their friends and family but
twitter accounts and 42.80% have Instagram accounts. also with people who have similar interests (Beverley &
Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Covey, 2018).

Table 3. Activities Performed by the College Students Social Media Users

Activity F %
Post my stories, shout outs, thoughts. 176 35.20
Upload pictures/videos. 240 48.00
View/Read others’ stories, shout outs, and videos posted 315 63.00
in their timeline.
Communicate with family members, friends, classmates, 400 80.00
and others.
Note: Respondents have multiple responses

Communicating with family members, friends, their social media account. Further, 48% were uploading
classmates, and other people was the primary activity pictures and videos while 68% were reading others’
performed by the college students in using social media. stories, shout outs, or watching videos posted in their
The activity was performed by 80% of the users. Social newsfeeds. Social media have been transforming how
media has become an avenue for the college students to individuals, communities, and organizations create,
express their feelings, thoughts, desires, and emotions. share, and consume information from each other and
As reflected in Table 3, 32.50% of the college students from firm (Baccarella, Wagner, Kietzmann, & Mccarthy,
were posting their pictures, shout outs, and thoughts in 2018).

Table 4. Activities Performed by the College Students Social Media Users on Others’ Post

Activity F %
1. Liked the post 289 57.80
2. Share the post when I found it interesting or relevant 255 51.00
3. Put emoticons (e.g. heart, smiley, etc.) 226 45.20
4. Nothing, just read it or browse it. 167 33.40
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5. Give my comments. 155 31.00

6. Share the post if it is requested by the person who 46 9.20
made the post.
Note: Respondents have multiple responses

As presented in Table 4, 57.80% those who are reading

others’ post send like gestures on the post while 51% Technological advancement, specifically the
shares the post whenever they found it interesting or internet and smart-phones, has brought about significant
relevant. It is important to note that 31% of the change in the past years. Physical boundaries have been
respondents were giving their comments about the post. broken, leading to the realization of global village. This
These comments were written on the comments portion technological advancement has also lead significant
especially for Facebook. Social media is an avenue changes in the social behaviour of people. One of which
where people express their opinions, thoughts, feelings, is the increasing cases of cyber bullying. Presented in
and emotions. Table 5 are the cybercrime activities performed by the
college students social media users.
Cyberbullying Activities and Experiences of the
College Students Social Media Users

Table 5. Cyberbullying Activities Performed by the College Students Social Media Users

Activity F %
1. Sent mean message(s) to anyone whom you are angry, 103 20.60
annoyed or disappointed with.
2. Shared or liked mean message(s) posted by your friends 92 18.40
in their Facebook or others social media account’s
Timeline.

3. Reacted negatively/violently through emoticons on 67 13.40

other’s post on their timeline.
4. Spread gossips/rumors online or through text 35 7.00
5. Reacted negatively/violently through comment on 29 5.80
other’s post on their timeline.
6. Posted hurtful or threatening messages on social 7 1.40
networking sites or web pages
7. Stole other’s account information to break into their 5 1.00
account and send damaging messages
8. Pretended to be someone else online to hurt another 3 0.60
person
9. Sent threat message(s) to anyone whom you are angry, 2 0.40
annoyed or disappointed with.
10. Posted unflattering pictures or videos of a person on 1 0.20
social media sites (Facebook, etc)
11. Sexting, or circulating sexually suggestive pictures or 1 0.20
messages about a person online or through cellphone.
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Note: Respondents have multiple responses

There are a number of ways to humiliate and The most common cybercrime activity
threaten children online. It usually happens more than performed by 20.60% college students’ social media
once, and includes leaving demeaning messages on users was sending message(s) to anyone whom they are
someone’s Facebook page (social bullying), uploading angry, annoyed or disappointed with. Further, sharing or
embarrassing photos, or spreading gossip or rumors liking mean message(s) posted by their friends in their
through instant messaging and text messaging. Facebook or others social media account’s Timeline was
Uploading mean videos, use of websites, or fake profiles done by 18.40% of the users. Posting unflattering
are also examples of cyberbullying (Chapin & Coleman, pictures or videos of a person on social media sites
2017). Public comment, hacked account, and identity (Facebook, etc) or sexting, or circulating sexually
theft strategies reveal the various ways the structure of suggestive pictures or messages about a person online or
online environments can shape harassment and bullying through cellphone were done by only 0.20% of the
(Brody & Vangelisti, 2017). college students’ social media users.

Table 6. Cyber Crime Experienced by the College Students Social Media Users

Activity F %
1 Received mean message(s) from anyone who is angry, 242 48.40
annoyed or disappointed with you.
2 Somebody reacted negatively/violently through emoticons 105 21.00
on your post in your timeline.
3 Somebody reacted negatively/violently through comment 103 20.60
on your post in your timeline.
4 Received sexually suggestive pictures or messages online 70 14.00
or through cellphone.
5 Gossips/rumors about you were spread online or through 67 13.40
text
6 Received threat message(s) from anyone who is angry, 60 12.00
annoyed or disappointed with you.
7 Received hurtful or threatening messages on social 54 10.80
networking sites or web pages
8 Somebody shared or liked mean message(s) about you that 47 9.40
were posted by others in their Facebook or other social
media account’s Timeline.
9 Someone pretended to be you to hurt another person 40 8.00
online or through text messaging.
10 Your account’s information has been stolen to break into 34 6.80
your account and send damaging messages to others.
11 Your unflattering pictures or videos were posted by other 28 5.60
person on social media sites (Facebook, etc)
Note: Respondents have multiple responses

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On the other hand, 48.40% of the users disclosed that the different forms and acts of cybercrime and
they have experienced receiving mean message(s) from cyberbullying, a lot of them are practicing and
anyone who is angry, annoyed or disappointed with experiencing the different acts. Youth are knowingly
them. Further, 21% have received negative/violent engaging in harmful behavior on the internet that they
reactions and 20.60% have received negative comments believe is unlikely to receive consequences (Pettalia,
from other people about their posts on their social media Levin, & Dickinson, 2013). College students underrated
accounts. their involvement in acts of cyberbullying, which
indicates that one’s involvement in acts of cyberbullying
Although small in percentage, 8% have is in fact, a hidden side of college students (Mateus,
experienced that other people have pretended to be them Margarida, Simão, Costa, & José, 2015).
to hurt another person online or through text messages
while 6.80% have experienced that their account’s Responses of the College Students Social Media
information has been stolen to break into their accounts Users on Their Cyber Crime Experience
and send damaging messages to others. Teens may think
that if they use a fake name they won’t get caught, but In response to the experiences of the college
there are many ways to track someone who is cyber students’ social media users on cyberbullying and
bullying. cybercrime, 35.20% have prayed to God for His
guidance and divine intervention. Seeking divine
When asked if the college students’ social media intervention is a common and positive response of people
users are aware that the identified practices are forms of whenever in trouble. People pray to seek God’s help for
cyberbullying and cybercrime, 90% said that they are to overcome whatever problem, issue or concern they
aware. Despite the awareness of the college students on encounter.

Table 6. Responses of the College Students Social Media Users on Their Cyber Crime Experience

Response F %
1 I prayed to God for His guidance and divine intervention. 176 35.20
2 Avoided the person. 127 25.40
3 I just disregarded the issue. 113 22.60
4 Confronted the other person who did the act. 99 19.80
5 Informed my parents, friends, or relatives regarding the acts. 91 18.20

6 I get myself busy. 70 14.00

7 I ate a lot. 50 10.00
8 I undergo self-reflection. 50 10.00
9 Got myself drunk. 12 2.40
10 Sought the help of persons of authority to properly address the 8 1.60
issue.
11 Attacked the other person as well by posting mean, harsh, and 5 1.00
negative messages.
12 I attempted suicide. 2 0.40
13 I secluded myself from others. 2 0.40
Note: Respondents have multiple responses

Another response of the users on the different cyber evasion. They tend to avoid the person involved or just
bullying/cybercrimes experiences that they have is disregarded the issue hoping that it will die a natural
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death in due time. The responses were done by 25.40% 149–157.

and 22.60% of the users respectively. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.021
Balakrishnan, V., & Fernandez, T. (2018). Telematics
Results also show that the college students’ and Informatics Self-esteem , empathy and their
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cyber bullying/cybercrimes experiences, wherein, 1.0% Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 2028–2037.
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and negative messages. Although at a very small Barlett, C. P. (2017). Computers in Human Behavior
percentage, 0.4% of those who have experienced cyber From theory to practice : Cyberbullying theory
bullying/cybercrimes have attempted suicide or have and its application to intervention. Computers in
secluded themselves. The threats posted by Human Behavior, 72, 269–275.
cyberbullying is real, the damage can be psychological https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.060
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harm, and even suicide. Behavior Risky behavior via social media : The
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Conclusions ad Implications Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 183–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.036
College students are vulnerable to cyberbullying Brody, N., & Vangelisti, A. L. (2017). Computers in
as a result of their wide use of social media. Although the Human Behavior Cyberbullying : Topics ,
college students are aware of the different acts of strategies , and sex differences. Computers in
cyberbullying, they still practice and are victims of the Human Behavior, 75, 739–748.
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the number one act of cyberbullying practiced and Cao, B., & Lin, W. (2015). Computers in Human
experienced by the college students’ social media users. Behavior How do victims react to cyberbullying
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experiences. cyberbullying : Some experience required. The
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