1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

UNIT I – INTRODUCTION

WEIGHTED RESIDUAL METHODS

General Procedures, D∫ (δ(x – xi) R (x; a1, a2, a3, …., an) dx = 0
Where wi = Weight function , D = Domain, R = Residual
a. Point Collocation Method:
Residual (R) = 0
b. Subdomain Collocation Method:

∫R dx = 0
c. Least Squares Method:

D∫ R2 dx = minimum
I/a = ∫R (R/a). dx = 0

d. Galerkin‘s Method:

D∫ Wi R dx =0

RITZ METHOD (Variational Approach)

Total Potential = Internal Potential Energy - External Potential Energy

= Strain Energy – Work done

Total Potential () = U - W

For simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load:

Where, y = a1 sinx/l + a2 sin3x/l

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

For simply Supported Beam with Point Load:

Workdone (w) = P.ymax

Where, y = a1 sinx/l + a2 sin3x/l

For Cantilever Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load:

Where, y = A(1- cos x/2l)

For Cantilever Beam with Point Load:

Workdone (W) = P.ymax

Where, y = A(1- cos x/2l)

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

UNIT II – ONE DIMENSIONAL (1D) ELEMENTS

01. Stress – Strain relationship,

Stress, ζ (N/mm 2) = Young’s Modulus, E (N/mm 2) x Strain, e

02. Strain – Displacement Relationship

Strain {e} = du / dx

03. Strain {e} = [B] {U}

Where, {e} = Strain Martix
[B] = Strain – Displacement Matrix
{U} = Degree of Freedom (Displacement)

04. Stress {ζ} = [E] {e} = [D] {e} = [D] [B] {u}
Where, [E] = [D] =Stress – Strain Matrix

05. General Equation for Stiffness Matrix, [K] = ∫ [B]T [D] [B] dv
v

Where, [B] = Strain - Displacement relationship Matrix

[D] = Stress - Strain relationship Matrix

06. General Equation for Force Vector, {F} = [K] {U}

Where, {F} = Global Force Vector
[K] = Stiffness Matrix
{U} = Global Displacements

(i) 1D BAR ELEMENTS:

01. Stiffness Matrix for 1D Bar element, [K] = AE 1 -1

l -1 1

02. Force Vector for 2 noded 1D Bar element, F1 = AE 1 -1 u1

F2 l -1 1 u2

03. If self weight is considered, the Load / Force Vector, {F}E = ρAl 1
2 1
where ρ = Density, N/mm3

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

(ii) 1D TRUSS ELEMENTS:

01. General Equation for Stiffness Matrix, [K] = Ae Le l2 lm -l2 -lm

lm m2 -lm -m2
le -l2 -lm l2 lm
-lm -m2 lm m2

02. Force vector for 2-noded Truss elements,

F1 Ae Le l2 lm -l2 -lm u1
F2 lm m2 -lm -m2 u2
2
F3 le -l -lm l2 lm u3
F4 -lm -m2 lm m2 u4

Where, l = Cos θ = x2 – x1 / le

m = Sin θ = y2 – y1 / le

Length of the element (le) = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

(iii) 1D BEAM ELEMENTS:

01. Force Vector for Two noded Beam Element

F1 E e Ie 12 6L -12 6L d1
m1 = 6L 4L2 -6L 2L2 1
F2 L3 -12 -6L 12 -6L d2
m2 6L 2L2 -6L 4L2 2

02. Stiffness Matrix for Two noded Beam Element

[K] = Ee Ie 12 6L -12 6L
6L 4L2 -6L 2L2
L3 -12 -6L 12 -6L
6L 2L2 -6L 4L2

Where,
I = Moment of Inertia (mm4)
L = Length of the Beam (mm)
@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.
 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

UNIT III – TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) ELEMENTS

01. Displacement Vector, U = u

v

02. General Equation for Stress & Strain, ζx ex

Stress, ζ = ζy Strain, e = ey
ηxy xy

Where, σx = Radial Stress ex = Radial Strain

σy = Longitudinal Stress ey = Longitudinal Strain
τxy = Shear Stress xy = Shear Strain

03. Body Force, F = Fx

Fy

04. Strain – Displacement Matrix, [B] = 1 q1 0 q2 0 q3 0

2A 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
Where r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3
q1 = y2 – y3 ; r1 = x3 – x2
q2 = y3 – y1 ; r2 = x1 – x3
q3 = y1 – y2 ; r3 = x2 - x1 All co-ordinates are in mm

05. Stress – Strain Relationship Matrix, [D]

a. FOR PLANE STRESS PROBLEM,
E 1 µ 0
[D] = µ 1 0
(1 – µ2) 0 0 1-µ
2
b. FOR PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM,
E (1 – µ) µ 0
[D] = µ (1 - µ ) 0
(1 + µ) (1 – 2 µ) 0 0 1-2µ
2
Where, µ = Poisson’s Ratio
E = Young’s Modulus

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

06. Stiffness Matrix for 2D element / CST Element, [K] = [B]T [D] [B] A t

Where, A = Area of the triangular element, mm2 = 1 1 x1 y1

1 x2 y2
2 1 x3 y3

t = Thickness of the triangular (CST) element, mm

2
07. Maximum Normal Stress, ζ max = ζ1 = ζx + ζy + (ζx - ζy) + η2xy
2 2

2
08. Minimum Normal Stress, ζ min = ζ2 = ζx + ζ y - (ζx - ζy) + η2xy
2 2
09. Principal angle, tan 2θP = 2 ηxy
ζx - ζy

10. Stress equation for Axisymmetric Element,

ζr Where, σr = Radial Stress

Stress {ζ} = ζθ σθ = Longitudinal Stress

ζz σz = Circumferential Stress

ηrz τrz = Shear Stress

er Where, er = Radial Stress

Strain, {e} = eθ eθ = Longitudinal Stress
ez ez = Circumferential Stress
γrz γrz = Shear Stress

11. Stiffness matrix for Two Dimensional Axisymmetric Problems,

[K] = 2 π r A [B] T [D] [B]

Where, Co-ordinate r = r1 + r 2 + r 3 / 3 & z = z1 + z2 + z3 / 3

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.
 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

1 1 r1 z1
A = Area of the Triangle = 1 r2 z2
2 1 r3 z3

12. Strain – Displacement Relationship Matrix for Axisymmetric elements,

β1 0 β2 0 β3 0

α1 + β1 + γ1z 0 α2 + β2+ γ2 0 α3+ β3 + γ3z 0

[B] = r r r r r r

0 γ1 0 γ2 0 γ3

γ1 β1 γ2 β2 γ3 β3

Where,
α1 = r2 z3 – r3 z2 β1 = z2 – z3 γ1 = r3 – r2
α2 = r3 z1 – r1 z3 β2 = z3 – z1 γ2 = r1 – r3
α3 = r1 z2 – r2 z1 β3 = z1 – z2 γ3 = r2 – r1

13. Stress – Strain Relationship Matrix [D] for Axisymmetric Triangular elements,

E (1 – µ ) µ µ 0
[D] = µ (1 - µ ) µ 0
2
(1 + µ) (1 – µ ) µ µ (1 - µ ) 0
0 0 0 1-2µ
2

Where, µ = Poisson’s Ratio

E = Young’s Modulus

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

UNIT IV – HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS FOR 1D ELEMENTS

01. Temperature Force {F} = E A  ΔT -1

1

Where, E = young’s Modulus (N/mm2)

A = Area of the Element (mm2)
 = Coefficient of thermal expansion (oC)
ΔT = Temperature Difference (oC)

02. Thermal stress {ζ} = E (du/dx) – E  ΔT Where du / dx = u1 – u2 / l

TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS FOR 2D PROBLEMS ELEMENTS

01. Temperature Force, {θ} or {f} = [B]T [D] {e0} t A

a. For Plane Stress Problems,

 ΔT
Initial Strain {e0} =  ΔT
0

b. For Plane Strain Problems,

 ΔT
Initial Strain {e0} = (1 + ν)  ΔT
0

TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS AXISYMMETRIC TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS

Temperature Effects:

For Axisymmetric Triangular elements, Temperature Force, { f }t = [B]T [D] {e}t * 2 π r A

Where,
F1u
F1w  ΔT
{ f }t = F2u Strain {e} =  ΔT
F2w 0
F3u  ΔT
F3w

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS FOR 1D ELEMENTS:

a. General equation for Force Vector, {F} = [KC] {T}

b. Stiffness Matrix for 1D Heat conduction Element, [KC] = Ak 1 -1

l -1 1
c. For Heat convection Problems,

Ak/l 1 -1 +hA 0 0 T1 = hTA 0

-1 1 0 1 T2 1

Where, k = Thermal conductivity of element, W/mK

A = Area of the element, m2
l = Length of the element, mm
h = Heat transfer Coefficient, W/m2K
T = fluid Temperature, K
T = Temperature, K

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

UNIT V – HIGHER ORDER AND ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS

01. Shape Function for 4 Noded Rectangular Elements (Using Natural Co-Ordinate)

N1 = ¼ (1 – ε) (1 – η) N3 = ¼ (1 + ε) (1 + η)
N2 = ¼ (1 + ε) (1 – η) N4 = ¼ (1 - ε) (1 + η)

02. Displacement,
u = N1u1 + N2u2 + N3u3 + N4u4 & v = N1v1 + N2v2 + N3v3 + N4v4
u1
` v1
u2
u = u = N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v2
v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 u3
v3
u4
v4
03. To find a point of P,
x = N1x1 + N2x 2 + N3 x3 + N4 x4 & y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3 + N4 y4
x1
` y1
x2
u = x = N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 y2
y 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 x3
y3
x4
y4
04. Jaccobian Matrix, [J] = ∂x / ∂ε ∂y / ∂ε
∂x / ∂η ∂y / ∂η
Where,
J11 = ¼ - (1 - η) x1 + (1 - η) x2 + (1 + η) x3 – (1 + η) x4

J12 = ¼ - (1 - η) y1 + (1 - η) y2 + (1 + η) y3 – (1 + η) y4

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.

 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

J21 = ¼ - (1 - ε) x1 - (1 + ε) x2 + (1 + ε) x3 + (1 - ε) x4

J22 = ¼ - (1 - ε) y1 - (1 + ε) y2 + (1 + ε) y3 + (1 - ε) y4

05. Strain – Displacement Relationship Matrix for Isoparmetric elements,

06. Stiffness matrix for quadrilateral element, [K] = t ∫ ∫ [B]T [D] [B] | J | ∂x ∂y

07. Stiffness matrix for natural co-ordinates, [K] = t ∫ ∫ [B]T [D] [B] | J | ∂ε ∂η

08. Stress – Strain [D] Relationship Matrix,

a. FOR PLANE STRESS PROBLEM,

E 1 µ 0
[D] = µ 1 0
2
(1 – µ ) 0 0 1-µ
2
b. FOR PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM,
E (1 – µ) µ 0
[D] = µ (1 - µ) 0
(1 + µ) (1 – 2µ) 0 0 1 - 2µ
2
@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.
 1702ME601 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - FORMULAS

09. Element Force vector, {F} e = [N] T Fx

Fy

Where , N is the shape function for 4 nodded Quadrilateral elements

10. Numerical Integration (Gaussian Quadrature)

Where wi = Weight function

F (xi) = values of function at pre determined points

No. of
Location, xi Corresponding weights, wi
points
1 x1 = 0.000… 2.000

x1 = + √1/3 = + 0.577350269189
2 1.0000
x2 = - √1/3 = - 0.577350269189

x1 = + √ 3/5 = + 0.774596669241 5/9 = 0.5555555555

5/9 = 0.5555555555
3
x3 = - √3/5 = - 0.774596669241
8/9 = 0.8888888888
x2 = 0.0000
x1 = + 0.8611363116 0.3478548451
x4 = - 0.8611363116 0.3478548451
4
x2 = + 0.3399810436 0.6521451549
x3 = - 0.3399810436 0.6521451549

@ Dr. J. Jeevamalar, ASP / MECH.