Miscellaneous Word Problems
Miscellaneous Word Problems
Miscellaneous Word Problems
In this lecture, we will be providing a list containing types of word problems that
are commonly asked in the various CETs, as well as tips, techniques, and exercises to
further the reader’s understanding. Many of these types of word problems are intensively
tested in the ACET under a time pressure of 1 minute per question. The list includes word
problems such as those dealing with age, motion, business (interest, tax, profit) among
others.
Mixture Problems
Motivational Question:
A bag of construction materials contains sand and iron. The bag weighs 80 kilograms
and costs $1184. If a kilogram of sand is $12 and a kilogram of iron is $19, determine the
percentage of iron in the bag by mass.
A. 60%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 25%
Solution:
We proceed through the use of Algebra. The common tactic here is to realize that we
can work in two units: price and mass, which gives us two simultaneous equations to
work with. Let the mass of sand be X and the mass of iron be Y. Then:
X + Y = 80
12X + 19Y = 1184 ($1184 total; 12 * x is the total value of sand, while 19 * y is the total
value of iron).
By the normal methods of substitution and/or elimination, we obtain that Y = 48 and X =
32.
Remarks:
In mixture problems (and most algebra problems on the CETs), the general strategy is to
determine two factors that are workable and have these be part of the simultaneous
equations used to solve the problem. In the example above, this is the total mass and
total price. The variables (X and Y) should be related to both these values and is
generally the last (here, the penultimate/second to last) step to solving the problem. We
provide the readers with one more example, without any solutions.
Example #2
On a farm, there are only two types of animals: sheeps and chickens. Farmer Fred
decided to take a census of his animals, and enumerated a total of 40 heads and 96
legs. Assuming that all animals are normal, determine the number of chickens on the
farm.
A. 12
B. 10
C. 20
D. 32
The answer to this question is D. Figure out why using the strategies above.
Concentration Problems
Concentration problems generally deal with the mixing of two liquids, cement, or any
other solutions that can be expressed in percentages. Concentration is defined to be the
amount of substance/total amount. For example, 95% alcohol means that 95 mL of
alcohol is found in every 100 mL of liquid, where 95% is the concentration.
Example #1
Some volume of 70% concentrated orange juice is mixed with a litre of dilute water to
produce 30% concentrated orange juice. Determine the volume of orange juice added to
the water.
A. 2 liters
B. 3 liters
C. 1.25 liters
D. 2.5 liters
Solution:
We use algebra again. Let the volume of 75% concentrated orange juice added to the
e deal with the total concentration as the right hand
water be X expressed in liters. W
side of our equation.
0.7x + 0 = 0.3(x + 1) . This follows from the fact that x + 1 is the total volume of the mixture
and that dilute water has 0% concentration of orange juice.
As this is a single variable equation, we can solve immediately to obtain that x is 2.5L.
The answer is C.
Example #2
In order to create the perfect little girls, Professor Utonium’s chemical X must contain
exactly 11% sugar. He has two solutions in water. Solution A has 25% concentrated sugar
and solution B has 4%. If the total volume of Chemical X needed is 300 mL, determine
the volume of solution A used in the concoction.
A. 150 mL
B. 125 mL
C. 85 mL
D. 100 mL
The answer here is D. (Hint: The total volume of sugar is 33 mL; 11% × 300 . Work using
two equations, one for the total volume of water + sugar, and the other for the total
volume of sugar).
Motion Problems
These problems are often phrased with the keywords tailwind, headwind in context of
airplanes and upstream, downstream in context of boats/ships. Here, headwind and
upstream imply movement against the current, while tailwind and downstream imply
movement alongside the current.
Sample problem:
Jack and Steve are racing in the Nile River, starting at opposite ends. In 3 hours, Jack
covers 48 km, while Steve covers 72 km. They then trade places, and discover that in
only 2 hours, Jack can now cover 60 km. Assuming the stream’s speed (and direction)
had remained constant all throughout, determine the distance Steve can cover now.
A. 16 km
B. 20 km
C. 24 km
D. 40 km
48 60
We have that Jack initially travels at 3
= 16 kph , and finally at 2
= 30 kph . We can then
conclude that Jack had been travelling upstream before switching places, and
consequently, Steve had been travelling downstream. Let Jack have speed x in still
water, and let the stream speed be y. We then have:
x − y = 16
x + y = 30
Which gives us x = 23 kph, and y = 7 kph. The equations are arrived at from the fact that
Jack’s speed downstream is (x + y ) , while upstream is (x − y ).
72
Steve’s initial speed is 3
= 24 kph downstream. His speed upstream is
24 − (2 × 7) = 10 kph , and in 2 hours, he can travel 2 × 10 = 20 km . The answer is
therefore B.
Age Problems
Age problems are potentially the most confusing type of word problems present on the
CETs. As the name suggests, these problems often involve the relationship between two
or more people’s ages, as will be shown in our sample problem later. A good strategy to
tackle these word problems is to create a table that tracks what’s going on in the
problem, so as to avoid more confusion. Here is an example.
Example:
John is twice as old as his cousin Jenny was 4 years ago, and 20 years after now, Jenny
will be thrice as old as John was 6 years ago. Determine the sum of their current ages.
A. 14
B. 19
C. 33
D. 42
We let John and Jenny be of age y and x respectively today. We create the following
table without considering any of the relationships yet:
John Jenny
6 years ago y - 6 x - 6
4 years ago y - 4 x - 4
Now y x