Poisson´s ratio

Mathematical definition
• Ratio between the axial and transverse strain.
𝛿𝑇 𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝑓 − 𝐷0
𝜖 𝑇 𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑭=𝟎 𝑭>𝟎 𝐿 𝑇 𝑚𝑚 𝐷0

𝛿𝐴
𝛿𝐴
𝜖𝑇
Axial direction

𝛿𝑇 𝐷0
𝐿𝐴 𝐷𝑓 𝐿𝐴 𝑣=
𝛿𝑇 𝐷0 𝜖𝐴

𝑭=𝟎 𝑭>0 𝛿𝐴 𝑚𝑚
𝜖𝐴 𝑚𝑚 =
𝐿𝐴 𝑚𝑚
Transverse direction
 𝑣 in Cartesian coordinates.

𝑭=𝟎
𝑧

𝜖 𝑥 𝜖𝑦
𝑦 𝑣= =
𝜖𝑧 𝜖𝑧
𝑥

𝑭=𝟎
 Comments
• When a stress 𝜎𝑥 is applied a deformation 𝜖𝑥 exists and also deformations in 𝜖𝑦
and 𝜖𝑧 . Therefore when three stresses 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑧 are applied, then, the total
deformation is given by the superposition of deformations:

1
𝜖𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )
𝐸
1
1 𝜖𝑖 = 𝜎𝑖 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑖+1 + 𝜎𝑖+2 )
𝜖𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 ) 𝐸
𝐸
1
𝜖𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸
 𝑧

𝜖𝑥 𝜖𝑦
𝑦 𝑣= =
𝜖𝑧 𝜖𝑧
𝑥

1
𝜖𝑖 = 𝜎𝑖 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑖+1 + 𝜎𝑖+2 )
𝐸
 Torsion Test: Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

• Aim: Get the Shear Modulus (G)

 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 Output:
• Deformations
• Material Properties

Input:
Torque
 Hooke´s law

Tensile Test Torsion Test

𝜎 = 𝜖𝐸 𝝉 = 𝜸𝑮
𝜎 Tensile stress 𝝉 Shear stress
𝜖 Strain 𝜸 Shear Strain
𝐸 Young´s Modulus Shear Modulus
𝑮
Example:
𝑃 = 𝑟 ∗ 2𝜋 = 𝜋𝑑
 Fixed end

Imaginary
reference
line
Free end 𝐿
𝛾
𝐿

𝜃
𝑟𝜃

𝑟
𝑟
Reference
Point
 𝑟𝜃

𝛾 𝐿
𝐿

𝜃 𝑟𝜃
𝑟𝜃 𝛾 = tan(𝛾) =
𝑟
𝐿

𝛾 Shear Strain [rad]

𝐿 Length of cylindrical bar [mm, in]
𝑟 Radius of cylindrical bar [mm, in]
𝜃 Rotation [rad]
 𝑇𝑐 𝑟𝜃
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾=
𝐽 𝐿

𝜏 = 𝛾𝐺 𝜋𝐷4 𝜋𝑟 4
𝐽= =
32 2
𝑇𝑐 𝑟𝜃 𝑇𝐿𝑐
= 𝐺 =𝐺
𝐽 𝐿 𝑱𝑟𝜃
𝜋 4
𝐽= 𝑟0 − 𝑟𝑖4
J: Polar moment of inertia.
2

Round bar
2𝑇𝐿
4
=𝐺
𝜋𝑟 𝜃
 𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
𝜏𝑝𝑙 Proportional shear stress

𝜏𝑢 Ultimate shear stress

𝜏𝑓 Fracture shear stress

𝐺 Shear Modulus

𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
𝑟𝜃
𝛾=
𝐿
E-G Relationship.

𝐸
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝑣)
Example:
𝜏𝑢 =73 ksi
𝜏𝑝𝑙 = 52 𝑘𝑠𝑖
=73 ksi
Get G:

=52 𝑘𝑠𝑖 52 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝐺=
0.008 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝐺 = 6500 𝑘𝑠𝑖
 𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
𝜏
𝛾= Hooke´s law
𝐺

𝑑
0.008 = Geometry
2"

=73 ksi

=𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝒔𝒊
• 3.34 A shear spring is made from two blocks of rubber, each having a height h,
width b, and thickness a. The blocks are bonded to three plates as shown. If the
plates are rigid and the shear modulus of the rubber is G, determine the
displacement of plate A if the vertical load P is applied to this plate. Assume that
the displacement is small so that 𝛿 = 𝑎 ∙ tan(𝛾) ≈ 𝑎 ∙ 𝛾.
• 3-33 the support consists of three rigid plates, which are connected together
using two symmetrical placed rubber pads. If a vertical force of 5 N is applied to
the plate A, determine the approximate vertical displacement of this plate due to
shear strains in the rubber. Each pad has cross-sectional dimensions of 30 mm
and 20 mm. 𝐺𝑟 = 0.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
3-31: The shear stress-strain diagram for a steel alloy is shown in the figure. If a
bolt having a diameter of 0.75 “. Is made of this material and used in the double
lap joint, Determine the modulus of elasticity E and the force P required to cause
the material to yield. Take v=0.3
• A tension test was performed on a steel specimen having an original diameter of 12.5 mm and gauge
length of 50 mm. Using the data listed in the table, plot the stress-strain diagram and determine
approximately the modulus of thoughness. Use a scale of 20 mm=50 Mpa and 20 mm=0.05 mm/mm.
• 3-25 The acrylic plastic Rod is 20 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. If
an axial load of 300 N is applied to it, determine the change in its
length and the change in its diameter. 𝐸𝑝 = 2.7 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝑣𝑝 = 0.4