QC Lab PDF

Assignment - 1
Name- Deepak Yadav Semester- 7th-A1

Roll no. 17ESKME037 Lab- Quality control [7ME4-23]
Submitted to- Dr. Achin Srivastav Date- 11th October 2020
Objective:
To plot 𝑋̅ and R charts for a given manufacturing process and thereby conduct
the process capability analysis.
Equipment’s Required:
1) 50 pieces of mild steel work piece obtained from the manufacturing process
for which control charts are to be established.
2) A Vernier Calliper.
3) Appendices for estimating values of constants.
Theory:
1. Types of Data: The data seen in daily life can be broadly categorized into
two types:
a. Quantitative or Variable data that deals with numbers and things we can
measure objectively such as height, width, length, temperature, humidity
prices, area, volume etc. Variable data can be further classified as continuous
data (for example pressure, weight, length etc.) and discrete data (for example
number of accidents that happened in a city in a year, persons eligible for
voting in a country, number of movies in the 300 crores club etc.)
b. Qualitative or Attribute data that deals with characteristics and descriptors
that can’t be easily measured but can be observed subjectively such as smells,
tastes, textures, attractiveness, color etc. These types of data are generally
binary in nature such as right/wrong, true/false or accept/reject etc.
2. Control Charts: A control chart is a statistical tool used to distinguish
between variation in process resulting from common causes and variation
resulting from special causes. It presents a graphic display of process stability
or instability over time. A control chart always has a central line for the
average an upper line for upper control limit and a lower line for the lower
control limit. Depending upon the type of data encountered there are two
main categories of control charts: control chart for variables and control chart
for attributes.
a. Control Chart for variables: This category of control chart displays values
resulting from the measurement of a continuous variable. Examples of
variables data are elapsed time, temperature, radiation dose etc. Examples
include 𝑋 chart, R chart, σ chart etc.
b. Control Chart for attributes: This category of control chart displays data that
result from counting the number of occurrences or items in a single category of
items or occurrences. These count data may be expressed aa pass/fail, yes/no
or presence/absence of a defect. For example, p-chart, c-chart etc.
3. 𝑿̅ and R charts: An 𝑋̅ and R charts are a type of statistical process control
charts used with continuous data collected in subgroups at set time interval
usually between 3 to 5 pieces per subgroup. The 𝑋̅ charts is used to analyze the
average level of a process the R chart is used to analyze the spread or
dispersion. Taken together they
indicate whether or not the process is stable that is whether a constant system
of chance causes appears to be operating.
4. Process Capability : It is the ability of a process to meet the product design
and technical specification when process is under statistical control. process
capability index (Cp) can be expressed as : Cp=𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑈𝑆𝐿−𝐿𝑆𝐿)/6σ’

where, USL= Upper specification limit for the dimension LSL= Lower
specification limit for the dimension
σ' = standard deviation of the process
In general,
Value of Cp Interpretation
Cp<1.0 Poor process
Cp=1 Nearly OK
Cp=1.3-1.5 Good
Cp=2 Excellent that is 6 σ
Procedural Steps:
A manufacturing process in which pieces of nearly 45 mm diameter

and 65 mm length Carbon Steel rod to be turned to 40±0.25mm diameter by a
skilled operator, selecting suitable speed, feed and depth of cut on lathe
machine the process capability of which is to be studied.
1) Record all preliminary information on the observation sheet.

2) Draw five pieces from finished pieces to form one sub group.
3) Continue this till 10 sub group are drawn at regular intervals from the
process.
4) Arrange the sub groups in serial order.
5) Measure the diameter of the pieces in each sub group and enter the
measurement on the calculation sheet.
6) Compute 𝑋̅ and R charts for each group and post at appropriate places.
7) Compute 𝑋̅ and R and post in the observation sheet.
U8)CELsxt=im𝑋at+eAc2o𝑅nt̅ rol limits for 𝑋̅ and R charts using formulas
given below: LCLx =𝑋̿ - A2𝑅̅
9an) dPlvoat ltuheeocfo𝑅ntarsolmcehanrtlsinaendonpoRscthtahret.value 𝑋̿ as mean line on
the 𝑋̅ chart
10) Plot the values of 𝑋̅ and R for individual sub groups in the respective charts.
11) Examine the charts to see whether all points are within control limits.
1si2z)eC5a)lacunlda thethreebdyiscpaelcrusliaotneotfhtehaecpturoalcepsros
c𝜎es=s𝑅v̅/adr2ia(tdio2n=26.3𝜎2. 6 for sub group
13) Estimate the value of process capability index using the formula
14) Estimate the value of allowable process variation as USL-LSL.
15) Comment the nature of process on the basis of obtained result.
The values of A2, D4 and D3 is been taken from appendix table at subgroup size
n=5.
A2=0.577
D4=2.114
D3=0
Observation Table:
Figure will show the data and all the calculation with all the formulas . This
calculation is done on Microsoft Excel.
Result:
𝑋̅ and R charts for the process have been established as shown. The process
capability index has been found to be 0.234308
X BAR CHART
25
CONTROL LINES
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SAMPLE
XBAR CL UCL LCL Range
R CHART
8
7
CONTROL LINES
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SAMPLE
Datenreihen1 Datenreihen2 Datenreihen3

Conclusion:
As the value of Cp <1, that is 0.234308 so from this we can conclude that the
process is poor.

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Assignment - 1

Name- Deepak Yadav Semester- 7th-A1

𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑈𝑆𝐿−𝐿𝑆𝐿)/6σ’

A manufacturing process in which pieces of nearly 45 mm diameter

1) Record all preliminary information on the observation sheet.

XBAR CL UCL LCL Range

Datenreihen1 Datenreihen2 Datenreihen3

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