This document provides an overview of heat transfer fundamentals and terminology. It describes the three main modes of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Key terms are defined, such as heat flux, thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, and overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation are each explained. Heat exchangers are also introduced as devices that transfer heat between two fluids without mixing them.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer fundamentals and terminology. It describes the three main modes of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Key terms are defined, such as heat flux, thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, and overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation are each explained. Heat exchangers are also introduced as devices that transfer heat between two fluids without mixing them.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer fundamentals and terminology. It describes the three main modes of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Key terms are defined, such as heat flux, thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, and overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation are each explained. Heat exchangers are also introduced as devices that transfer heat between two fluids without mixing them.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer fundamentals and terminology. It describes the three main modes of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Key terms are defined, such as heat flux, thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, and overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation are each explained. Heat exchangers are also introduced as devices that transfer heat between two fluids without mixing them.
Faculty of Built Environment University of Malaya A basic understanding of the thermal sciences
Thermodynamics
This module explains the properties of fluids and how those
properties are affected by various processes. The module also explains how energy balances can be performed on facility systems or components and how efficiency can be calculated.
Fluid Flow
This module describes the relationship between the different
types of energy in a fluid stream through the use of Bernoulli's equation. The module also discusses the causes of head loss in fluid systems and what factors affect head loss. Heat Transfer
This module describes conduction, convection, and radiation
heat transfer. The module also explains how specific parameters can affect the rate of heat transfer. The information contained in this presentation is by no means all encompassing. An attempt to present the entire subject of heat transfer would be impractical. However, this presentation presents enough information
to provide you with a fundamental knowledge level
sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts presented in other subject areas, and
To better understand basic system and equipment
operations. Heat transfer terminology
To understand and communicate in the
thermal science field, certain terms and expressions must be learned in heat transfer.
The difference between heat and temperature.
The difference between heat and work.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and how it relates to heat
transfer.
The three modes of heat transfer.
the following terms as they relate to heat transfer:
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Convective heat transfer coefficient Overall heat transfer coefficient Heat and temperature
Temperature is a measure of the amount of energy possessed by
the molecules of a substance. It is a relative measure of how hot or cold a substance is and can be used to predict the direction of heat transfer. The symbol for temperature is T. The common scales for measuring temperature are the Fahrenheit, Rankine, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales.
Heat is energy in transit. The transfer of energy as heat occurs at
the molecular level as a result of a temperature difference. Heat is capable of being transmitted through solids and fluids by conduction, through fluids by convection, and through empty space by radiation. The symbol for heat is Q.
The common units for measuring heat are the British Thermal Unit (Btu) in the English system of units and the calorie in the SI system (International System of Units). Heat and work
Both represent energy in
transition. Work is the transfer of energy resulting from a force acting through a distance. Heat is energy transferred as the result of a temperature difference.
Neither heat nor work are thermodynamic properties of a system.
Heat can be transferred into or out of a system and work can be done on or by a system, but a system cannot contain or store either heat or work. When a temperature difference exists across a boundary, the Second Law of Thermodynamics indicates the natural flow of energy is from the hotter body to the colder body.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics denies the possibility of ever
completely converting into work all the heat supplied to a system operating in a cycle (Max Plank, 1903).
Questions and Answers
How can you drink a cup of tea according to second law of
thermodynamic?!! Simple answer…
Please indicate the relationship between heat and work in an
example.. Modes of Transferring Heat Heat is always transferred when a temperature difference exists between two bodies. There are three basic modes of heat transfer:
Conduction involves the
transfer of heat by the interactions of atoms or molecules of a material through which the heat is being transferred. [by direct contact]
Convection involves the transfer of heat by the mixing and motion of
macroscopic portions of a fluid. [by mass motion of molecules]
Radiation, or radiant heat transfer, involves the transfer of heat by
electromagnetic radiation that arises due to the temperature of a body. [by electromagnetic radiation] Modes of Transferring Heat Heat Flux
The rate at which heat is transferred is represented by the symbol C .
Common units for heat transfer rate is Btu/hr.
Sometimes it is important to determine the heat transfer rate per unit
area, or heat flux, which has the symbol B. Units for heat flux are Btu/hr-ft².
The heat flux can be determined by dividing the heat transfer rate by the area through which the heat is being transferred. B= C/A
where: B = heat flux (Btu/hr-ft²) C = heat transfer rate (Btu/hr) A = area (ft²) Thermal Conductivity The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity (k) measured in Btu/hr-ft-˚F. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a solid by conduction.
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
The convective heat transfer coefficient (h), defines, in part, the heat transfer due to convection. The convective heat transfer coefficient is sometimes referred to as a film coefficient and represents the thermal resistance of a relatively stagnant layer of fluid between a heat transfer surface and the fluid medium. Common units used to measure the convective heat transfer coefficient are Btu/hr - ft² - ˚F. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient In the case of combined heat transfer, it is common practice to relate the total rate of heat transfer ( Q ), the overall cross-sectional area for heat transfer (A), and the overall temperature difference (ΔT˚) using the overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo). Q= Uo A ΔT˚ where: Q = the rate heat of transfer (Btu/hr) Uo = the overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr - ft² - ˚F) A = the overall cross-sectional area for heat transfer (ft²) ΔT˚ = the overall temperature difference (˚F)
Questions and Answers
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER Conduction involves the transfer of heat by the interaction between adjacent molecules of a material.
Heat transfer by conduction is dependent upon the driving "force"
of temperature difference and the resistance to heat transfer. The resistance to heat transfer is dependent upon the nature and dimensions of the heat transfer medium.
In conduction heat transfer, the most common means of
correlation is through Fourier’s Law of Conduction. The law, in its equation form, is used most often in its rectangular or cylindrical form (pipes and cylinders), both of which are presented in the next page. Rectangular Q= k A [Δt/Δx]
Cylindrical Q= k A [Δt/Δr]
Where Q= rate of heat transfer (Btu/hr) A= cross-sectional area of heat transfer (ft²) Δx= thickness of slab (ft) Δr= thickness of cylindrical wall (ft) Δt= temperature difference (˚F) K= thermal conductivity of slab ( Btu/ft-hr-˚F) CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
Convection involves the transfer of heat by the motion
and mixing of "macroscopic" portions of a fluid (that is, the flow of a fluid past a solid boundary). The term natural convection is used if this motion and mixing is caused by density variations resulting from temperature differences within the fluid. The term forced convection is used if this motion and mixing is caused by an outside force, such as a pump. The transfer of heat from a hot water radiator to a room is an example of heat transfer by natural convection.
The transfer of heat from the surface of
a heat exchanger to the bulk of a fluid being pumped through the heat exchanger is an example of forced convection. The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection has the same form as that for heat transfer by conduction:
Q= h A ΔT
where: Q = the rate heat of transfer (Btu/hr) h = convective heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr - ft² - ˚F) A = surface area of heat transfer heat transfer (ft²) ΔT = the overall temperature difference (˚F)
The convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is dependent upon the
physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation.
Values of h have been measured and tabulated for the commonly
encountered fluids and flow situations occurring during heat transfer by convection. RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER
Radiant heat transfer involves the
transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation that arises due to the temperature of a body.
Radiant heat transfer involves the transfer of heat by
electromagnetic radiation that arises due to the temperature of a body. Most energy of this type is in the infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum although some of it is in the visible region. The term thermal radiation is frequently used to distinguish this form of electromagnetic radiation from other forms, such as radio waves, x-rays, or gamma rays. HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchangers are devices that are used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another without mixing the two fluids.
The basic design of a heat exchanger normally has two fluids of
different temperatures separated by some conducting medium. The most common design has one fluid flowing through metal tubes and the other fluid flowing around the tubes.
On either side of the tube, heat is transferred by convection. Heat
is transferred through the tube wall by conduction. HEAT EXCHANGERS TYPES
In the most commonly used type of heat exchanger, two fluids of
different temperature flow in spaces separated by a tube wall. They transfer heat by convection and by conduction through the wall.
This type is referred to as an "ordinary heat exchanger," as
compared to the other two types classified as "regenerators" and "cooling towers.“
An ordinary heat exchanger is single-phase or two-phase.
In a single-phase heat exchanger, both of the fluids (cooled and heated) remain in their initial gaseous or liquid states. In two phase exchangers, either of the fluids may change its phase during the heat exchange process.
The steam generator and main condenser of nuclear facilities are of
the two phase, ordinary heat exchanger classification. Heat transfer in building Questions and answers
What is passive house?!!
How do you define a passive building? Heat transfer and passive solar design in buildings Heat transfer and passive ventilation in buildings
Cross ventilation Single ventilation Stack ventilation Heat transfer and simulation in buildings
Software for simulating heat transfer in building
How can simulate heat transfer in simulation program?
How can evaluate heat transfer in simulation program?
