Differentiation II

DIFFERENTIATION II

COMPOUND FUCTIONS

One has seen that differentiation is distributive across addition and subtraction

i. e. d [f (x) + g (x) ] = d [f (x)] + d [g(x)]

dx dx dx
However the differentiation is not distributive across multiplication or division of
functions, and so one has not attempted to differentiate functions such as xex.

2-1
Nor has one attempted to differentiate compound functions of the form ex
sin (2x – 4 ) … etc.

Before one derive rules to differentiate such compound functions it is crucial that one
recognize into which category a particular function can be placed.

1) Products
Functions such as ex sinx, x ln x … are of the form [f (x) ] × [ g (x) ]
i. e. each is a product of two functions and by the substations

u ≡ f (x) and v ≡ g (x)

such a function may be written as uv

Example

ex sin x ≡ uv where u ≡ ex and v ≡ sin x

2) Quotients
Functions such as ex sin x … are of the form f(x)
sin x cos x g(x)

i. e. each is a quotient of two functions and such a function may be written u

v
Example
 Differentiation II

Functions such as ex ≡ u where u ≡ ex and v ≡ sin x

sin x v

3) Function of a Function
Consider the two functions f : x →x2 – 1 and g : x → ex. If the output of f is made the
input of g one gets the command relationship.

2–1
f : x →x2 – 1 or more briefly x : x →ex .

This function is obtained by taking the function g of the function f and is known as a
function of a function. One may denote it by
2–1 2–1
gf [(x)] ≡ ex or gf : x → ex

f : x →x2 – 1 or more briefly x : x →

Differentiation of a function of a function

Consider y = g (u) where u = f (x)

If δx is a small increase in x and δu, δy and the corresponding increase in u, y, then as δx

δx → 0, δu, and δy also tend to zero.

lim lim
Hence dy = δx → 0 δy = δx → 0 δy × δu
dx δx δx δx

lim lim
= δu → 0 δy × δx → 0 δu
δu δx

dy = dy × du
dx du dx

The above Rule may be used to differentiate a function of a function

Example 8f

1) Differentiate √(x2 – 1) w.r.t. x.

 Differentiation II

y = √(x2 – 1) ≡ (x2 – 1) ½

Let u ≡ x2 – 1 → y = u½

du x2 – 1 = 2x2 – 1 + 0 = 2x dy u ½ – 1 = ½ u ½ – 1 = ½ u –½
dx dx

.
. . du = 2x dy = 1 u ½
dx du 2

Now dy = du × dy
dx dx du

= ( 1 u– ½) (2x)
2

= u– ½ x

= x
u½

= x
√ (x2 – 1)
.
. . d √ (x2 – 1) = x
dx √ (x2 – 1)

2) Differentiate sin 2θ – π w.r.t. θ

4

y = sin 2θ – π
4

Let u ≡ 2θ – π → y = sin u
4

du 2θ – π = 2θ1 – 1 + 0 = 2 dy sin u = cos u

dθ 4 du

.
 Differentiation II

. . du = 2 dy = cos u
dθ du

Now dy = du × dy
dθ dθ du

dy = 2 cos u
dθ

= 2 cos 2θ – π
4

.
. . d sin 2θ – π = 2 cos 2θ – π
dθ 4 4

3) Differentiate 2 ln (x√ x2 – 1) w.r.t. x

2 ln (x√ x2 – 1) ≡ 2 ln x + 2 ln (x2 – 1)½

2 ln x + 2 ln (x2 – 1)½ ≡ 2 ln x + ( ½ )(2) ln (x2 – 1) ≡ 2 ln x + ln (x2 – 1)

.
. . d [2 ln (x √x2 – 1) = d [2 ln x ] + d [ln (x2 – 1)]
dx dx dx

= 2 + 1 (2x)
x x2 – 1

= 2(2x2 – 1)
x(x2 – 1)

4) Differentiate cos2 x w.r.t. x.


NB – cos3 x means (cos x)3

Let y = (cos x)3 and u ≡ cos x so that y = u3

Then dy u3 = 3u3 – 1 (– sin x) = 3u2 (– sin x) [Reminder : d cos x = – sin x]

 Differentiation II

dx dx
2
= – 3 cos x sin x

In general

If y = cosnx then dy = – n cosn – 1 x sin x

dx

If y = sinnx then dy = n sinn – 1 x cos x

dx

Transforming a given function into a sum at the start made differentiating it simpler.

 NB – Any function should be simplified whenever possible.

Differentiation of Products

Consider y = uv

where u ≡ f(x) and v ≡ g(x)

If δx represents a small increase in x, and δy, δu and δv are the corresponding increases
in y, u, v.

Then y + δy = (u + δu) (v + δv) = uv + uδv + vδu + δu δv

As y = uv δy = uδv + vδu + δuδv

.
. . δy = u δv + v δu + δu δv
δx δx δx δx

When δy → 0 δy → dy , δu → du , δv → dv , δu → 0
δx δx δx dx δx dx

. lim
. . dy = δx → 0 δy
δx
 Differentiation II

= u dv + v du + 0
dx dx

i.e. d [uv] = v du + u dv
dx dx dx

Example 1. ex sin 2x

Thus if y = ex sin 2x

And u ≡ ex, v ≡ sin 2x

du = ex, dv = 2 cos 2x
dx dx

Using dy [uv] = v du + u dv
dx dx dx

d [uv] = sin 2x × du (ex) + ex × dv (2 cos 2x)

dx dx dx

sin 2x × ex + ex × (2 cos 2x)

→ dy = 2ex cos 2x + (sin 2x) ex = ex ( 2 cos 2x + sin 2x)

dx

As with functions of a function after some practice in the use of the rule for
differentiating a product such derivatives can be written down directly.

Example. Differentiate x sin 3x w.r.t x.

And u ≡ x, v ≡ sin 3x

du = x , dv = 3 cos 3x
dx dx

Using dy [uv] = v du + u dv
dx dx dx

d [uv] = sin 3x × du (x) + x × dv (3 cos 3x)

dx dx dx
 Differentiation II

= sin 3x × x + x × (3 cos 3x)

→ dy = [x sin 3x] = x (3 cos 3x) + (sin 3x) x = x ( 3 cos 3x + sin 3x)

dx

= 3x cos 3x + sin 3x

Differentiation of Quotients

Consider the y= u
v

where u ≡ f(x) and v ≡ g(x) as above

then y + δx = u + δu
v + δv

as y = u δy = u + δu – u
v v + δv v

= vδu – uδv
v2 + vδv

v δu – u δv
. δy = δx δx
2
. . δx v + vδv

And lim v du – u dv
dy = δx → 0 δy = dx dx
dx δx v2

v du – u dv
d u = dx dx
2
dx v v

Example. Differentiate y = ex w.r.t. x

sin x

Thus if y= ex
sin x

where u ≡ ex and v ≡ sin x

 Differentiation II

du = ex dv = cos x
dx dx

v du – u dv
Using d u = dx dx
dx v v2

dy u = (sin x) (ex ) – (ex) (cos x)

dx v sin2 x

dy u = ex (sin x – cos x)
dx v sin2 x

Differentiating a Function Using Partial Fractions

Rational functions with two or more factors in the denominator may be differentiated by
first expressing the function as partial fractions.

Example

f(x) ≡ x ≡ A + B ≡ A(x – 3) + B(x – 2)

(x – 2) (x – 3) x–2 x–3 (x – 2)(x – 3)

The ‘Cover Up Method’ for expressing a function in Partial Fractions

Consider the function

f(x) ≡ x ≡ A + B ≡ A(x – 3) + B(x – 2)

(x – 2) (x – 3) x–2 x–3 (x – 2)(x – 3)

So that x ≡ A(x – 3) + B(x – 2)

when x = 2, one has A = 2 =–2

(2 – 3)

i.e. A, is the value of x when x = 2

x–3
 Differentiation II

when x = 3, one has B = 3 =3

(3 – 2)

i.e. A = f(2) with the factor (x – 2) ‘omitted’ or ‘covered up’

B = f(3) with the factor (x – 3) ‘omitted’ or ‘covered up’

The cover up method gives a quick way of expressing a function in partial fractions only
when linear factors are in the denominator.

One may complete the list of remaining derivatives of Trigonometric functions.

dy (tan x) = sec2 x
dx

dy (cot x) = – cosec2 x
dx

dy (sec x) = sec2 x tan x

dx

dy (cosec x) = – cosec2 x cot x

dx

Implicit Functions

Now let us consider the Curve whose equation is y + xy + y2 = 2.

This equation is not easily transposed to the form y = f(x) and one may say that

y = f(x) is implied by the equation y + xy + y2 = 2.

That is to say that y = f(x) is an implicit function.

Differentiation of Implicit Functions

Consider y + xy + y2 = 2.
 Differentiation II

The equation may be written as

f(x) + xf(x) + [f(x)2]2 = 2

where y = f (x) and dy = f’ (x)

dx

Differentiating term by term one have

(i) d f(x) = f’(x) = dy

dx dx

(ii) x f(x) is a product

.
. . d [x f (x)] = (1) f (x) + (x) f’(x) = y + x dy
dx dx

i.e. d (xy) = (1)y + (x) dy

dx dx

(iii) [f(x)]2 is a function of a function

.
. . d [f(x)]2 ≡ [2f()] f’(x) = 2y dy
dx dx

i.e. d (y2) = 2y dy
dx dx

(iv) d (2) = 0
dx
.
. . differentiating y + xy + y2 = 2 w.r.t. x

One gets dy + y + x dy + 2y dy = 0
dx dx dx

Or (1 + x + 2y ) dy + y = 0
dx

 NB – Every term in the equation is differentiated w.r.t. x.

 If g(y) is any function of y where y = f(x) then g(y) is a function of a function of x.

 Differentiation II

Thus the derivative of g(y) w.r.t. x is

d g(y) = g’(y) dy
dx dx

where g’(y) is the derivative of g(y) w.r.t. y.

For example d sin y = (cos y) dy

dx dx

Example 1. Differentiate the x2 + xy2 + y3 = 2 w.r.t. x.

d (x2) + d (xy2) + d (y3) = d (2)

dx dx dx dx

d (x2) = 2x2– 1 + d (xy2) = 2xy2 – 1 + d (y3) = 3y3 – 1 = d (2) = 0

dx dx dx dx

→ 2x + 2(x)y + 3y2 = 0

i.e. 2x + x(2y) dy + y2 + 3y2 dy = 0

dx dx

i.e. 2x + x(2y) dy + y2 + 3y2 dy = 0

dx dx

→ dy (2xy + 3y2) + 2x + y2 = 0
dx

Example 2. Differentiate the x = yex w.r.t. x.