APARATE UTILIZATE IN

RADIOTERAPIA
EXTERNA

Dr. Andrada Turcas (Bologa)

11/19/2020
 TIPURI DE RADIATII
Electromagnetice Corpusculare
Ionizante Ionizante
Fotoni (RX) Raze γ
• Ap. Roentgen • Dezintegrare nuclei Electroni Partic β-
(e-) emise de
• LINAC  Cobalt60 izotopi
• Betatron  Radiu,Radon
• Ciclotron  Poloniu,Cesiu
Protoni Neutroni
(p+) (no)
NEionizante
Unde radio MicroUnde Partic
alfa
Lumina Vizibila Unde Infrarosii Pi-
Ioni Grei mezoni
Lumina UltraVioleta* Carbon (π)
CLASIFICARE Dupa tipul de radiatie

Electromagnetice
Corpusculare
(Fotoni)

• Gamma (Rγ) • Electroni

• Cobalt • LINAC

• Raze X (RX) • Protoni

• RT superfic • Neutroni
• Ortovoltaj • Ioni grei
• LINAC
PDD

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MASINI PRODUCATOARE DE RX  Superficial x-ray machine: 50 - 80 kV
 Orthovoltage x-ray machine: 80 - 350 kV
RTE superficiala si ap. RX de Ortovoltaj

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TELETERAPIE

Teletherapy radionuclides:
 cobalt-60 (t1/2=5.26 y)
 cesium-137 (t1/2=30 y)

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COBALTOTERAPIE

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• The smaller is the source diameter, the smaller is the physical beam penumbra and
the more expensive is the source
• Typical dose rates at 80 cm from source: of the order of 100 – 200 cGy/min
• Teletherapy source is usually replaced within one half-life after it is installed

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When the source is in the BEAM-OFF
position, a light source appears in the
BEAM-ON position above the
collimator opening, allowing an optical
visualization of the radiation field, as
defined by the machine collimator.

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Theratron
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 *Gammaknife
 - focus about 200 tiny beams of radiation on a tumor with submillimeter accuracy
- Co60
Stereotactic
Radiosurgery

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLBHGu3kW08
ACCELERATOARE
LINIARE

11/19/2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSgnWfb
Ex1A&t=369s&ab_channel=Elekta 11/19/2020
PRODUCEREA RX

 TUB de Raze X (vid)

 Un “pistol” de electroni
 CATODUL- emite electroni cu viteza ↑

 se lovesc de ANOD (tinta metalica-% Tungsten)

 producere RX prin 2 mecanisme
1. Emisie de RX caracteristice
2. BremsStrahlung (Radiatie de franare)
 Energia max a RX depinde de Energia max a electronilor incidenti
 Electroni incidenti (MV)  RX (MeV)
 Diagnostic: (E electrica)-Voltaj 20 kV -150 kV  Fotoni (RX) cu Energie de 20 keV -150 keV

 Eficienta ↓ - maj energiei electrice este pierduta prin CALDURA, 1% prod RX

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSgnWfbEx1A&list=PLbXLrK-0qafLPim0Df9UYgHOsqBDuRxuI&index=8
 Radiatii X Caracteristice BremsStrahlung (RX de franare)

= ElectroLuminescenta
 Electronii incidenti sunt deviati (imprastiati) de campul
 Electronul incident (cu E↑) disloca un electron de pe
electric al NUCLEULUI a unui atom cu Z↑
un str intern (E legare ↑)
 Electronul isi schimba directia, pierde din energie
 Atomul devine IONIZAT = INstabil
 Se emite un FOTON = Radiatie de franare
 Un electron de pe un str ext ocupa locul vacant
(forma mai STABILA a atomului) BremsStrahlung
 Se emite un FOTON (RX) characteristic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkywJG9QPuE
Fotoni (RX) Electroni
MLC= MultiLeaf COLLIMATOR

11/19/2020
https://www.oncologysystems.com/resources/line
ar-accelerator-guides
TOMOTERAPIE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ1K1UVtMlw
MR-LINAC

11/19/2020
 **CYBERKNIFE

• combines a compact linear accelerator

mounted on a robotic manipulator, and
an integrated image guidance system.

• The system is designed for stereotactic

radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic
body radiation therapy (SBRT).

• The system is also used for select 3D-

CRT IMRT

https://cyberknife.com/cyberknife-how-it-works/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72Fqg7Wf5VI&t=166s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tS3FD11OfMc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HKvmcHH05E
 TERAPIE CU PARTICULE (mai) GRELE

 Neutrons
 cyclotrons
 neutron generators

 Protons
 cyclotrons
 synchrotrons

 Heavy ions (helium, carbon, nitrogen, argon, neon)

 SynchroCyclotrons
 Synchrotrons.
 CYCLOTRON SYNCHROTRON
 type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the
 Cyclotrons were the most powerful particle cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels
accelerator technology until the 1950s when they around a fixed closed-loop path
were superseded by the synchrotron  The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest
particle accelerator in the world (CERN). It can accelerate
beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV)

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TERAPIE CU PROTONI
 IBA-Ion Beam Applications
•MEVION  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS590Xtq9M4&ab_channel=ProtonThe

• the world’s only gantry mounted proton accelerator rapyIBA

HITACHI VARIAN- ProBeam

TERAPIE CU IONI DE CARBON
(CIRT)

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 FAST NEUTRON THERAPY

High energy neutrons 50 - 70 MeV

 cyclotron  proton beam impinging upon a beryllium target

 a proton linear accelerator

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 BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQrbfBiQpfk&ab_channel=Random42ScientificCommunication

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrGtA2Cd3_k&ab_channel=SumitomoHeavyIndustriesCorporateCommunications