Chapter 4 ~Part 1: Alternator~

1. Suppose that you were an engineer planning a new electric co-generation facility for a plant with
excess process steam. You have a choice of either two 10 MW turbine-generators or a single 20 MW
turbine generator. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of each choice?

2. Three physically identical synchronous generators are operating in parallel. They are all rated for a
full load of 100 MW at 0.8 PF lagging. The no-load frequency of generator A is 61 Hz, and its speed
droop is 3 percent. The no-load frequency of generator B is 61.5 Hz, and its speed droop is 3.4
percent. The no-load frequency of generator C is 60.5 Hz, and its speed droop is 2.6 percent.

(a) If a total load consisting of 230 MW is being supplied by this power system, what will the system
frequency be and how will the power be shared among the three generators?
(b) What actions could an operator take to improve the real power sharing among these generators?
(c) Analyze either this power sharing in (a) is acceptable or not. Comment your answer.
 (b)

(c) Power sharing by these 3 generators is acceptable. This is because, all value of PA, PB, PC is
under rated power of those generators respectively which is 100MW. OR~ All generators are within
their power limits, 100MW.

3. A 600 V, 450 kVA, 0.85 leading PF, Y-connected synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance
of 1.0 per unit and an armature resistance of 0.1 per unit. Given the internal generated voltage and
phase voltage of this machine are 1.0∟15⁰ per unit and 1.0∟0⁰ per unit respectively. With the help of
phasor diagram, analyze either this machine currently acting as a motor or a generator and will it
operates within its rated limits?
4. Perlis Tenaga Berhad needs to design a paralleled three synchronous generators system that rated for a
full load of 100 MW at 0.85 lagging power factor. Table 5 below shows the details of the generators.
When a total load consisting of 250 MW is being applied by this power system, analyze either this
power supplied by each generator is acceptable or not.

Table 5
Generator Generator B Generator C
A

No load frequency 61 Hz 62 Hz 60 Hz

Speed droop 3% 3.4 % 2.5 %

Even and , is still under rated power limit, but the power balance between three
generators are not stable.
So to balance the power supply system by these three generators, should be increases
about 40 MW and should be decreases about 40 MW simultaneously.
 Chapter 4 ~Part 2 : Synchronous Motor~

5. Why there is no starting torque available with synchronous motor. Discuss one method of starting
it individual.

• Consider a 3-Ǿ synchronous motor having two rotor poles Nr and Sr, then the stator will also be wound
for two poles Ns and Ss.
• The motor has direct voltage applied to the rotor winding and a 3-phase voltage applied to the starting
winding.
• The stator winding produces a rotating field which revolves round the stator at synchronous speed Ns. The
direct current sets up a two pole field which is stationary so long as the rotor is not turning.
• Thus, we have a situation in which there exists a pair of revolving armature poles (i.e. Ns-Ss) and a pair of
stationary rotor poles (i.e.Nr-Sr)

Suppose at any instant, the stator poles are at positions A and B.

i. It is clear that poles Ns and Nr repel each other and do the poles Ss and Sr. Therefore the rotor tends to
move in the anticlockwise direction. After a period of half cycle, the polarities of the stator poles are
reversed but the polarities of the rotor poles remain the same as shown.
ii. Now Ss and Nr attract each other and so do Ns and Sr. Therefore, the rotor tends to move in clockwise
direction. Since the stator poles change their polarities rapidly, they tend to pull the rotor first in one
direction and then after a period of half-cycle in other. Due to high inertia of rotor, the motor fails to
start.
Hence, a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque. Or a synchronous motor cannot start by itself.

OR
❖
The rotating magnetic field (stator) rotates at synchronous speed.

❖
Since rotating magnetic field (stator) changes their polarities rapidly, they tend to pull the rotor
first in one direction (anti-clockwise), and then after a period of half-cycle in other (clockwise).
❖
Due to high inertia of rotor, the motor fails to start.

❖
The rotor must be accelerated before it can pull into synchronism with stator (rotating magnetic field)
❖
So motor has no self-starting torque.
❖
A separate starting means must be employed.
o Reduce electrical frequency of applied AC power to reduce speed of rotating
magnetic field.
o External prime mover act like to run as synchronous generator first.
o Damper winding or Amortisseur Winding act like induction motor (cage winding)
principle.
6. A 480-V 100-kW 0.8-PF leading 50-Hz four-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 1.8 Ω and a negligible armature resistance. The rotational losses are also
to be ignored. This motor is to be operated over a continuous range of speeds from 300 to 1500
rpm, where the speed changes are to be accomplished by controlling the system frequency with a
solid-state drive.
(a) Over what range the input frequency must be varied to provide this speed control range?
(b) How large is internal generated voltage, EA at the motor’s rated conditions?
(c) What is the maximum power the motor can produce at rated speed with the internal generated voltage,
EA calculated in part (b)?
(d) What is the largest value that internal generated voltage, EA could be at 300 rpm?

7. A 460-V 200-kVA 0.85-PF-leading 400-Hz four-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has

negligible armature resistance and a synchronous reactance of 0.954 Ω. Ignore all losses.
(a) What is the speed of rotation of this motor?
(b) What is the output torque of this motor at the rated conditions?
(c) What is the internal generated voltage of this motor at the rated conditions?
(d) With the field current remaining at the value present in the motor in part (c), what is the maximum
possible output power from the machine?
8. (a) Give and differentiate two types of rotor’s structure in synchronous machine.
[Berikan dan bezakan dua jenis struktur rotor dalam mesin segerak.]

SALIENT NON-SALIENT

Rotor has a large number of projecting (salient) Rotor consists of a smooth solid forced steel
poles having their cores bolted on to a heavy cylinder having a no of slots for accommodating
magnetic core of cast iron or CRGO steel of good field coils.
magnetic quality.

Salient pole machines are larger in diameter but They are smaller in diameter and larger in axial
smaller in axial lengths. lengths

Usually the number of poles on the rotor is four or Usually the number of poles on the rotor is two or
more. four.

The salient pole rotor creates considerable air Windage loss is less. The relatively smooth surface
turbulence in the air gap between the rotor and the of the rotor reduces “windage” losses, that is, the
stator as the rotor rotates, resulting in a relatively energy lost to moving the air around in the air gap
high windage loss. between the rotor and the stator— act as fan effect

For medium speed (120 to 500 rpm) For higher speed (1000 to 3000 rpm)

Lower power generation. (800 MW) hidro Higher power generation. (1500 MW) turbine

(4 Marks / Markah)
Solution Tutorial 3 Synchronous & Special Purpose Machines EET306: Electrical Machine

(b) A 480 V, 100 kW, 0.8 leading PF, 50 Hz, four pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 1.8 Ω and a negligible armature resistance. The rotational losses are
also to be ignored. This motor is to be operated over a continuous range of speeds from 300
to 1500 rpm. Calculate:

a. The maximum power produced by the motor at rated speed.

b. The maximum value that internal generated voltage, EA could be at 300 rpm.

(c) A 460 V 200 kVA 0.85 leading PF, 50 Hz, four-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has
negligible armature resistance and a synchronous reactance of 0.90 pu. Ignore all losses. If
the output power of the motor is 530 hp, determine either this power is acceptable or not.
Defend your answer.

10
Solution Tutorial 3 Synchronous & Special Purpose Machines EET306: Electrical Machine

If the output power is 530 hp, and the output power in kW is;

POUT = 1 hp * 746 W

= 530 hp * 746 W = 395.38 kW.

Since this value (395.38 kW) is over or above the value of maximum output power at rated condition
(369 kW), this value (530 hp / 395.38 kW) is unacceptable. Because it s already over the limit.

Chapter 5 ~Special Purpose Machines~

8. Construct a table showing step size versus number of poles (varied from 2, 4 to 10 poles) for
three and four phase stepper motors. Analysis and comment the answer.

11