AN #168 - Dallas DS2450 emulation with Tiny

AVR
This article describes basic approach to building 1-wire slave devices by uC emulation on example of
DS2450 1-Wire Quad A/D Converter. Besides lower cost, emulated device allows to get more precision that
the prototype and more flexibility by adding various extra software options. Also, 12 bit ADC conversion
was realized by oversampling technique.
Vladimir I. Yershov (first price winner in Russian BASCOM contest)
Chloride Rus, Moscow, Russia

The idea to replace standard DS2450 [1] came during the development battery monitoring system, when it became
obvious that declared precision of the DS2450 does not exceed 8 bits.

The Hardware
.
ATTiny45 chip finally was chosen for the emulation although PIC12F675/683 also were tested but failed due to the speed
limitations.
Tiny45 was configured for operation from internal RC clock at 8 MHz with RESET pin configured as analog input. Pin
configuration shown on Fig.1.

Fig. 1 Pinout of the design

A lab sample of the battery measuring board based on Tiny emulator shown below on Fig.2. As galvanic isolation is
mandatory for such applications, there are two optocouplers on the sides of the board. So 1-wire communication is
performed via optical link. But it’s a topic for another article.

Fig.2 Sample board for battery monitoring system. Tiny is in the middle.

The Firmware
Present software version supports most basic operations of DS2450 except output pins control and alarms function. To
achieve 12 bit resolution, a well known over sampling technique [2] was used.
Fig.3 Simplified software flowchart
The design is also allows addressable firmware upgrade via 1-wire network with the Bootloader by Peter Dannegger [3].
To demonstrate the operation of the device a compilation option for Mega32 (Tiny45 is not available for simulation) was
added and Proteus simulation design was made.

Simplified software flowchart shown on Fig.3. The program flow divides into the several stages.

• Main Loop – polling of the state of the 1-wire pin Dq for Reset Pulse from Master. Once the low state of Dq has been
distinguished Timer starts to counts and the program waits for High Dq. On the High Dq Timer stops and the comparison
with the predefined Min and Max intervals made. If the pulse seems to be Reset the program performs output of the
Presence Pulse and the program begin to wait a general command from the Master.
• General commands reception. General commands could be only: Read ROM, Search ROM, Skip ROM or Match
ROM. If received byte corresponds to one of the General Commands the control passed to second command acquisition
block which recognize device specific commands. Oversize flow returns to the Main Loop.
• Device specific commands reception. These commands for this emulator are: Start ADC Conversion, Read
Memory (ADC results and settings), Write Memory (Device Setup) and Firmware Upgrade.
• ADC Conversion, according to the Oversampling Technique Idea executed 64 times with summing conversion results
in word array for each ADC channel with subsequent division by 16 which results in 12 bit value. Resulting conversion time
is similar with the prototype DS2450.
• CRC16 Calculation is necessary for 1-wire protocol requirements almost for any transaction. In this program CRC16
calculated for each sent/received byte on the fly immediately as the byte is available. It’s the task of CRC_Update
subroutine.
• Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) on timer overflow used here to prevent program endless cycling in cases of
transmition errors or if the master sleeps too long. It returns the control to the different points of the Main Loop depending
of the state of Dq.
• Firmware Upgrade performed via 1-wire bus. This design was developed to work with the intermediate PIC uC
which serves as a Master, accumulates, process data and send results to PC. At the beginning of FW Upgrade Master sent
to Slave Bootload command byte. Slave responses with the same byte and jumps to Bootloader. Master come into
transparent mode and translates the Bootloader traffic from PC to Slave and back.
• Tiny programming consists of two steps: 1. Flashing the Bootloader 2. Downloading Firmware via Bootloader.

Results
Testing of the design was performed in virtual and real environments. Real tests were done with 4 Tiny emulator modules,
united in 1-wire net and connected to the 16 x 12V VRLA batteries of the 10 kVA UPS. Also modules based on DS2450
prototype were tested in the same conditions. Monitoring parameters were: battery voltage, charge-discharge current,
measuring accuracy and transmition errors. Tiny modules shows better performance over DS2450 by all parameters except
current consumption which was 1.5 times greater. There were no any power optimization in current version, so it’s
optimistic to think it’ possible to improve in the future releases.
Proteus simulations were helpful for debug and presentation. Below is the screen short of such simulation.
 Schematic

Click here for download archive with source code and schematic

Source code:

'****************************************************************
'* Name : Tiny_DS2450.BAS *
'* Author : Vladimir I. Yershov *
'* *
'* Date : 21.12.2008 *
'* Version : 1.0 *
'* Notes : Firmware for Tiny and Mega AVR to emulate Dallas *
'* DS2450 1-Wire Quad A/D Converter *
'* : *
'****************************************************************
'$regfile = "attiny45.dat" : Const Chip = 45 ' Choose chip for compilation by uncomment line
$regfile = "m32def.dat" : Const Chip = 32

$crystal = 8000000

#if Chip = 45
$loadersize = 512 ' bootloader space reservation
Config Clockdiv = 1
#endif

' HW Config
$hwstack = 32
$swstack = 8
$framesize = 16
Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto
Config Timer0 = Timer , Prescale = 64

Const Dqpin = 1
Const Ipin = 0 ' value in DDRB for input
Const Opin = 1 ' value in DDRB for output

Timer Alias Tcnt0

Dq Alias Pinb.dqpin

' Commands
Const Search_rom = &HF0
Const Skip_rom = &HCC
Const Match_rom = &H55
Const Read_rom = &H33
Const Writemem = &H55
Const Convert = &H3C
Const Read_mem = &HAA
Const Bootload = &HEE
Const Write_epr = &HE0

' Timings

Const Owpresent = 150 ' 60us < OWPresent < 240us

Const Owpause = 50 ' 15us < OWPause < 60us
Const Owstrobe = 15 ' read Dq value after Owstrobe us
'12 '10 4MHz 12 8 MHz
Const Owdata = 25 ' Valid output data for Owdata us
'20 '15 '12
'7 12

' Timer Delays

Const T1reset = 60 'T1us * 490 Min Reset width

Const Timeout = 120 'T1us * 970 Max Reset width

' Allocate variables

Dim I As Byte
Dim B As Byte
Dim Inmask As Byte
Dim Readout As Byte
Dim Addrlo As Byte
Dim Adcnum As Byte

Dim Myrom(8) As Byte

Dim Crc16_hi As Byte

Dim Crc16_lo As Byte

Dim Ram(32) As Byte

Dim Ramw(16) As Word At Ram() Overlay
Dim Ad_result As Word
Dim Bytedat As Byte
Dim Wreg As Byte

Dim Tstval As Byte

Dim Temp As Byte
Dim Templ As Byte
Dim Temph As Byte
Dim Tempw As Word At Templ Overlay

Dim Overresol As Byte

Dim Oversample As Byte
Dim Overcount As Byte
Dim Overshift As Byte
Dim Normshift As Byte

Dim Bitdat As Bit

Enable Interrupts
Enable Timer0
On Timer0 Isr Nosave

Restore MyromData
For Addrlo = 1 To 8
 Read B
Myrom(addrlo) = B
Next Addrlo

Stop Timer0

#if Chip = 45
Admux = &B00100000
Adcsra = &B00000110
Adcsrb = &B00000000
' Didr0 = &B00111101
Didr0 = &B00111100
#endif
Open "comb.0:57600,8,n,1" For Output As #1
Print #1 , "T45.3 18.11.07" ' version info

Waitms 500
'-----------------------------------

Mainloop:
Waitreset:

Disable Interrupts
Timer = 0

Waitfall:

L1:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L1
L2:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L2

Start Timer0

Rwaitrise:

L01:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L01
L02:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L02

Stop Timer0

If Timer < T1reset Then Goto Waitreset

If Timer > Timeout Then Goto Waitreset

Sendpresense:
Waitus Owpause

Ddrb.dqpin = Opin

Waitus Owpresent
Ddrb.dqpin = Ipin
Timer = 0
Enable Interrupts

Readb:

Gosub Readbyte
Readb1:

If Bytedat = Read_rom Then Goto Readrom

If Bytedat = Search_rom Then Goto Sendrom
If Bytedat = Skip_rom Then Goto Funct
If Bytedat = Match_rom Then Goto Matchrom
Goto Readb
End

Isr:
Spl = &H5F
Sph = 1

If Dq = 0 Then
Timer = T1reset

Goto Rwaitrise
Else
Goto Waitreset
 End If

Return
'-------------------------------
Readrom:
For B = 1 To 8
Bytedat = Myrom(b)
Gosub Sendbyte
Next B
Goto Readb
'----------------------------------
Matchrom:
For B = 1 To 8
Gosub Readbyte
If Bytedat <> Myrom(b) Then Goto Mainloop
Next B
Funct:
Gosub Readbyte

If Bytedat = Convert Then Goto Conversion

If Bytedat = Read_mem Then Goto Readmem

If Bytedat = Writemem Then Goto Write_mem

If Bytedat = Bootload Then Goto Fwupgrade

' If Bytedat = Write_epr Then Goto Writeepr

Goto Readb1
'----------------------------------------
Fwupgrade:
Gosub Sendbyte
jmp 0

Readmem:
Crc16_lo = 0
Crc16_hi = 0
B = 0

Gosub Crc_update ' ByteDat = ReadMem

Gosub Readbyte
Addrlo = Bytedat
Gosub Crc_update ' ByteDat = AddrLo

Gosub Readbyte
Gosub Crc_update ' ByteDat = AddrHi
Readloop:
Bytedat = Ram(addrlo + 1)

Gosub Sendbyte
Gosub Crc_update

Incr Addrlo
Incr B

If B = 8 Then Goto Exitreadmem

Goto Readloop
Exitreadmem:
B = 0

Bytedat = Crc16_lo Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte
Bytedat = Crc16_hi Xor &HFF
Gosub Sendbyte

Crc16_lo = 0
Crc16_hi = 0

If Addrlo < 31 Then Goto Readloop

Goto Mainloop

'----------------------------------------
Write_mem:
Crc16_lo = 0 : Crc16_hi = 0

Gosub Crc_update 'Bytedat = Writemem

Gosub Readbyte
Addrlo = Bytedat
Gosub Crc_update ' AddrLo

Gosub Readbyte
 Gosub Crc_update ' AddrLo

Gosub Readbyte
Ram(addrlo + 1) = Bytedat
Gosub Crc_update ' MemByte

Bytedat = Crc16_lo Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte

Bytedat = Crc16_hi Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte

Bytedat = Ram(addrlo + 1)
Gosub Sendbyte
' ====== END OF FIRST PASS ===========
Writememloop:
Incr Addrlo
Crc16_hi = 0
Crc16_lo = Addrlo ' low (Crc16) = Addrlo

Gosub Readbyte
Ram(addrlo + 1) = Bytedat
Gosub Crc_update

Bytedat = Crc16_lo Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte

Bytedat = Crc16_hi Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte

Bytedat = Ram(addrlo + 1)
Gosub Sendbyte

If Addrlo < 31 Then Goto Writememloop

Goto Mainloop

' =============
Conversion:
Crc16_lo = 0 : Crc16_hi = 0
Gosub Crc_update 'ByteDat = Convert

Gosub Readbyte 'ByteDat = InMask

Gosub Crc_update

Gosub Readbyte 'ByteDat = ReadOut

Gosub Crc_update

Bytedat = Crc16_lo Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte

Bytedat = Crc16_hi Xor &HFF

Gosub Sendbyte

Overresol = 12 ' Desired Oversample Resolution

Overshift = Overresol - 10 ' Shift Left After Oversampling
Normshift = 6 - Overshift
Oversample = 4 ^ Overshift

#if Chip = 45
Didr0 = &B00111100
Adcsra = &B00000101 ' ADC clock = 250 kHz
Adcsra.7 = 1 ' Enable ADC
Adcsrb = &B00000000

#endif
For Adcnum = 1 To 4
Ramw(adcnum) = 0
Next Adcnum
#if Chip = 45
For Overcount = 1 To Oversample
Admux = &B00000000 ' Righ aligned result
For Adcnum = 1 To 4
Adcsra.6 = 1
While Adcsra.6 = 1 : Wend
Templ = Adcl : Temph = Adch
Ramw(adcnum) = Ramw(adcnum) + Tempw
Incr Admux
Next Adcnum
Next Overcount
#else
Start Adc
For Overcount = 1 To Oversample
For Adcnum = 1 To 4
B = Adcnum - 1
 Ad_result = Getadc(b)
Ramw(adcnum) = Ramw(adcnum) + Ad_result
Next Adcnum
Next Overcount
#endif
For Adcnum = 1 To 4
Shift Ramw(adcnum) , Right , Overshift
Shift Ramw(adcnum) , Left , Normshift
Next Adcnum

Exit_case:
#if Chip = 45
Adcsra.7 = 0 ' Disable ADC
#else
Stop Adc
#endif
Goto Mainloop
'======================================================
Crc_update:

Wreg = Bytedat
Wreg = Wreg Xor Crc16_lo
Temp = Wreg
Wreg = Crc16_hi
Crc16_lo = Wreg
Wreg = 0

If Temp.0 = 1 Then Wreg = &HCC

If Temp.1 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &H8D

If Temp.2 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &H0F

If Temp.3 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &H0A

Crc16_hi = Wreg
Wreg = Wreg And &HF0
Crc16_hi = Crc16_hi Xor Wreg
Crc16_lo = Crc16_lo Xor Wreg
Wreg = 0

If Crc16_hi.3 = 1 Then Wreg = &HCC

If Temp.4 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &HCC

If Temp.5 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &HD8

If Temp.6 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &HF0

If Temp.7 = 1 Then Wreg = Wreg Xor &HA0

Crc16_hi = Crc16_hi Xor Wreg

Wreg = 1

If Crc16_hi.7 = 1 Then Crc16_lo = Crc16_lo Xor Wreg

Return
'---------------------------------
'================================
Readbyte:
For I = 0 To 7

L11:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L11
L12:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L12
Timer = 256 - T1reset
Start Timer0

Rotate Bytedat , Right

Waitus Owstrobe

Bytedat.7 = Dq

Next I
Stop Timer0
Return
'----------------------------------
Sendbyte:
Adcnum = Bytedat
For I = 0 To 7
L21:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L21
L22:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L22
Timer = 256 - T1reset
Start Timer0

If Bytedat.0 = 0 Then Ddrb.dqpin = Opin

Waitus Owdata
Ddrb.dqpin = Ipin

Rotate Bytedat , Right

Next I
Bytedat = Adcnum
Stop Timer0
Return
'-----------------------------------
Sendrom:
' Stop Timer0
For I = 1 To 8
Bytedat = Myrom(i)
For B = 0 To 7
'----------------------------
Sendcbit1:

L31:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L31
L32:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L32

If Bytedat.0 = 0 Then Ddrb.dqpin = Opin

Waitus Owdata
Ddrb.dqpin = Ipin
'----------------------------
Sendcbit2:

L41:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L41
L42:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L42

If Bytedat.0 = 1 Then Ddrb.dqpin = Opin

Waitus Owdata
Ddrb.dqpin = Ipin

'--------------------------
Readcbit:

L51:
sbis pinb, DqPin
rjmp L51
L52:
sbic pinb, DqPin
rjmp L52

Waitus Owstrobe

Bitdat = Dq

'-------------------------
If Bitdat <> Bytedat.0 Then Goto Mainloop
Rotate Bytedat , Right
Next B
Next I

Goto Readb
End

MyromData:
'Data &H20 , &H0D , &HCB , &H0A , 00 , 00 , 00 , &HEC
'Data &H81 , &H55 , &H22 , &H24 , 00 , 00 , 00 , &H6A
'Data &H20 , &HAC , &HC7 , &H0A , 00 , 00 , 00 , &HA6

'Data &H20 , &HA5 , &HC1 , &H0A , 00 , 00 , 00 , &HAC

Data &H81 , &H55 , &H22 , &H24 , 00 , 00 , 00 , &H6A