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Networks 2 PDF

The document discusses various wired and wireless network transmission media. It describes common wired media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables that are used in local area networks. It also summarizes different types of twisted pair cables and their categories and bandwidth capabilities. The document then provides an overview of wireless media and hybrid network environments.

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Abdelfatah Hezema
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663 views24 pages

Networks 2 PDF

The document discusses various wired and wireless network transmission media. It describes common wired media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables that are used in local area networks. It also summarizes different types of twisted pair cables and their categories and bandwidth capabilities. The document then provides an overview of wireless media and hybrid network environments.

Uploaded by

Abdelfatah Hezema
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Transmission Media

Wired Media Wireless Media


• Twisted pair STP/UTP cables • Infra red
• Coaxial cables • Microwave
• Fiber optics cables • Bluetooth

Wired media commonly used in LANs, some networks will use one type
others will use a variety of cables
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
• Low cost and easy to install and has multiple categories with wide
range of bitrate
• Bit rate ranges 1,4,10,16,100 Mbps, 10Gbps
• UTP is classified in the amount of twisting as the twisting increases
the amount of interference decreases

Cat 3

Cat 5
Shielded twisted pair (STP)
• Moderate cost relative to UTP
• Easy to install
• Has a higher bit rate of the same
cat of UTP
• Attenuate over hundred of
meters
• Has braided shield surrounding
the outer layer to protect from
the noise
Connection types: Straight (patch chord)
• 1 & 2 are used in transmit
• 3 & 6 are used in receive
• This type of connection is used
in connecting end device with
switch or hub (different type of
devices)
Connection types: Cross-over
• This type of connection is used
in connecting two devices of
same type together (PC to PC) or
(Switch to Switch)
Connection types: Rolled-over
• Used to connect to serial port in
a networking device console
port
Coaxial
• Moderate cost
• Easy to install
• 100Mbps bit rate
• Attenuate over few hundreds of
meters
Fiber-optic
• Highest cost
• Hard to install
• Tens of Gbps bitrate
• Attenuate over tens of
kilometers
Wireless

• Used when cable is hard to install

• Hybrid environment where wireless components communicate with


network using cables (Home ADSL with PC & Phones)
Internet in Egypt
• Internet service started in 1993 with 9.6Kbps from egyptain
universities and France
• In 1994 Egyptian domain was divided into three major subdomains
providing 64Kbps of internet access to France
• Sci.eg
• Com.eg
• Gov.eg
OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)
• Protocols are software rules needed between devices to
communicate over network
• Protocols control the message origination, end & quantity over the
network
• The OSI describes how data and network information are
communicated from an application through the media to another
application
• The OSI is defined by the ISO so it’s a standard model and is broken
into layers
OSI Model
OSI Layers
• Application Layer
• Interface to end users such as
• HTTP/HTTPS (Browsing)
• FTP (File transfer)
• SMTP, IMAP, POP3 (Email)
• Presentation Layer
• Transform data to support standardized application interface
• Coding or translation (JPEG, MPEG,ASCII)
• Encryption & compression
OSI Layers
• Session
• Establishes and terminates connections between application
• Synchronize checkpoints into streams of data
• Transport (TCP/UDP)
• Organize data into segments
• Provide reliable transport between end systems
• End to end Error recovery and flow control
• Network (IP) (Routers act in this layer)
• Organize data into datagram (packets)
• Routing & addressing
OSI Layers
• Data Link (Switches and hubs act in this layer)
• Reliable data transfer over physical link (Error control)
• Organize data into frames to be sent over physical medium
• Access control
• Physical
• Transmission of unstructured bit stream over physical link
• Deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of the media
• Convert bits into electrical signals that can be transmitted
Packets
• Fixed information sent across the network
• Packets consist of
• Header : OSI layer information
• Data : The actual data sent
• Trailer : CRC
• CRC : Cyclic redundancy check used for error detection
• Each layer puts its own header to be read by the receiving party’s
same layer
TCP/IP (Transmission control
protocol/internet protocol)
• TCP/IP is open standard not for one vendor
• Uses IPv4 now and next version uses IPv6
• Default protocol for all modern operating systems

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite


• Developed by the US Department of defense
• Used before the OSI model
• Used by the internet
TCP/IP pros and cons

Advantages Disadvantages

• Broad connectivity among all • Difficulty of setup


types of computers and servers

• Slower than other protocols like


• Direct access to the Internet IPX/SPX & NetBEUI
TCP/IP protocol 5 Layers while OSI is 7 Layers
Devices used in networking: NIC
• Network interface card
• Interface between PC and the network
• Resides in the motherboard most of us uses the integrated NIC
• Network adapter
• Communicate with the PC through the device driver
• Contain transceiver
Devices used in networking: Repeater / Hubs
• Repeater
• Used to amplify the electronic signals that travels in cables
• Can connect computers far from each other
• Operate in the physical layer of the OSI
• Hubs
• Operate in the physical layer of the OSI
• One collision domain
• Broadcasts incoming signal to everyone
• One host can transmit at a given time
• 10Mbps LAN
Devices used in networking: Switches
• Switches that connects PCs in star networks
• Faster than hubs and bridges, simple to install, higher speed and
bandwidth
• Each device has dedicated capacity of the LAN
• Each port is separate collision domain
• Can operate on different layers of the OSI
• Layer 1 : Switching hub
• Layer 2 : LAN switch, forwards based on MAC address
• Layer 3 : Routing switch, Forward based on IP addres, used in VLAN routing
and doesn’t have WAN connectivity
Devices used in networking: Routers
• Routers used to redirect packets between networks using routing
tables
• Operates in network layer of the OSI using IP address
• Routers are protocol dependent
• Routers capacity measured by PPS
Devices used in networking: Modems, Patch
panels
• Modems
• enable two PCs to communicate over telephone wires
• Translate digital into analog data
• Receives information from your ISP through phone line in your home and
convert it into digital signal
• Patch panels
• Group of sockets mounted on a rack
• Punch tool is used to punch down the wires to make connection

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