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    ELL211 Lecture 7: IIT Delhi

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    Vamsikrishna Yadav
    The document discusses crystal vibrations and phonons. It describes longitudinal and transverse waves in crystals, and how Hooke's law can be used to model the elastic response of crystals. It presents the dispersion relation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength for phonons. It discusses acoustic and optical phonon branches, and shows examples of phonon dispersion in monoatomic and diatomic crystals. Finally, it briefly discusses the quantization of lattice vibrations into phonons and different mechanisms of lattice scattering.

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    ELL211 Lecture 7: IIT Delhi

    Uploaded by

    Vamsikrishna Yadav
    35 views11 pages
    The document discusses crystal vibrations and phonons. It describes longitudinal and transverse waves in crystals, and how Hooke's law can be used to model the elastic response of crystals. It presents the dispersion relation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength for phonons. It discusses acoustic and optical phonon branches, and shows examples of phonon dispersion in monoatomic and diatomic crystals. Finally, it briefly discusses the quantization of lattice vibrations into phonons and different mechanisms of lattice scattering.

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    ELL211 - Lecture7

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    The document discusses crystal vibrations and phonons. It describes longitudinal and transverse waves in crystals, and how Hooke's law can be used to model the elastic response of crystals. It presents the dispersion relation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength for phonons. It discusses acoustic and optical phonon branches, and shows examples of phonon dispersion in monoatomic and diatomic crystals. Finally, it briefly discusses the quantization of lattice vibrations into phonons and different mechanisms of lattice scattering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views11 pages

    ELL211 Lecture 7: IIT Delhi

    Uploaded by

    Vamsikrishna Yadav
    The document discusses crystal vibrations and phonons. It describes longitudinal and transverse waves in crystals, and how Hooke's law can be used to model the elastic response of crystals. It presents the dispersion relation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength for phonons. It discusses acoustic and optical phonon branches, and shows examples of phonon dispersion in monoatomic and diatomic crystals. Finally, it briefly discusses the quantization of lattice vibrations into phonons and different mechanisms of lattice scattering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11

    IIT Delhi

    ELL211 Lecture 7 Bhaskar Mitra


    Crystal Vibrations - Longitudnal Waves
    Planes of
    atoms when
    displaced in
    longitudinal
    direction. u
    measures the
    displacement
    of planes.
    us ∥ K
    Crystal Vibrations - Transverse Waves

    us ⊥ K
    Hooke’s Law
    ❖ We assume the elastic response of a crystal is a linear function of the forces
    ❖ Hooke’s Law: The force exerted on the plane s as caused by plane s+p is
    proportional to the displacement us+p − us. For nearest neighbour p = ± 1

    ❖ ··
    Fs = C(us+1 − us) + C(us−1 − us) so mus = C(us+1 + us−1 − 2us)
    −j(ωt−sKa)
    ❖ We are looking for harmonic solutions of the form us = use
    −jpKa
    ❖ Also since atoms are identical us+p = use (Bloch Theorem)
    2 jKa −jKa 2
    ❖ we get mω = C(e +e − 2) or ω = 2C/m(1 − cosKa)
    Dispersion Relation
    w vs k Dispersion for Monoatomic Lattice

    ❖ Meaningful range of K is only in


    the first brillouin zone
    Linear π π
    (− < K < )
    a a
    ❖ Can always add/subtract by
    reciprocal lattice vector
    ❖ At zone boundary - standing wave
    Waves in a Diatomic Crystal
    ··
    m1us = C(vs + vs−1 − 2us)
    ··
    m u = C(u + u − 2v )
    2 s s+1 s s

    look for travelling wave solutions:


    −j(ωt−sKa) −j(ωt−sKa)
    us = ue vs = ve

    ( )
    2 −iKa

    (−C(1 + e )
    2C − m1ω −C(1 + e )
    ( )
    u 0
    v =
    −iKa
    ) 2C − m2ω 2 0 Near Zone Centre: Ka <<1
    1 1
    ω 2 ≈ 2C( + ) Optical Branch
    for solution to exist, determinant =0 m1 m2
    4 2 2 C/2
    m1m2ω − 2C(m1 + m2)ω + 2C (1 − CosKa) = 0 2
    ω ≈ 2 2
    K a Acoustic Branch
    m1 + m2
    Longitudnal Acoustic and Optical Branches
    Phonon
    Dispersion
    in Ge
    Transverse Optical and Acoustic Phonons
    Quantization of Lattice Vibrations
    ❖ In the classical picture a wave has an intensity that can vary continuously
    ❖ In quantum picture, the energy of the wave is quantised. The particle associated with
    a quantum of lattice vibrations is called a phonon. Each phonon carries an energy ℏω
    1
    The total energy contained in vibration is given by E = (nω + )ℏω
    2
    ❖

    1
    The distribution function is given by Bose-Einstein statistics:
    ❖
    exp ( k T )
    ℏω
    −1
    B

    ❖ Density of states is same as what we derived for electrons


    Lattice Scattering
    ❖ Three mechanisms for lattice scattering
    du
    Acoustic phonons create a strain field which produces a potential Vap = D
    dx
    ❖

    ❖ Optical Phonons : Out of phase motion of neighbouring atoms produces a strain


    called the optical strainVo = Dou
    ❖ Ionic Lattices: Motion of charged ions creates a polarisation field Vpo = e*u
    ❖ Scattering Probability is given by
    2π 2
    P(k, k′) = < k′, q′| Hel | k, q > δ[ϵ(k′) − ϵ(k) ∓ ℏωq]
    h

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