= ( )

∆
= =
∆ → ∆

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 1

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2
 CONTENTS
Page

PREFACE 6

Chapter 1 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 8

1.1 Functions 9
1.2 Functional Notation 10
Exercises 14
1.3 Limits 16
1.4 Limit Theorems 17
1.5 Continuity 20
Exercises 22

Chapter 2 DERIVATIVES 23
2.1 The Derivative 24
Exercises 28
2.2 Slope 29
2.3 Rate of Change 33
Exercises 37

Chapter 3 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS 39

3.1 Basic Derivative Formulas 40
Exercises 45
3.2 The Chain Rule 46
Exercises 48
3.3 Higher Order Derivatives 49
Exercises 51
3.4 Derivatives of Implicit Functions 52
Exercises 55

Chapter 4 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 56

4.1 Slope of a Curve 57
4.2 Tangents and Normals to the Plane Curves 59
Exercises 66
4.3 Minima and Maxima 68
4.4 Inflection Points 69
4.5 Sketching of Polynomial Curves 69
Exercises 76
4.6 Optimization Problems: Applications of Maxima
and Minima 77
Exercises 84
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 3
 4.7 Time Rates 87
Exercises 92
4.8 Differentials, Approximations and Newton’s Method 95
Exercises 105

Chapter 5 TRIGONOMETRIC AND

INVERSE TRIGONMETRIC FUNCTIONS 107
5.1 Trigonometric Functions: A Review 108
5.2 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 109
Exercises 114
5.3 Applications of the Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions 115
Exercises 121
5.4 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 123
Exercises 129

Chapter 6 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 131

6.1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions: A Review 132
6.2 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 133
Exercises 139

Chapter 7 HYPERBOLIC AND

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 141
7.1 Hyperbolic Functions: A Review 142
7.2 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions 142
7.3 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 146
Exercises 152

Chapter 8 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 153

8.1 Parametric Equations 154
8.2 Graphs of Parametric Equations 155
8.3 Derivatives of Parametric Equations 157
Exercises 160

Chapter 9 CURVATURE 161

9.1 Curvature: An Introduction 162
9.2 Curvature and Radius of Curvature 163
9.3 Circle of Curvature 164
Exercises 168

Chapter 10 INDETERMINATE FORMS 169

10.1 Indeterminate Forms 170
10.2 The L’hopital’s Rule 170
10.3 The Indeterminate Forms and 170

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 4

 10.4 The Indeterminate Form 0 ∙ ∞ 171
10.5 The Indeterminate Form ∞ − ∞ 171
10.6 The Indeterminate Forms 0 , ∞ and 1 172
Exercises 174

Chapter 11 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 175

11.1 Limits 176
11.2 Partial Derivatives 177
11.3 Higher Order Partial Derivatives 178
Exercises 182

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 5

 PREFACE
The discovery of Calculus had been of the greatest interest during the seventeenth
century. This is the time of discoveries and inventions, but with the inadequate and insufficient
ideas and concepts of the classical mathematics about these emerging theories and incapable of
explaining these theories in terms of mathematical formulation, Calculus was born.

Calculus was the product of the knowledge of two of the greatest mathematicians of all
times, Sir Isaac Newton of England and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz of Germany. These two
mathematicians worked independently with their discovery and until now, they considered to be
the Fathers of Calculus.

Calculus consists of two major fields, namely Differential Calculus and Integral Calculus.
This had been one of the most important subjects taught in mathematics related courses in almost
all colleges and universities throughout the world.

Differential Calculus primarily concern with the study of the concepts of rate of change
of one variable quantity with respect to another, the slope of a curve at a prescribed point and the
computation of the maximum and minimum values of functions.

This book considers the discussions of the basic topics in differential calculus. This
includes the differentiation methods and techniques and its applications, implicit differentiation
of algebraic and transcendental functions with applications to curve sketching, optimization
problems, business and economics and time rates problems.

The most important part of studying is to learn and understand the underlying ideas and
concepts that a certain field of study have. These are the essentials of studying to undergo a
productive and effective learning and go beyond the practical applications of this knowledge in
the outside world.

As what Howard Anton, Irl Bivens and Stephen Davis stated in their book, Calculus,
Early Trancendental”,

“Calculus involves equations and formulas. However, if you successfully

learn to use all the formulas and solve all of the problems in this text but don’t

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 6

 master the underlying ideas, you will have missed the most important part of
Calculus. Keep in mind that every single problem in this text has already been
solved by somebody, so your ability to solve those problems gives you nothing
unique. However, if you master the ideas of calculus, then you will have the tools
to go beyond what other people have done, limited by your own talents and
creativity.”

By this book, anyone can go through the ideas of Newton and Leibniz and experienced
their entire discoveries and apply all these knowledge in the particular applications in the present
phenomenon that happens in the modern world.

To all, welcome to the most interesting and important field of mathematics, CALCULUS.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to my former calculus professors,
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas and Engr. Christopher T. Oares, to Engr. Rizza T. Loquias and Engr.
Roy D. Tipones and to my other former professors at Camarines Sur Polytechic Colleges, Nabua
Campus, to my classmates, friends, relatives and most especially to my parents, Mr. Gregorio V.
Terano and Mrs. Julieta R. Terano, to my brothers and sisters, George, Roy Ian, Ma. Julie Ann
and Ma. Kim Angelica and most of all to the Almighty God for their continual supports and
encouragements for the completion of this masterpiece. Without them, this work will never been
in reality.
To all, my sincerest thanks and May God bless you!!!

HAROLD JAN R. TERANO

Nabua, Camarines Sur
January 15, 2010

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 7

 CHAPTER 1

Functions, Limits and

Continuity
Chapter Outline:
1.1 Functions
1.2 Functional Notation
1.3 Limits
1.4 Limit Theorems
1.5 Continuity

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Familiarize with the basics of functions, domain and

range and functional notation.
2. Evaluate functions.
3. Construct and sketch the graphs of the curves from a
given functions.
Objectives: 4. Learn the definition of limits and its importance in
Calculus.
5. Evaluate the limit of a function by approximation.
6. Familiarize with the limit theorems.
7. Evaluate the limit of a function using limit theorems.
8. Determine the continuity and discontinuity of a
function.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 8

1.1 FUNCTIONS
A function is a relationship between two variables such that to each value of the independent
variable there corresponds exactly one value of the independent variable.
Consider = ( ), which is a relationship between two variables and , where ( ) is the
independent variable and is the dependent variable.
The collection of all values assumed by the independent variable is called the domain of the
function, and the collection of all values assumed by the dependent variable is called the range of the
function.
Example(a).
From the following equations, identify which define functional relationships between the
variables and .
a. + =3 c. + =1
b. + =2 d. + =5
Solution:
To determine if an equation defines a functional relationship between its variables,
isolate the dependent variable on the left side and the independent variable on the right side.
Considering as the dependent variable and as the independent variable, we have,
For a.,
= ±√3 − , this is not a function since there are two values of for some
values of
For b.,
= 2 − , this is a function since there is only one value for for every values
of .
For c.,
=1− , this is a function.
For d.,
= ±√5 − , this is not a function.
Considering as the dependent variable and as the independent variable, we have,
For a.,
=3− , this is a function.
For b.,
= 2 − , this is a function.
For c.,
=± 1− , this is not a function.
For d.,
=± 5− , this is not a function.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 9

Example(b).
Determine the domain and range for the function of defined by = .

Solution:
The domain is all real numbers ≠ 3. The range is all real numbers ≠ 0.
Example(c).
Determine the domain and range of the equation = √ −1.
Solution:
The equation = √ − 1 defines as a function of . The domain of the function is
all real numbers ≥ 1. The range of the function is never negative, therefore the range is all real
numbers ≥ 0.

1.2 FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

Consider the equation = − 1, indicates that is the dependent variable. In functional
notation, this equation has the form
( )= −1
Functional notation ( ) which is the dependent variable is read " of " and denoted that
( ) is a function of .
The following examples show how to evaluate functions.

Example(a).
Let ( )= + 3 − 7. Find (−2), (0), (4), (3 ) and (2 ).
Solution:
(−2) = (−2) + 3(−2) − 7 = −9
(0) = (0) + 3(0) − 7 = −7
(4) = (4) + 3(4) − 7 = 21
(−3 ) = (−3 ) + 3(−3 ) − 7 = 9 −9 −7
(2 ) = (2 ) + 3(2 ) − 7 = 4 +6 −7
The values (−2), (0), (4), (−3 ) and (2 ) are called functional values, and
they lie in the range of . This means that the values (−2), (0), (4), (−3 ) and (2 )
are – values and thus the points −2, (−2) , 0, (0) , 4, (4) , −3 , (−3 ) and
2 , (2 ) lie on the graph of .

Example(b).

Let ( ) = sin 2 − cos . Find ( ), , ( + ), (− ) and (0).

Solution:
( ) = sin 2 − cos = 0 − (−1) = 1
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 10
 = sin 2 − cos = 0−0= 0
( + ) = sin 2( + ) − cos( + )
= sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2 − (cos cos − sin sin )
= sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2 − cos cos + sin sin
= sin 2 + cos
(− ) = sin 2(− ) − cos(− )
= − sin 2 − cos
(0) = sin 2(0) − cos(0) = −1

Example(c).

Let ( )= . Find (0), (1), (−2), (−2 ) and (sin ).

Solution:

(0) = = =0
( )
(1) = = =∞
( )

( ) ( )
(−2) = =−
( )

( ) ( )
(−2 ) =
( )

( )
= =
( ) ( )
( )= ( )
=

Example(d).
Express the altitude of a right circular cone as a function of the volume with a fixed radius of 3
inches. Graph the function.
Solution:
r

From the formula of the volume of a cone,

= ℎ

= (3) ℎ

ℎ=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 11

 Graphing the function ℎ = , we have,
when,
= −1; ℎ = −0.106
= 0; ℎ = 0
= 1; ℎ = 0.106
= 2; ℎ = 0.212
ℎ
1
1 ℎ=
3

-1 0 1 2

-1
Example(e).
Express the radius of a circle as a function of its area. Graph the function.
Solution:

From the formula of the area of a circle,

=

= ; =

Graphing the function = , we have,

when,
= 0; = 0
= 1; = 0.564
= 2; = 0.798
= 3; = 0.977
=

-1 0 1 2 3

-1
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 12
Example(f).
In example(e), express the radius as a function of circumference. Graph the function.
Solution:
From the formula, =2 ,

Graphing the function = , we have,

when,
= −1; = −0.159
= 0; = 0
= 1; = 0.159
= 2; = 0.318

1 =
2

-1 0 1 2
Example(g).
Graph the equation of the parabola = + 1.
Solution:
= +1
when,
= −2; =5
= −1; =2
= 0; =1
= 1; =2
= 2; =5

= +1
5

−2 −1 0 1 2

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 13

Exercises:
Find the domain and range of the given
functions.
1. = −2 6. =2−
2. = +2 −2 7. =√ +2
3. = −1 8. = √16 −
4. = 9. =
√
5. =2 +1 10. = −√
Perform the indicated operations in each
exercise.
11. If ( )=3 − + 5, find (0), (3), (−5), (−3 ) and ( + 1).
12. If ( ) =9+ , find (−2), (2), (− ), (4 ) and ( + 1).

13. If ( )= , find (1), (−1), (− ), (2 ) and (0).

14. If ( ) = sin , find (0), ( ), ( − ), (− ) and (2 ).

15. If ( ) = sin y + cos , find ( ), (0), (2 ), (− ) and ( + ).

16. If ( )= ( + 5), find (0), (−2), , (−5) and ( + 4).

17. If ( ) = tan , find ( ), , (2 ), (− ) and .

18. If ( ) = cos , find (0), , , ( ) and (2 ).

19. If ( ) = (sec − 1), find (0), , , ( ) and (2 ).

20. If ( ) = ln , find (1), ( ), ( ), ( ) and (cos 2 ).

21. If ( )= , find (0), (1), (−1), (ln ) and (ln sin ).

22. If ( ) = 1 + cos , find (0), , ( ), (2 ) and ( + 1).

23. If ( )= , find (0), ( ), (tan ), (sin + cos ) and (sin ).

( )
24. If ( )= , find , , (sin ) , (tan ) and ( ).

25. If ( ) = 2 + sin , find (0), , ( ), (2 ) and ( + ).

26. Express the area of a triangle as a function of its altitude having a base of 4 units. Graph the
function.
27. Express the volume of a right circular cone with an altitude of 6 units as a function of its radius.
Graph the function.
28. Express the hypotenuse of a right triangle as a function of its adjacent side having a 2.5 cm
opposite side. Graph the function.
29. Express the area of an ellipse having a length of its major axis 9 units as a function of the length
of the minor axis. Graph the function.
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 14
 30. Express the height of a right circular cylinder as a function of its volume having a radius of 4 cm.
Graph the function.
31. Express the radius of a sphere as a function of its volume. Graph the function.
32. Express the radius of a sphere as a function of its surface area. Graph the function.
33. A right circular cylinder has an altitude of 10 m. Express the radius of the cylinder as a function
of its volume. Graph the function.
34. A right circular cone uses 20 in2 of metal sheet. Find the volume as a function of its radius. Graph
the function.
35. Two sides of a triangle are 15 cm and 18 cm respectively. Express the angle between the two
sides as a function of its area. Graph the function.
36. A parabola has an altitude of 4 units. Express the length of its base as a function of its area. Graph
the function.
37. Express the volume of a cube as a function of its surface area having a length of its side 5 cm.
Graph the function.
38. An ellipse has a 6 units length minor axis. Express the volume of an ellipsoid generated by the
ellipse as a function of the area of the ellipse. Graph the function.
.
39. A population of a certain place is given by = 8000 , where is the present population
and is the time in years. Express the time as a function of the population . Graph the
function.
40. At a distance of 100 km, express the speed as a function of time . Graph the function.

Graph the given functions.

41. = +1 46. =√
42. = +5 47. =4 +3
43. = +2 48. =2
44. =9 ℎ 49. =2 +6
45. = 50. = 9+√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 15

1.3 LIMITS
Let ( ) be the function of and let " " be a constant.
We say that the limit of ( ) is as approaches and write this as,
→ ( )= or ( )→ →
can read as “the limit of ( ), equals as approaches , provided we can make ( ) as close to
as we want for all sufficiently close to , from both sides, without actually letting be .
To approximate the → ( ), substitute for a value that is very close to and use your
calculator.

Example(a).

Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:

lim →

Notice that the function is not defined at 0. The result of plugging 0 to is which is
( ) ( )
undefined. But = ( )
=( , therefore,
)
( )
lim → ( )
=3

Let’s try to evaluate the limit by assigning value to that is very close to ,
Examine the table below,

( )
0.000001 2.999998000
0.00001 2.999980000
0.0001 2.999800020
0.001 2.998001998
0.01 2.980198020
0.1 2.818181818

From the table, we noticed that the limit approaches 3 as approaches 0. As get
closer and closer to 0, also get closer and closer to 3.

Example(b).
Approximate the lim → .

Solution:
lim →

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 16

 Use = 0.0001,
( . )
lim → . = ≈ 0.9999 ≈ 1
.

Therefore,

lim → =1

Example(c).
Approximate the lim → .

Solution:
lim →

Use = 0.0001,
( . )
lim → . = ≈ 9999.9999 ≈ ∞; no limit exists.
( . )

Therefore,
lim → =∞

1.4 LIMIT THEOREMS

The following are the limit theorems

Theorem 1. Uniqueness of Limits.

A function can have at most one limit at .
( )→ as → and ( )→ as → , then,
= .

Theorem 2. Limit of a Constant.

The limit of a constant function is equal to that constant.
lim → = .

Theorem 3. Limit of the Identity.

The limit of the identity function ( )= at any number is .
lim → = .

Theorem 4. Limit of a Sum and Difference.

The limit of a sum and difference of two or more functions is equal to the sum and difference of
their limits.
lim → [ ( ) ± ( )] = lim → ( ) ± lim → ( ).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 17

Theorem 5. Limit of a Product.
The limit of a product of two or more functions is equal to the product of their limits.
lim → [ ( ) ( )] = lim → ( ) ∙ lim → ( ).

Theorem 6. Limit of a Quotient.

The limit of a quotient of two functions is equal to the quotient of their limits, provided that the
limit of the denominator is not zero.
( ) → ( )
lim → = , provided that lim → ( ) ≠ 0.
( ) → ( )

Theorem 7. Limit of a Polynomial.

The limit of any polynomial at any number is the value of the polynomial at .
lim → ( +⋯+ + )= +⋯+ + .

Theorem 8. Limit of a Root.

The limit of the root of a function is equal to the root of their limits.
lim → ( )= lim → ( ).

Example(a).
Evaluate the lim → ( + 3 ).
Solution:
lim → ( +3 )
By Theorem 4,
lim → ( + 3 ) = lim → + lim → 3
Then, by Theorem 5,
lim → + lim → 3 = (lim → ∙ lim → ) + (lim → 3 ∙ lim → )
= (2)(2) + (3)(2) = 10
Example(b).

Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:

lim →

By Theorems 6 and 7,
→
lim → =
→

( ) ( )
= ( )
=
( )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 18

Example(c).
Evaluate the lim → √ +6 +8.
Solution:
lim → √ +6 +8
By Theorem 8,
lim → √ +6 +8 = lim → +6 +8

= (1) + 6(1) + 8

= √15
Example(d).

Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:

lim → = lim → ( + 2) = 2

Example(e).

Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:

lim →

By Theorem 6,

lim → = =1

Example(f).

Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:

lim →

For lim → =1

Going back to the problem,

lim → = lim → =

Example(g).

Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:

lim → = lim → ∙ lim → cos

= lim → cos = cos 0 = 1

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 19

1.5 CONTINUITY
A function ( ) is said to be continuous at = if the following conditions are satisfied.
lim → ( ) exists;
lim → ( ) exists;
lim → ( ) = ( ).
Example(a).
Show that ( )= + 1 is continuous at = 3.
Solution:
At = 3, ( ) = + 1 is continuous because lim → ( + 1) = 10,
(3) = (3) + 1 = 10.
Example(b).
Show that ( )=√ + 1 is continuous at = 2.

Solution:
At = 2, ( ) = √ + 1 is continuous because lim → √ + 1 = √5 .
( )= (2) + 1 = √5 .

If the stated conditions above are satisfied, the function ( ) is said to be discontinuous at
= or have a discontinuity at = .
Right hand continuity exists when
lim → ( ) = ( ) and
Left hand continuity exists when
lim → ( ) = ( ).
Example(c).
What continuity exists in the function ( )=√ .
Solution:
For ( )=√ at = 0, the function has a right hand continuity at = 0 because the
limit exists when > 0. For < 0, ( ) is not defined.
Example(d).

Find the point of discontinuity of the function ( )= .

Solution:
The function is undefined at = 3 since both the numerator and the denominator is
equal to zero having an undefined value, but
( )( )
lim → = lim → = lim → ( + 3) = 6

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 20

 Since,

= + 3, ≠ 3,

The graph of the function ( )= is the line = + 3, except for an invisible

break at = 3.
Example(e).

Find the point of discontinuity of the function ( )= .

Solution:
By inspection, the function has a point of discontinuity at =3 since both the
numerator and the denominator is equal to 0 when = 3.
Example(f).
Find the point of discontinuity of the function ( )= .

Solution:
The function has a discontinuity at = ±4.
Example(g).
Find the point of discontinuity of the function ( )= .
Solution:
The function has a discontinuity at = , where is any odd integer.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 21

Exercises:
Evaluate the limits.
26. lim →
1. lim → ( + 2 − 6)
2. lim (3 − 5 + 3) 27. lim →∞
→

3. lim → ( +5 − + 3) 28. lim →

4. lim → ( + 6 − 5)
29. lim →
5. lim →
(5 − 3 + 10)
30. lim →
6. lim →
31. lim →
7. lim → ( + 2 − 6)
8. lim → ( + 5) ( + 3) 32. lim → ( )

9. lim → 33. lim →

10. lim → 34. lim →

11. lim → 35. lim

√ →

12. lim →
Find all points of discontinuities of the
( )
following functions.
13. lim →
36.
14. lim → 37. √ −1
15. lim → 38.
√

16. lim 39.

→

40.
17. lim →
41.
18. lim →
42. 4+√
19. lim →
43. ( )
20. lim →
44.
21. lim → ( )
45.
22. lim → 2 + +1
46. sin
23. lim →
47. sin
24. lim → 48. cos
49. cot
25. lim →
50. ln

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 22

 CHAPTER 2

Derivatives

Chapter Outline:
2.1 The Derivative
2.2 Slope
2.3 Rate of Change

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Learn the definition of derivatives.

Objectives: 2. Find the derivative of a given function.
3. Find for the slope of a given curve using derivatives.
4. Solve practical problems involving rate change using
derivatives.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 23

2.1 THE DERIVATIVE
Consider a function = ( ).
To obtain the derivative of a given function, follow the procedure below.
1. For the function = ( ), add ∆ to and ∆ to . (∆ or delta, called increment)
= ( ) →1
+∆ = ( +∆ ) →2
2. Substitute the value of in 1 to the value of in 2. Transpose the value of to the other side
obtaining a formula of ∆ in terms of and Δ .
From 2
+∆ = ( +∆ )
( )+∆ = ( +∆ )
∆ = ( +∆ )− ( ) →3
3. Perform the suitable algebraic transformation (combine fractions and rationalize) and simplify.
4. Divide both sides of 3 by ∆ .
∆ ( ∆ ) ( )
=
∆ ∆

5. Evaluate the limit as ∆ approaches zero.

∆ ( ∆ ) ( )
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ∆

The derivative is symbolized by , , ( ), and ( ).

By definition of the derivative:

∆
The derivative with respect to is the limit of the ratio when ∆ approaches zero.
∆
∆
= ∆ → ∆

Example(a).
Differentiate the function = +3 .
Solution:
1. = +3
+ ∆ = ( + ∆ ) + 3( + ∆ )
2. ∆ = ( + ∆ ) + 3( + ∆ ) −
∆ = ( + ∆ ) + 3( + ∆ ) − ( +3 )
3. ∆ = +2 ∆ +∆ + 3 + 3∆ − −3
∆ =2 ∆ +∆ + 3∆
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
4. =
∆ ∆
∆
= 2 +∆ +3
∆

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 24

 ∆
5. = lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → [2 + ∆ + 3]

6. =2 +3

Example(b).
Differentiate the function = .
√

Solution:
=
√

+∆ =
√ ∆

∆ = −
√ ∆ √

√ –√ ∆ √ √ ∆
∆ = ∙
√ ∆ √ √ ∆
∆
∆ =
( ∆ ) √ √ ∆

∆
=
∆ ( ∆ ) √ √ ∆

∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ( ∆ ) √ √ ∆

= =−
√

Example(c).
Differentiate the function = √ +5.
Solution:
=√ +5
+∆ = √ +∆ +5
√ ∆ √
∆ =√ +∆ +5 −√ +5 ∙
√ ∆ √
∆
∆ =
√ ∆ √
∆
=
∆ √ ∆ √
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → √ ∆ √

=
√

Example(d).
Differentiate the function =( )
.

Solution:
=( )

+∆ =( )
∆

+∆ =
∆ ∆ ∆

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 25

 ∆ = −
∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
∆ = ( )( )
∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆
∆ =( )( )
∆ ∆ ∆
∆
=( )( )
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ( )( )
∆ ∆ ∆
( )
= ( )
= −( )

Example(e).
Differentiate the function = .

Solution:
=
∆
+∆ =
∆
∆
∆ = −
∆
( ∆ )( ) ( )( ∆ )
∆ = ( )( )
∆
∆
∆ =( )( )
∆
∆
=( )( )
∆ ∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ( )( )
∆

=( )

Example(f).
Differentiate the function = cos .
Solution:
= cos
+ ∆ = cos( + ∆ )
+ ∆ = cos cos ∆ − sin sin ∆
∆ = cos cos ∆ − sin sin ∆ − cos
∆ = − sin sin ∆ − cos (1 − cos ∆ )
From the trigonometric identity,
sin 2 = (1 − cos 2 )

1 − cos = 2sin

1 − cos ∆ = 2sin ∆

∆ = − sin sin ∆ − cos 2sin ∆

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 26

 ∆ = − sin sin ∆ − 2cos sin ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= − sin − 2 cos
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= − sin − cos sin ∆
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → − sin − cos sin ∆
∆ ∆

= − sin

Example(g).
Differentiate the function = .
Solution:
=
∆
+∆ =
∆
+∆ =
∆
∆ = −
∆
∆ = −1
∆
∆
=
∆ ∆
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ∆

By Gillesania’s Principle on Limits,

Use = 0.0001, then,
.
∆
= lim∆ → . = lim∆ → .
∆ .

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 27

Exercises:
Differentiate the given functions.
1. =5 −3 +1 26. =
2. = 2+3 +
27. =
3. = + −3
28. =
4. = −3
( )
5. = 29. =
6. = − + 3√ 30. = √2 − 3
7. =( + 3) 31. = + +3
8. = 2+3 − 32. =
√
9. = 33. = + + −2
10. = 34. = ( + 3)
11. = 2− 35. = 3−2 +
√
12. = (2 + ) 36. =
13. = ( − 3) 37. =
√
14. =3 +
√ 38. =
15. = + −2
39. = −√
16. =2 − 4√ 40. =3 − +3
17. =√ + 41. = 5 +√ +1
18. = 42. =
( )

19. = √ − 2( + 3) 43. =
√
20. = 44. =
√

( )
21. = 45. = 2+3 −
22. = √ +3 46. = sin

23. = +3 −2 47. = tan

48. = cot
24. =
49. = csc
25. = +3 −√
50. = sec

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 28

2.2 SLOPE

( +∆ , )
= ( ) +∆ )
= ( )

∆ =( +∆ − )

( , ) ( , )

+∆
Figure A Figure B

Slope of is
∆ ( ∆ )
=
∆ ∆

In Figure A, shows the graph of a function = ( ) and a line which is tangent to the curve
at point ( , ). We will find for the slope of the tangent line .
In Figure B, shows the graph similar to Figure A, but with a point ( + ∆ ) along the -axis
and a line through the point ( , ) and ( + ∆ , + ∆ .
The slope of is
∆ ( ∆ )
=
∆ ∆
∆
The line joining the points ( , ) and ( + ∆ , + ∆ ) has the slope . As ∆
∆

approaches zero, ′ approaches along the curve, the slope would approach the slope . The tangent
line of the curve at ( , ) has a slope,
( ∆ )
= ∆ → ∆

= .

The slope of the curve at point ( , ) and the slope of the line at point ( , ) is likely the same.
The equation of the line of slope is,
= +
Differentiating the equation,
= +
+∆ = ( +∆ )+
∆ = + ∆ + − −
∆ ∆
=
∆ ∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ →

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 29

 = =

Thus, the derivative of with respect to of the equation of a line is its slope .

Example(a).
Find the slope of the curve = + 8 at point (1,9).
Solution:
= +8
Differentiate the function,
+∆ =( +∆ ) +8
+∆ = +3 ∆ +3 ∆ +∆ +8
∆ = +3 ∆ +3 ∆ +∆ +8− −8
∆ =3 ∆ +3 ∆ +∆
∆
=3 +3 ∆ +∆
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (3 +3 ∆ +∆ )

= =3

At point (1,9),
= 3(1) = 3
Thus, the slope of the curve at point (1,9) is 3.
Example(b).
Find the slope of the line = 2 + 3.
Solution:
=2 +3
Differentiate the function,
=2 +3
+ ∆ = 2( + ∆ ) + 3
+ ∆ = 2 + 2∆ + 3
∆ = 2 + 2∆ + 3 − 2 − 3
∆ = 2∆
∆
=2
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → 2

= =2

Example(c).
Find the slope of the curve =3 + 6 − 1 at point (−3,8).
Solution:
=3 +6 −1
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 30
 Differentiate the function,
=3 +6 −1
+ ∆ = 3( + ∆ ) + 6( + ∆ ) − 1
+∆ =3 + 6 ∆ + 3∆ + 6 + 6∆ − 1
∆ =3 + 6 ∆ + 3∆ + 6 + 6∆ − 1 − 3 −6 +1
∆ = 6 ∆ + 3∆ + 6∆
∆
= 6 + 3∆ + 6
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (6 + 3∆ + 6)

= =6 +6

At point (−3,8),
= 6(−3) + 6
− 12
Example(d).
Find the slope of the curve = at the origin.

Solution:
=

Differentiate the function,

=
∆
+∆ =(
∆ )
∆
+∆ =
∆ ∆
∆
∆ = −
∆ ∆
( ∆ ) ∆ ∆
∆ = ( )( )
∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∆ = ( )( )
∆ ∆

∆ ∆
=( )( )
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ( )( )
∆ ∆

= = −( )

At point (0,0),
( )
= − [( ) ]
= −1

Example(e).
Find the slope of the parabola = at point (4,2).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 31

 Solution:
=
+∆ = ( +∆ )
∆ = +2 ∆ +∆ −
∆ = 2 ∆ +∆
∆
= 2 +∆
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (2 + ∆ )

=2

Since the slope is , thus,

= =

At point (4,2),

= = =
( )

Example(f).
Find the slope of the curve = √ + 2 at point (2,2).
Solution:
=√ +2
Differentiate the function,
=√ +2
+∆ =√ +∆ +2
√ ∆ √
∆ = √ +∆ + 2–√ +2 ∙
√ ∆ √
∆
∆ =
√ ∆ √
∆
=
∆ √ ∆ √
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → √ ∆ √

= =
√

At point (2,2),

= = =
√

Example(g).
Find the slope of the curve = at point (3,1).

Solution:
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 32

 Differentiate the function,
=

+∆ =(
∆ )

+∆ =
∆ ∆

∆ = −
∆ ∆
∆ ∆
∆ = ( )
∆ ∆

∆ ∆
∆ = ( )
∆ ∆
∆ ∆
= ( )
∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ( )
∆ ∆

= =− =−

At point (3,1),

= = −( )
=−

2.3 RATE OF CHANGE

Given a function
= ( )
The derivative of the function which is
∆
= lim∆ → ∆

is the instantaneous rate of change of with respect to .

∆
The ratio , is the average rate of change over the interval ∆ . As ∆ approaches zero, the
∆

ratio, defined as the instantaneous rate of change.

Example(a).
Find the rate of change of the circumference of a circle increases as the radius increases.
Solution:
The circumference of a circle is defined by the formula
=2
Differentiating with respect to arrived to
+∆ = 2 ( +∆ )
∆ =2 +2 ∆ −2
∆ =2 ∆
∆
=2
∆

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 33

 ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → 2 =2

which is the rate of change of the circumference with respect to the radius.
Example(b).
Find how fast the volume of a right circular cylinder increases as the radius increases.
Solution:
The volume of a right circular cylinder is
= ℎ
Differentiate with respect to ,
+∆ = ( +∆ ) ℎ
+∆ = ( + 2 ∆ + ∆ )ℎ
∆ = ℎ+2 ∆ ℎ+ ∆ ℎ− ℎ
∆ =2 ∆ ℎ+ ∆ ℎ
∆
=2 ℎ+ ∆ ℎ
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (2 ℎ + ∆ ℎ)

=2 ℎ

Example(c).
Find how fast the volume of a right circular cone increases having an altitude of 2 ft. as the radius
increases.
Solution:
The volume of a right circular cone is
= ℎ

Differentiating the function,

+∆ = ( +∆ ) ℎ

+∆ = ( + 2 ∆ + ∆ )ℎ

∆ = ℎ+ ∆ ℎ+ ∆ ℎ− ℎ

∆ = ∆ ℎ+ ∆ ℎ
∆
= ℎ+ ∆ ℎ
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ℎ+ ∆ ℎ

= ℎ

for ℎ = 2 ft

= (2)

= ft

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 34

Example(d).
A circle of radius 5 cm. Find the rate of change of its area with respect to its radius.
Solution:
The area of a circle with radius of 5 cm. is
=
Differentiating the function,
+∆ = ( +∆ )
+∆ = ( +2 ∆ +∆ )
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ −
∆ =2 ∆ + ∆
∆
=2 + ∆
∆
∆
= lim∆ → = lim∆ → (2 + ∆ )
∆

=2

for = 5 cm.

= 2 (5)

= 10 cm.

Example(e).
Find the rate of change of the ordinate of the curve = + 2 − 3 with respect to its abscissa
at point (−2, −3).
Solution:
= +2 −3
Differentiating the function,
+ ∆ = ( + ∆ ) + 2( + ∆ ) − 3
+∆ = +2 ∆ +∆ + 2 + 2∆ − 3
∆ = +2 ∆ +∆ + 2 + 2∆ − 3 − −2 +3
∆ =2 ∆ +∆ + 2∆
∆
= 2 +∆ +2
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (2 + ∆ + 2)

=2 +2

At point (−2, −3),

= 2(−2) + 2

= −2 units

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 35

Example(f).
Find how fast the surface area of a cube increases as the side also increases.
Solution:
The surface area of a cube is,
=6
Differentiating the function,
+ ∆ = 6( + ∆ )
+∆ = 6 + 12 ∆ + 6∆
∆ =6 + 12 ∆ + 6∆ −6
∆ = 12 ∆ + 6∆
∆
= 12 + 6∆
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (12 + 6∆ )

= 12 units

Example(g).
The area of a circle, initially zero, increases uniformly at a rate of 5cm2 per second. Find the
rate at which the radius is increasing at the end of 10 seconds.
Solution:
The area of a circle is,
=
Differentiating the function,
+∆ = ( +∆ )
+∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ −
∆ =2 ∆ + ∆
∆
=2 + ∆
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → (2 + ∆ )

=2

Since the problem involves time rates, thus,

=2

when = 5 cm2 per second and after 10 seconds,

= 50 cm2 , = 3.99 cm
then,

= = 0.20 cm. per sec.

( . )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 36

Exercises:
Find the slope of the given curves.
1. =2+ , at (1,3)
2. =4 , at (2,16) 30. 4 + = − , at (−2,2)
3. =2 + , at (2,10) 31. 8 + 3 = , at 2, −
4. = 2 + 1, at (0,1)
32. = √ + 2 , at (−1,2)
5. = − 3, at (1,4)
33. = + , at (1,2)
√
6. = , at 4,
34. = + − 2, at (1,0)
7. =9 − 5, at (1,4)
35. =2 + − , at (1,2)
√
8. =3 + 9, at (0,9)

9. = − 3 + 1, at ,−
Answer the following problems.
10. = + − 3, at (0, −3) 36. Find how fast the area of a triangle
11. = √ , at (1,1) increases as the length of the base of the
12. = + − 1, at (0, −1) triangle increases with a fixed height of 3
13. =4+ + , at (0,4) cm.

14. = 5 + 2 , at (−3, −1) 37. Find how fast the volume of a sphere
increases as the radius also increases.
15. = , at (−3,3)
38. Find how fast the surface area of a sphere
16. = 4 + 6 − , at (1,9)
increases as the radius also increases when
17. = 3 + √ , at (4,14) = 6 inches.

18. = , at (1,1) 39. Find how fast the area of a square increases

19. = √ + 3 , at (6,3) when its side is 4 units.

40. Find how fast the volume of a cube
20. =( − 1) , at (2,9)
increases as the dimension of the side also
21. = + , at (−2, −4)
increases.
22. = 4 + 3, at 1, −
41. Find the rate of change of the total surface
23. = , at (−1,0) area of a right circular cylinder with a fixed
24. = + 2√ , at (4,8) height of 20 cm with respect to the radius.
42. Find the rate of change of the area of an
25. = , at 4,
√
ellipse with respect to the major axis.
26. 8 = − 2, at 4, 43. Find how fast the lateral surface area of a

27. = , at (−1, −2) right circular cylinder increases as the

radius also increases when the altitude is 4
28. = , at −3,
inches.
29. = 8 − 3, at 3,

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 37

 44. Find the rate of change of the area of an 48. A box has a dimensions of , and 2 .
equilateral triangle with respect to its side. Find how fast the total surface area
45. Find the rate of change of the ordinate of increases as also increases.
the curve = + 3 − 1 with respect 49. The height of the right circular cylinder is
to the abscissa at point (1,3). 10 ft and its radius initially is zero,
46. Find the point on the parabola = increases at a rate of 4 ft. per min., find
16 at which the rate of change of the how fast the volume is increasing after 30
ordinate and abscissa are equal. seconds.
47. Find the point on the curve = 50. The volume of a right circular cone,
4 +3 at which the rate of change of initially zero, increases uniformly at a rate
the ordinate is twice as the rate of the of 4 cm3 per sec. Find the rate at which the
abscissa. radius is increasing when the altitude of the
cone is 20 cm at the end of 5 sec.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 38

 CHAPTER 3

Algebraic Functions

Chapter Outline:
3.1 Basic Derivative Formulas
3.2 The Chain Rule
3.3 Higher Order Derivatives
3.4 Derivatives of Implicit Functions

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Familiarized with the basic derivative formulas of

algebraic functions.
2. Find the derivatives of functions involving algebraic
Objectives:
functions.
3. Differentiate functions using the chain rule and implicit
differentiation.
4. Find for the higher order differentials.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 39

3.1 BASIC DERIVATIVE FORMULAS
Derivative of a Constant
Given the function
= ; where is constant

The derivative of any constant is zero.

Proof:
=
+∆ =
∆
=0
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → 0

Derivative of a Sum
Given and as functions of , the derivative of a sum is
= +
( + )= +

The derivative of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their derivatives.
Proof:
= +
+∆ = +∆ + +∆
∆ =∆ +∆
∆ ∆ ∆
=
∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ∆

= +

Derivative of a Product
Given and as functions of , the derivative of a product is
=
( )= +

The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times the derivative of
the second function plus the second function times the derivative of the first function.
Proof:
=
+ ∆ = ( + ∆ )( + ∆ )
∆ = ∆ + ∆ +∆ ∆
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 40
 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
=
∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ∆

= +

Derivative of a Quotient
Given and as a function of , the derivative of a quotient is
=

The derivative of the quotient of two functions is equal to the denominator times the derivative of
the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator all over the square of the
denominator.
Proof:
=
∆
+∆ =
∆
∆
∆ = −
∆
( ∆ ) ( ∆ )
∆ = ( ∆ )
∆ ∆
∆ =
∆
∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
=
∆ ∆
∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ∆

Derivative of
Given the function
=

This is the general power formula.

The derivative of a function raised to an integer is equal to the integer times the function raised to
the integer minus one.
Proof:
=
+∆ =( +∆ )
By Taylor’s Theorem, the expansion is
( )
( +∆ ) = + (∆ ) + (∆ ) + ⋯ + (∆ )
!

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 41

 ( )
+∆ = + (∆ ) + (∆ ) + ⋯ + (∆ )
!
( )
∆ = (∆ ) + (∆ ) + ⋯ + (∆ )
!
∆ ( )
= + (∆ ) + ⋯ + (∆ )
∆ !
∆ ( )
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → + (∆ ) + ⋯ + (∆ )
!

Other Formulas
Derivative of a Product of a Constant and a Function
( )=

Derivative of a Quotient of a Constant and a Function

=−

Derivative of a Square Root

√ =
√

Proof:
=√
+∆ = √ +∆
∆
∆ =
√ ∆ √
∆
∆ ∆
=
∆ √ ∆ √
∆
∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → √ ∆ √

=
√

Example(a).
Derive the function =3 + 5 − 2.
Solution:
=3 +5 −2
By the general power formula,
= = 6 +5

Example(b).

Derive the function = .

Solution:

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 42

 By the derivative of a quotient,
( )
= ( )

= =−

Example(c).
Derive the function = + .

Solution:
= +

By the derivative of a quotient of a constant and a function,

( )
=− −

=− −

Example(d).
Derive the function =( + 5)( − + 3).
Solution:
=( + 5)( − + 3)
By the derivative of a product,
=( + 5)(2 − 1) +( − + 3)(2 )

=2 − + 10 − 5 + 2 −2 +6

=4 −3 + 16 − 5

Example(e).

Derive the function = .

Solution:

By the derivative of a quotient,

( )( )
= ( )

= ( )

( )
= ( )

Example(f).
( )( )
Derive the function = ( )
.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 43

 Solution:
( )( )
= ( )

= ( )

By the derivative of a quotient,

( )( )
= ( )

= ( )

= = ( )

Example(g).
Derive the function = +3 −√ .
Solution:
= +3 −√

= 2 +3−
√

= = 2 +3−
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 44

Exercises:
Differentiate the given functions.
1. = +6 −1 28. =( )( )
2. =4 +2 − +1
29. =
3. =√ + −3

4. = − + 30. =
√

5. = +3 +4 31. =

6. = + 32. =
√ ( )
7. =√ +2 −5
33. =( )( )
8. = + −
34. =( )( )
9. = − +
35. =( + 3)( − 3 + 8)
10. =4 − +2
36. =
√
11. = 8+ − ( )( )
37. =
12. = −5√ + 6 √
38. =( )( )
13. = −2 +√
√
39. =(
14. = + −√ )

( ) √ –
15. = 40. =
√

16. = ( + 1)(2 − 3) 41. =2 + −√

17. =
42. = − +
√
18. = (2 + 3 )( + 3)
( )
43. =
19. =
44. =( )( )
20. =
45. =( )
21. =
( )
46. =
22. = √
( ) √
23. = ( + 1)( − 2) 47. =

24. = (3 + 1)( − 1) 48. = + + √ – ( + 3)

25. = 49. =
26. = (2 + 1) ( )
50. =
27. = +6 − +

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 45

3.2 THE CHAIN RULE
For a given function such as = ( + 2) , = √ + and =( + − 10) , there is
no possible method discussed in the previous topics to find the derivative of those functions.
For a function ( ) , the derivative can be obtained by using the general power formula, but in
case a function such as [ ( ) ] , a Chain Rule can be used.

[ ( ) ] = [ ( ) ] ′( )

Without the chain rule, we cannot actually multiply a function by itself ℎ times and
differentiating the result resulting to a larger degree polynomial.
Example(a).
Differentiate the function = ( + 2) .
Solution:
= ( + 2)
By the Chain Rule,
= 6( + 2)
Example(b).

Differentiate the function = √ + .

Solution:

= √ +
By the Chain Rule,

=5 √ + +1
√

√
=5 + √ +
√

Example(c).
Differentiate the function =( + − 10) .
Solution:
=( + − 10)
By Chain Rule,
= 10( + − 10) (2 + 1) = 10(2 + 1)( + − 10)
Example(d).
( )
Differentiate the function = .

Solution:
( )
=

By the derivative of a quotient,

( )( ) ( )
= ( )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 46

 ( ) ( )
=
( )( )
=
( )( )
=
( )( )
=−

Example(e).
Differentiate the function = (3 + 1) ( − 1) .
Solution:
= (3 + 1) ( − 1)
By the derivative of a product,
= (3 + 1) (3)( − 1) + ( − 1) (2)(3 + 1)(3)
= 3(3 + 1) ( − 1) + 6( − 1) (3 + 1)
= 3(3 + 1)( − 1) (5 − 1)
Example(f).
Differentiate the function = ( + 1) + (4 + 3) − (6 + 1) .
Solution:
= ( + 1) + (4 + 3) − (6 + 1)
= 2( + 1) + 3(4 + 3) (4) − 4(6 + 1) (6)
= 2( + 1) + 12(4 + 3) − 24(6 + 1)
Example(g).

Differentiate the function = ( + 1) + ( − 1) .

Solution:

= ( + 1) + ( − 1)
= 2( + 1) +
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 47

Exercises:
Differentiate the given functions.
1. = (2 − 3) 29. = √ −2
2. = (2 + 4) 30. = ( + 2)
3. = ( + 3)
31. =( )
4. = (4 − 3 + )
5. = ( +6 ) 32. = [ + 3 + ( − 5) ]

6. = ( + 1)
33. =
7. = (8 − 3 )
( )
8. = 3√ +3 34. =
√

9. = −4 +√ 35. =( )

10. = ( + 1) + ( + 3) ( )
36. =
11. = ( − 1)( + 6) √

12. =( ) 37. =

13. = (1 − 2 ) 38. = +√ +1
14. = 4(16 + ) 39. =( + 1) ( + 1)
15. =( − 2 + 1) 40. =
16. = +
√
41. =
17. =( + 5)( + 6)
18. =( − 3 + 1)
42. = +( )
√
19. = + √ +2
√
√ 43. =
20. =( )

21. = (4 − 8) ( + 3) 44. =

22. = [( + 1) + 1]
45. =
√
23. = [( + 1) − 2]
46. = ( − 3) ( + 2)
24. =( + + 2 − 1)
47. = [1 + ( − 3) ]
25. = (3 + 5 − )
48. =[ ( ) ]
26. = +6 +5
√
27. = +√ +6 49. = +
√

28. =( − 3) 1 − 50. = (2 + 1) ( − 3)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 48

3.3 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
The derivative of with respect to or simply ′ is at first derivative. The derivative of the
′′
first derivative is called the second derivative and is written in the form , , ′′( ) or . Further

differentiation , , , …, etc.

Example(a).
Find the second derivative of = + +2 + − 1.
Solution:
= + +2 + −1
=4 +3 +4 +1
= 12 +6 +4
Example(b).
Find the third derivative of =4 +6 + − 2.
Solution:
=4 +6 + −2
= 12 + 12 + 1
= 24 + 12
= 24
Example(c).
( )
Find the second derivative of = .

Solution:
( )
=
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
= ( )

( )
= ( )

( )
= −( )

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
= ( )
− ( ) ( )

[( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= ( )
+ ( )
( ) ( )( )
=( )
+ ( )
( )
= −( )
+( )

Example(d).
Find the second derivative of = .

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 49

 Solution:
=
( ) ( )( )
=

=−
( ) ( )
=−
( )
=− =

Example(e).
Find the second derivative of =( +3 + − + 1) .
Solution:
=( +3 + − + 1)
= 2( +3 + − + 1)(4 +9 + 2 − 1)
= 2[( +3 + − + 1)(12 + 18 + 2) + (4 +9 + 2 − 1)
(4 +9 + 2 − 1)]
= 2[( +3 + − + 1)(12 + 18 + 2) + (4 +9 + 2 − 1) ]
= 2(28 + 126 + 165 + 40 − 18 + 12 + 3)
Example(f).
Find the first four derivative of the function = +3 −4 + +2 + 9 − 10.
Solution:
= +3 −4 + +2 + 9 − 10
=6 + 15 − 16 +3 +4 +9
= 30 + 60 − 48 +6 +4
= 120 + 180 − 96 + 6
= 360 + 360 − 96 = 24(15 + 15 − 4)
Example(g).
Find the second derivative of = ( + 1) .
Solution:
= ( + 1)
=( + )

= 2( + )(2 + 1)

= 2[( + )(2) + (2 + 1)(2 + 1)]

= 2(6 + 6 + 1)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 50

Exercises:
Find the second derivative of the given
functions. 27. = (3 + 1)
1. = +3 −1
28. =
2. = (2 − 3 )
3. = (1 + 6 − 3 ) 29. =( )
+

4. = √16 + 30. = − +4
5. = √ ( + 2)
6. = +3 +4 −2 Find the third derivative of the given
7. = ( + 2) functions.
8. = 2 + ( + 3) 31. = +3 +8 −6 +1
9. = (3 + 5) 32. = (2 + 1)
10. = 33. = ( + 2)

11. = ( − 2) 34. = ( + 2)
35. = √ +1
12. =
36. = ( + 3)( + 1)
( )
13. =
37. =8 −4 + −1
14. = 38. = +4 −3
39. =√
15. =
40. = +√ +3
16. =( − − 2)
41. =
17. =
√
42. =
18. = √3 +
43. = +
√
19. =
44. = + ( − 2) + 3
√ √
20. =
45. = − 8√ −
√
21. = √ + ( + 1)
46. = + +3 −4 +3 −2
22. =3 −6 + −3
47. = √ – ( + 2)
23. =2+ +
48. = +
24. = −√
49. = ( + 2)( − 2)
25. = +√ −
50. = ( − 3)( + 5)
26. = +

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 51

3.4 DERIVATIVES OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
For functions such as + =4 , =9 + and ( + ) = 3 , the values of
and are connected together in an equation. Finding for the derivative of with respect to , implicit
differentiation can be applied. The is called the implicit function of .
Example(a).
Find of the equation + =4 .
Solution:
+ =4
First, differentiate each term of the equation.
2 +2 = 4( + )
+ =2 +2
Then, combine the terms containing the same differential making the terms of on the
left side and the terms of on the other side on the equation, then factor out the terms.
−2 =2 −
( −2 ) = (2 − )
Divide both sides of the equation by the terms that will remain only on the left side

and all other terms on the other side.

[( − 2 ) = (2 − ) ]
( )

= =

Example(b).
Find of the equation ( + ) = 3 .
Solution:
( + ) =3
2( + )( + ) = 3( + )
2 +2 −3 =3 −2 −2
(2 − ) =( −2 )
( )
= =( )

Example(c).
Find of the equation =9 + .
Solution:
=9 +

+ =9 +
√

−1 = 9−
√
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 52
 √
=

√ ( √ )
= =
√

Example(d).
Find ′ of the equation = .
Solution:
=
3 =2

For ,

Since = , then,

=
( )
=

= −

= −

and = , thus,

= −

= 1−

but = , therefore,

= 1−
√

√
= =−

Example(e).
Find ′ of the equation =4 .
Solution:
=4
2 =4

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 53

 For ,

Since = , then,

= −

=−

and = , thus,

=−

=−

but = 4 , therefore,

=−
√

= =−

Example(f).
Find of the equation +4 + = .
Solution:
+4 + =
2 + 4( + )+2 =0
2 +4 +4 +2 =0
4 +2 =−2 −4
(2 + ) = −( + 2 )

= =−

Example(g).
Find the derivative of with respect to of the function ( + 6) = + .
Solution:
( + 6) = +
2( + 6)(2 )= + +2
4 ( + 6) − −2 =
(4 + 22 − ) =
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 54

Exercises:
Find of the given implicit functions.
1. + =5
2. + =4 28. 9 + =2 + −6
3. 3 ( + )= − 29. ( + )=
4. ( + ) = 30. (3 − ) = 16
5. +2 + =3 31. + =3
6. −√ =3
32. √ + =4
7. ( + ) =
33. +3 = −3
8. ( − ) + 4 − 1 = 0
34. ( + 2 ) = 4 +√
9. + =
35. =
10. =3 √ +
36. =
11. 2 +5 =3
12. = +3 37. =

13. +3 =4 √
38. =
14. = + + 10
15. ( − 3 ) + 8 = 39. 3 =
16. 2 +3 −6 =0
40. =
17. + =√
Find ′ of the given implicit functions.
18. ( + 3 ) + 3 − =0
41. − = 25
19. + =3
42. + =9
20. + =
43. =2
21. + =6
44. + =
22. =√ + 45. − =3
23. 2 +5 −4 = √ 46. √ + =
24. +4 =0 47. +√ =
25. + =
48. = −5
26. +4 =3
49. ( + 1) + − =0
27. −2 + −6 +2 =0
50. −3 =

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 55

 CHAPTER 4

Applications of Derivatives
Chapter Outline:
4.1 Slope of a Curve
4.2 Tangents and Normals to the Plane Curves
4.3 Maxima and Minima
4.4 Inflection Points
4.5 Sketching of Polynomial Curves
4.6 Optimization Problems: Applications of Maxima and Minima
4.7 Time Rates
4.8 Differentials, Approximations and Newton’s Method

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Learn some of the basic applications of differential

calculus such as finding for the slopes, tangents and
normals to a given curves and the inflection points of
Objectives: a given curves.
2. Sketch and graph polynomial curves.
3. Learn the definition of maxima and minima and solve
some practical applications.
4. Learn and solve time related problems.
5. Approximate functions and equations using
differentials and Newton’s method.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 56

4.1 SLOPE OF A CURVE
The discussion of the slope had already done in chapter 2. The slope of a curve is very important
in the preceding discussion since it is applicable for finding the tangents and normals to the plane curves.
The slope of the curve is the derivative of with respect to for a function = ( ).
Example(a).
Find the slope of the curve = −3 − + 7 at point (2,1).
Solution:
= −3 − +7
Since is the slope, then,
=3 −6 −1
At point (2,1),
= 3(2) − 6(2) − 1
= −1
Example(b).
Find the slope of the curve = (2 + 5 −3 ) at point (2, −1).

Solution:
= (2 + 5 −3 )

= (10 − 9 )

At point (2, −1),

= [10(2) − 9(2) ]

= −8
Example(c).
Find the points and if the slope of the curve = −3 − 3 + 5 is −3.
Solution:
= −3 −3 +5
=3 −6 −3
Since = −3, then,
−3 = 3 −6 −3
3 ( − 2) = 0
= 0 and = 2.
When = 0, = 5,
when = 2, = −5.
The points are (0,5) and (2, −5).
Example(d).
Find the slope of =8+ at point (1,3).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 57

 Solution:
=8+
(2 )+ =2
2 =2 −

At point (1,3),
′ ( ) ( )
= ( )( )

′
=−

Example(e).
Find the slope of the curve = −3 + as it passes the origin.
Solution:
= −3 +
=3 −6 +1
At the origin (0,0),
= 3(0) − 6(0) + 1
=1
Example(f).
Find the slope of =( − 1) (3 + 1) at (0,1).
Solution:
=( − 1) (3 + 1)
=( − 1) (3) + (3 + 1)(2)( − 1)(2 )
= 3( − 1) + 4 ( − 1)(3 + 1)
=( − 1)[3( − 1) + 4 (3 + 1)]
=( − 1)(15 + 4 − 3)
At (0,1),
= [(0) − 1][15(0) + 4(0) − 3]
=3
Example(g).
Find the slope of = 3 − 5 at (−2,1).
Solution:
= 3 −5

+ =3
√

−3 =−
√

=−
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 58

 At (−2,1),
( )
=−
√

4.2 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO THE PLANE CURVES

= ( )

( , )

The equation of a line with a slope through the point ( , ) is,

− = ( − )
To find for the tangent at any point on a plane curve, we have to find first the slope of the
curve at that point and substitute the slope and the point ( , ) in the equation of the line (equation
above). Whatever the slope of the curve is, it is also the slope of the tangent to that curve at that point.
Also, the normal to the curve which is perpendicular to that curve, from geometry, the slope of
the perpendicular to the other is the negative reciprocal of the slope of one line.

=−

Example(a).
Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve = − 5 at point (2, −1).
Solution:
0 1 2

-1 ( ,− )

-2

-3 = −

-4

-5

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 59

 For the slope of the curve,
= −5
=2
At (2, −1),
= 2(2) = 4
For the tangent line, the equation is,
− = ( − )
since = = 4, at (2, −1),
+ 1 = 4( − 2)
4 − =9
For the normal line,
since =−

=− at (2, −1),

+ 1 = − ( − 2)

+ 4 = −2
Example(b).
Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the curve =3 + 4 + 5 at (−1,4).
Solution:
=3 +4 +5
= 6 +4
At (−1,4),
= 6(−1) + 4 = −2
= −2
=

For the tangent line,

At (−1,4),
− 4 = −2( + 1)
2 + =2
For the normal line,
At (−1,4),
− 4 = ( + 1)

− 2 = −9
Example(c).
Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the circle + = 25 at (3,4).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 60

 Solution:
+ = 25
2 +2 =0

=−

At (3,4),

=−

=−

For the tangent line,

At (3,4),
− 4 = − ( − 3)

3 + 4 = 25
For the normal line,
At (3,4),
− 4 = ( − 3)

4 −3 =0
Example(d).
Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the curve = + 2 − 5 at = 3.
Solution:
= +2 −5
Solve for the values of ,
since = 3, then,
3= +2 −5
+2 −8 = 0
( + 4)( − 2) = 0
= −4 and =2
The points are (−4,3) and (2,3).
For the slopes,
= 2 +2
At (−4,3),
= 2(−4) + 2 = −6
= −6
=

At (2,3),
= 2(2) + 2 = 6
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 61
 =6
=−

For the tangent line,

At (−4,3), = −6,
− 3 = −6( + 4)
6 + = −21
For the normal line,
At (−4,3), = ,

− 3 = ( + 4)

− 6 = −22
For the tangent line,
At (2,3), = 6,
− 3 = 6( − 2)
6 − =9
For the normal line,
At (2,3), =− ,

− 3 = − ( − 2)

+ 6 = 20
Example(e).
Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve = +3 + 3 − 1 parallel to the line
= 3 + 2.
Solution:
Since the curve is parallel to the line = 3 + 2, the slope of the tangent to the curve is
equal to the slope of the line = 3 + 2, therefore, the slope of the line is,
=3
For the curve = +3 +3 −1
=3 +6 +3
Substitute = 3 and solve for the values of ,
3=3 +6 +3
3 +6 = 0
3 ( + 2) = 0
= 0 and = −2
When = 0, = −1,
when = −2, = −3.
The points of tangencies are at (0, −1) and (−2, −3).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 62

 For the tangent line,
At (0, −1), = 3,
+ 1 = 3( − 0)
3 − =1
For the normal line,
At (0, −1), =− ,

+ 1 = − ( + 0)

+ 3 = −3
For the tangent line,
At (−2, −3), = 3,
+ 3 = 3( + 2)
3 − = −3
For the normal line,
At (−2, −3), =− ,

+ 3 = − ( + 2)

+ 3 = −11

Example(f).
Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve = +2 + 2 − 2 with a slope of 1.
Solution:
= +2 +2 −2
=3 +4 +2
since = 1, then,
1=3 +4 +2
3 +4 +1= 0
(3 + 1)( + 1) = 0

=− and = −1

When =− , =− ,

when = −1, = −3.

The points of tangencies are at − , − and (−1, −3).

For the tangent line,

At − ,− , = 1,

+ = +

27 − 27 = 58

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 63

 For the normal line,

At − ,− , = −1,

+ =− +

27 + 27 = −76
For the tangent line,
At (−1, −3), = 1,
+ 3 = ( + 1)
− =2
For the normal line,
At (−1, −3), = −1,
+ 3 = −( + 1)
+ = −4

Example(g).
Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve =2 − 12 + 13 + 10 perpendicular to
the line − 5 = 3.
Solution:
Since the curve is perpendicular to the line − 5 = 3, the slope of the normal line is,
−5 = 3
= =

Thus, = −5,
=2 − 12 + 13 + 10
=6 − 24 + 13
Substitute = −5 to ′ since it is the slope of the tangent line and also the slope of
the curve.
−5 = 6 − 24 + 13
6 − 24 + 18 = 0
( − 3)( − 1) = 0
= 3 and =1
When = 3, = −5,
when = 1, = 13.
The points of tangencies are at (3, −5) and (1,13).
For the tangent line,
At (3, −5), = −5,
+ 5 = −5( − 3)
5 + = 10
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 64
 For the normal line,
At (3, −5), =

+ 5 = ( − 3)

− 5 = 28
For the tangent line,
At (1,13), = −5,
− 13 = −5( − 1)
5 + = 18
For the normal line,
At (1,13), = ,

− 13 = ( − 1)

− 5 = −64

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 65

Exercises:
Find the slope of the curves at the points
indicated. 26. + = 100, (6,8)
1. = +3 + 5 − 3, (−1, −6) 27. = − , (−2,10)
2. = , (1,4)
√ 28. = + , (2,5)
3. = , (5,0)
√
29. = , 4,
√
4. ( + 5) = , −2, −
30. 16 −9 = 144, 5,
( )
5. = , (−1, −4)
Answer the following problems.
√
6. =( )
, 1, 31. Find the equation of the tangent and
normal lines to the curve = +3 −1
7. = ( + 1) √ + 1 , (1,32)
with a slope of 1.
8. = + 5( − 2) , (1,6)
32. Find the equation of the tangent and
( )
9. √ = , 4, normal lines to the curve = +6 +9
10. = ( + 2) , (−3, −3) at its point of intersection with the line
11. = + 3, (−1,16) = 0.
12. ( ) = ( + 2) + 3 , (8,4) 33. Find the equation of the tangent and
normal lines to the curve = −3 +
13. = √ − 10, 4, −
3 − 9 at its point of intersection with the
( )
14. = , (1,16) − axis.
√

√ 34. Find the equation of the tangent and

15. = , 1,
normal lines to the curve = + 3 at
16. 3 = + (8 − ) , 7,
its point of intersection at (−1, −2).
17. = , (−3,1) 35. Find the equation of the tangent line to the
circle + = 4 perpendicular to the
18. = , −3, −
line = .
( )( )
19. = , (−4, −3) 36. Find the equation of the tangent and
20. ( − 3) = + ( + 2) , (−2,5) normal lines to the parabola = +
Find the equation of the tangent and 3 − 2 parallel to the line = 2 + 1.
normal lines to the curve at the point indicated. 37. Find the equation of the tangent and
21. = + 3 − 2, (0, −2) normal lines to the curve = +2 +3
22. = −2 + 5, (−1,2) parallel to the line = + 5.
23. = 3+2 +3 , (0,3) 38. Find the equation of the tangent line to the
24. +2 +5 − 2 = 0, (0,0) curve = +2 + − +2
25. = ( + 3) , (−2,1) perpendicular to the line = 5− .

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 66

 39. Find the equation of the tangent and 45. Find the equation of the tangent and
normal lines to the curve = −6 +2 normal lines to the curve = +2 −
parallel to the line 6 = − 5. 2 − 6 + 5 with a slope of −6.
40. Find the equation of the tangent and 46. Find the equation of the tangent and
normal lines to the curve = + −3 normal lines to the curve = ( + 2)
parallel to the line = . with a slope of 3.
41. Find the equation of the tangent line to the 47. Find the equation of the tangent and
curve + = 2 + 5 perpendicular to normal lines to the curve = +4 −2
the line 2 = + 2. with a slope of 2.
42. Find the equation of the tangent and 48. Find the equation of the tangent and
normal lines to the curve = −8 + normal lines to the curve = + −
4 − 80 parallel to the line = 3+4 . + 1 with a slope of −1.
43. Find the equation of the tangent and 49. Find the equation of the tangent and
normal lines to the curve = +2 − normal lines to the curve = +3 +
2 + 1 parallel to the line 3 = 4 − . 4 − 2 with a slope of 1.
44. Find the equation of the tangent line to the 50. Find the equation of the tangent and
parabola = + − 2 perpendicular to normal lines to the curve = +3 +
the line = − 1. − 1 with a slope of 1.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 67

4.3 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
For a function ( ), the derivative ′ is the rate of change of with respect to . If > 0,
the rate of change of is positive, increases as increases. If < 0, the rate of change of is
negative, decreases as increases.
In figure, it is observable that as increases, the curve rises if the slope is positive and falls if
the slope is negative.

At point A, where the function is greater than at any point is at its maximum value and the point
is called maximum point. Also, at point C, the function is at its minimum value and the point is called the
minimum point. At maximum and minimum points of the curve, the tangent is parallel to the − axis,
thus the slope at that point is zero.
= =0

At these points where the tangent line is parallel to the −axis, these means that the curve is

either concave up or concave down. The points at which = = 0, are called the critical points and

the corresponding values of are the critical values. Points A, C and E are the critical points. Maxima
and minima are called extremes such that points A,C and E are the extremes.
The extreme is the greatest or the least value that a function attains than that at any neighboring
value. The greatest and least values that the function have anywhere in its range (such as at A and C) are
the absolute maximum and absolute minimum, while the greatest and least values that a function have in
the neighboring values are called the relative maximum and relative minimum (such as at E; it is relative
maximum).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 68

Test for maxima and Minima
There is a test for maxima and minima called the second derivative test.
The second derivative is the rate of change of the first derivative. When ′ is positive, is
increasing, the curve will concave upward and when ′ is negative, is decreasing, the curve will
concave downward.
If = 0 and < 0, the point is a maximum point and it concave downward.
If = 0 and > 0, the point is a minimum point and it concave upward.
If = 0 and = 0, the test fails.

4.4 INFLECTION POINTS

Inflection points are the points at which the curve changes from concave downward to concave
upward or vice – versa. At the figure, the points B and D are the inflection points.
At inflection points, the second derivative of the slope is zero ( = 0).
To get the inflection points of a curve, find the second derivative of and set = 0, then get
the values.

4.5 SKETCHING OF POLYNOMIAL CURVES

In constructing a graph of a given function, the method of plotting by separate points is much
applicable. But this method fails to exhibit the general properties of a function even though this method is
very useful.
But stronger method of graphing curves will be discussed in this section that focused more on the
first and second derivatives of a function. The following are the steps in sketching polynomial curves.
1. Find to locate the critical points and determine the maxima and minima of the function.
2. Find to locate and determine the inflection points and draw a tangent at each of these points.
3. Plot additional points for more accurate sketching.
Example(a).
Locate the critical points, determine the maxima and minima and find for the inflection points of
the curve = +4 + 4 + 7.
Solution:
= +4 +4 +7
First, find ,
=3 +8 +4
then, set = 0,
0=3 +8 +4
(3 + 2)( + 2) = 0

=− , = −2

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 69

 The critical values are =− and = −2.

When =− , = ,

when = −2, = 7.

The critical points are − , and (−2,7).

For maxima and minima,

=3 +8 +4
= 6 +8

At − , ,

=6 − +8

=4
> 0, is minimum.
At (−2,7),
= 6(−2) + 8
= −4
< 0, is maximum.
For inflection points,
set = 0,
= 6 +8
0=6 +8
=−

When =− , = .

The inflection point is − , .

Example(b).
Locate the critical points, determine the maxima and minima and find for the inflection points of
the curve = −2 + 1.
Solution:
= −2 +1
=4 −4
0=4 −4
( − 1) = 0
= 0, = ±1
The critical values are = 0, = −1 and = 1.
When = 0, = 1,
when = −1, = 0,

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 70

 when = 1, = 0.
The critical points are (0,1), (−1,0) and (1,0).
For maxima and minima,
=4 −4
= 12 −4
At (0,1),
= 12(0) − 4 = −4
< 0, is maximum.
At (−1,0),
= 12(−1) − 4 = 8
> 0, is minimum.
At (1,0),
= 12(1) − 4 = 8
> 0, is minimum.
For inflection points,
= 12 −4
0 = 12 −4

=±

When = , = ,

when =− , = .

The inflection points are , and − , .

Example(c).
Locate the critical points, determine the maxima and minima and find for the inflection points of
the curve = (5 − ).
Solution:
= (5 − )
= 20 −5
0 = 20 −5
5 (4 − ) = 0
= 0, = 4
The critical values are = 0 and = 4.
When = 0, = 0,
when = 4, = 256.
The critical points are (0,0) and (4,256).
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 71
 For maxima and minima,
= 20 −5
= 60 − 20
At (0,0),
= 60(0) − 20(0) = 0
= 0, the point has no extreme.
At (4,256),
= 60(4) − 20(4) = −320
< 0, is maximum.
For inflection points,
= 60 − 20
0 = 60 − 20
= 0, = 3
When = 0, = 0,
when = 3, = 162.
The inflection points are (0,0) and (3,162).
Example(d).
Locate the critical points, determine the maxima and minima and find for the inflection points of
the curve 3 = +3 − 9 − 15.
Solution:
3 = +3 − 9 − 15
3 =3 +6 −9
= +2 −3
0= +2 −3
0 = ( + 3)( − 1)
= −3, =1
The critical values are = −3 and = 1.
When = −3, = 4,
when = 1, =− .

The critical points are (−3,4) and 1, − .

For maxima and minima,

= +2 −3
= 2 +2
At (−3,4),
= 2(−3) + 2 = −4
< 0, is maximum.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 72

 At 1, − ,

= 2(1) + 2 = 4
> 0, is minimum.
For inflection points,
= 2 +2
0=2 +2
= −1
When = −1, =− .

The inflection point is −1, − .

Example(e).
Locate the critical points, determine the maxima and minima and find for the inflection points of
the curve = −4 + 4 − 1.
Solution:
= −4 +4 −1
=3 −8 +4
0=3 −8 +4
0 = (3 − 2)( − 2)
= , =2

The critical values are = and = 2.

When = , = ,

when = 2, = −1.

The critical points are , and (2, −1).

For maxima and minima,

=3 −8 +4
= 6 −8

At , ,

=6 − 8 = −4

< 0, is maximum.
At (2, −1),
= 6(2) − 8 = 4
> 0, is minimum.
For inflection points,
= 6 −8
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 73
 0=6 −8
=

When = , =− .

The inflection point is ,− .

Example(f).
Sketch the curve =2 +3 − 12 + 7.
Solution:
=2 +3 − 12 + 7
1. =6 + 6 − 12
0 = ( − 1)( + 2)
The critical points are (1,0) and (−2,27). The curve rise to a maximum at
(−2,27) and fall to a minimum at (1,0).

2. = 12 + 6, equating it to 0, we get = − , thus the inflection point is

− , and the slope at that point is − .

3. Sketch the curve using the known points.

(−2,27)

− ,

0 (1,0)

Example(g).
Sketch the curve = ( + 1) .
Solution:
= ( + 1)
1. = ( + 1)(3 + 1), the critical points are (−1,0) and − ,− . The curve
rise to a maximum at (−1,0) and fall to a minimum at − ,− .

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 74

 2. = 6 + 4, the inflection point is at − ,− and the slope at that point is
− .

3. Sketch the curve using the known points.

(− , )

1 4
− ,−
3 27

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 75

Exercises:
Find the critical points and determine the Determine the inflection points of the given
maxima and minima. functions.
1. =3 −4 +5 26. = −6 −4 +3
2. =5 +5 −1 27. = −3 −4 +8
3. = ( + 2) 28. = +4 −3 −1
4. = − 12 + 2 29. = −4
5. = 5−9 −3 + 30. = 36 + 12 − 12 +
6. =4 − + 10 31. = +3 +4 +2
7. = +6 + 12 − 5 32. = ( + 6) (9 − )
8. = + − 15 + 10 33. = ( − 1) ( + 1)
34. = ( − 1)
9. = ( − 1) + 2
35. 4 = 36 − 2 + 18
10. = ( + 2) + ( − 3)
( + 1) 36. = + ( − 1)
11. =−
37. =( + 1) +
12. = − +2
38. = (1 + 2 ) + 2
13. = 4( − 2)
39. = + + +1
14. = ( + 2) +
40. =2 + −
15. = ( + 2)
( + 2) Sketch the graph of the given functions.
16. =
41. =( − 3)
17. 12 = 3 − 16 −6 + 36 − 1
( + 1) 42. = − 30 + 15
18. =
( + 2) 43. = −6 +3 −1
19. =
20. = ( − 1) 44. = ( + 1)

21. = ( + 1) ( − 1) 45. = ( − 3)
22. =3 (1 − ) 46. 12 = +6 + 12 + 72 + 12
23. = −8 47. = +4 − 18 +2 +1
24. = −2 48. = −2 − 12 + 3
25. = + −2
49. = ( + − 6)

50. = ( − 24)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 76

4.6 OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS: APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA AND
MINIMA
The idea of maxima and minima can put into practical problems. Any problem in engineering,
business, medicine and other sciences that can put into functional form, derivatives can be used to find the
maximum and minimum values of that function.
Steps in solving optimization problems:
1. Analyze the problem and determine what is to be maximized or minimized, say area .
2. Draw the diagram, if appropriate.
3. Formulate a function from their common relationships.
4. Locate the critical points.
5. Test the critical points.

Example(a).
What are the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a right triangle?
Solution:
1. Analyzed the problem.
The area of a rectangle is to be maximized under the condition that it is to be inscribed in
a right triangle.
2. Draw a diagram.

x
b

3. From the diagram, the area of the rectangle is,

=
By Similar triangle, the relationship is
=

= ( − )

Substitute = ( − ) to = ,

= ( − )

= ( − )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 77

 4. Locate the critical points.
Differentiate with respect to ,

= ( − )

= ( −2 )

Substitute = 0,

0= ( −2 )

= .

When = , = .

The dimensions of the rectangle are,

= and = .

5. Test the critical points.

= (−2)

=−

< 0, the area is maximum.

Example(b).
The sum of two numbers is 10. Find the minimum values of the sum of their square.
Solution:
Let and be the numbers,
+ = 10
= 10 −
The sum of the square is,
= +
Substitute = 10 − ,
= +
= + (10 − )
Differentiate,
= 2 + 2(10 − )(−1)

= 4 − 20

Locate the critical points,

0 = 4 − 20
=5
When = 5, = 5.
= +

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 78

 = (5) + (5)
= 50
The minimum value of the sum of the square is 50.
Test the critical point,

=4

> 0, the sum is minimum.

Example(c).
A cylinder has a volume of 100 ft3. The cost of the metal sheets to make a cylinder should be
minimized. What should be its diameter?
Solution:

The volume of the cylinder is,

100 =

ℎ=

For the cost to be minimized, the total surface area , should be minimized.

= ℎ+

= +

=− +

0=− +

= 5.03 ft.
The diameter of the cylinder is 5.03 ft.

= +

= 9.43

> 0, the area is minimum.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 79

Example(d).
What is the dimension of a rectangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle?
Solution:

y
x

The area of the rectangle is,

=
By Pythagorean Theorem, the relationship is,

= +

= √4 −
Substitute,
= √4 −

= − + √4 −
√

0= − + √4 −
√

= √2 .
When = √2 , = √2 ,
= .
The dimension of the largest rectangle is = , therefore the rectangle is a square.

=− −
√ ( )

√
=− −
√ ( )

√
=− −
√ √

= −3 −
√

= − 3+
√

< 0, the area is maximum.

Example(e).
A rectangular field has an area of 2500 m2. What is the least amount of fencing that will enclosed
the field?

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 80

 Solution:

y A=2,500m2

x
The area of the field is,
=
2,500 =
=

The perimeter of the field is,

= 2( + )
Perimeter should be minimized,
,
=2 +
,
=2 − +1
,
0=2

= 50
When = 50, = 50.
= 2(50 + 50)
= 200 meters
The minimum amount of fencing is 200 meters.
,
=2

= 0.08

> 0, the perimeter is minimum.

Example(f).
Find the minimum length of the perimeter of a right triangle if the hypotenuse is 10 meters long.
Solution:
10 m
y

x
By Pythagorean Theorem,
+ = 100
= 100 −
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 81
 The perimeter is,
= + + 10
= 100 − + + 10

=− +1

0=− +1

= √50 = 7.07 meters

When = √50 , = √50 .
= + + 10
= √50 + √50 + 10
= 24.14 meters.
The maximum perimeter is 24.14 meters.

⎡ ( ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
= −⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

=− +
( )

= −0.28

< 0, the perimeter is maximum.

Example(g).
A box with a square base and open at the top is to have a capacity of 300 m3. Find the height of
the box that requires the minimum amount of material needed.
Solution:

b
The volume of the box is,
= ℎ
300 = ℎ
ℎ=

= +4 ℎ

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 82

 = +4

=2 −

0=2 −

= 8.43 meter
When = 8.43 m, ℎ = 4.22 m.
The height of the box is 4.22 meters.
( )
=2+

=6

> 0, the area is minimum.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 83

Exercises:
Answer the following problems.
1. The sum of two numbers is 32. Find the 12. A rectangular field has an area of 2,500 m2.
minimum value of the sum of their squares. What is the least amount of fencing that
2. The sum of two numbers is 18. Find the will enclosed the field not including one of
numbers if the product of one by the square its sides?
of the other is to be maximum. 13. A rectangular box with square base and top
3. Find the two numbers whose product is has a capacity of 10,000 cm3. Find the
144 and whose sum is minimum. height of the box that requires minimum
4. Find the two numbers whose sum is 10 and amount of material.
whose product is maximum. 14. What is the largest rectangular area that
5. Find the two numbers whose sum is 5, if can be enclosed with a 1,000 ft of fencing?
the product of one by the cube of the other 15. Find the height of a right circular cylinder
is to be maximum. of maximum volume that can be inscribed
6. A cylindrical tank has a capacity of 350.53 in a sphere of radius 10 cm.
3
m . Find the minimum total surface area of 16. A right circular cone has a slant height of 8
the tank. cm. Find the maximum volume of the
7. A right circular cone has a slant height of cone.
7cm. Find the radius of the cone in order to 17. A rectangular lot is to be enclosed by a
have maximum volume. fence. It has an area of 1 hectare. What is
8. A rectangular lot bounded by an already the least amount of fencing that will
fenced side on its back is to be fenced. If enclosed the lot having an opening of 2
2
the area of the lot is 10,000 m , what is the meters in front?
least amount of fencing that will enclosed 18. An isosceles triangle has a perimeter of 34
the lot? cm, find the maximum area.
9. Compute the maximum area of a rectangle 19. Find the maximum volume of a right
that can inscribe in an ellipse having an circular cylinder that can be inscribed in a
equation 9 +4 = 36. sphere having a radius of 6 inches.
10. A triangular lot has perpendicular sides of 20. Find the minimum amount of thin metal
30 meters and 45 meters. Find the sheets that can be made into a closed
dimension of the largest rectangular cylinder having a volume of 4,500 cm3.
building that can be erected in the lot. 21. What is the volume of the largest box that
11. A right circular cylinder is to be inscribed can be made by cutting equal squares out
in a right circular cone of base radius 10 of the corners of a piece of cardboard and
cm and an altitude of 15 cm. Find the turning up the sides if the dimensions are
altitude of the cylinder if it has the 20 cm and 35 cm.
maximum volume.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 84

 22. A norman window is in a shape of a 5ft
rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. It
has a total perimeter of 20 meters. Find the
maximum area if it admits the maximum
amount of light. beam
3ft

23. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle

that can be inscribed in a semi-circle. 32. What is the shape of the rectangle of a
24. A rectangular window surmounted by a given area that has the longest diagonal?
right isosceles triangle has a total perimeter 33. Find the abscissa of the minimum point of
of 10 meters. Find the maximum area if it the curve = + 3 + 2.
admits the maximum amount of light. 34. What is the maximum point on the curve
25. Two vertical posts, 10 meters and 8 meters 2 =2 −9 + 12 − 10?
above the ground. Find the minimum 35. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 40 cm.
length of wire running from the top of one What is the maximum area of the triangle?
post to the stake on the ground and to the 36. From the figure below, compute for the
top of another post. The poles are 20 minimum length of the wire used.
meters apart.
26. Find the area of the rectangle having a
maximum perimeter that can be inscribed
in a circle having an equation of + wire
= 36. 30m

27. Compute the altitude of a right circular

18m
cone that is to be inscribed in a sphere of
radius 5 inches if the cone has a maximum
55m
convex area.
28. Find the equation of the line through point 37. In problem 36, compute the length of the
(4,2) which cuts from the first quadrant a wire needed from the ground to the top of
triangle of minimum area. 30 m post.
29. Three sides of a trapezoid are each 4 inches 38. A closed right circular cylinder is to be
long. Find the length of the altitude of the enclosed by a 225 in2 metal sheets. What
trapezoid so that the area will be is the height of the cylinder of maximum
maximum. volume?
30. Find the minimum amount of thin sheets 39. In problem 38, find the maximum volume.
that can be made into a closed cylinder 40. A rectangular box with a square base and
3
having a capacity of 36 in . top is to be enclosed by a 216 m2 metal
31. Find the longest beam that can pass sheets. What is the maximum volume?
through the corridor from the figure shown.
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 85
 41. Find the shortest distance from the point 47. The production of a certain commodity can
(4,4) to the curve =8 . produce at a rate of = 20 + 3 −
42. Find the shortest distance from the point item per hour. Find the maximum rate of
(−3, −6) to the curve =4 . production.
43. Find the shortest distance from the point 48. The profit equation is given by =
(2,1) to the line = + 2. 2,000 + 60 − , where are the
44. Find the shortest distance from the point items. How many items will produce the
(3,0) to the curve = . maximum profit?
45. The cost of a product = − 49. A refrigerator manufacturer estimates that
10,000 + 50 is a function of an item . the cost of production of the refrigerator
Find the item for which the cost is is = 0.01 − + 50,000. How many
minimum. refrigerators will be produced for minimum
46. The cost equation is given by = cost?
1,000 + 2 − , where is the time in 50. The total cost production of computers
years. Find the maximum cost. is given by = 500,000 − 200 + 4 .
What is the minimum cost?

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 86

4.7 TIME RATES
The time rate of change of change of quantity as a function of time is .

Consider the equation

= ℎ,
this defines the volume of a right circular cylinder as a function of its radius and height. Considering one
of the variable as a constant, say ℎ, thus, the rate of change of with respect to is related to by
the equation
=2 ℎ
Supposed that is a function of another variable , the rate of change of with respect to
is related to the rate of change of by the chain rule

= ∙

Considering the example above, the time rate of change of is

=2 ℎ

Example(a).
A point moves on the parabola = 16 in such way that the rate of change of the abscissa is
always 3 units/sec. How fast is the ordinate changing when the abscissa is 1?
Solution:
= 16
Differentiate and with respect to ,

2 = 16

When = 1, = 4 and = 3 units/sec.,

= (3)

= 6 units/sec.

The rate of change of the ordinate is 6 units/sec.

Example(b).
The radius of a sphere is changing at a rate of 3 cm/sec. Find the rate of change of the surface
area when the radius is 8 cm.
Solution:
8cm
= cm/sec

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 87

 The area of the sphere is
=4
Differentiate and with respect to ,

=8

When = 8 cm and = 3 cm/sec.,

= 8 (8)(3)

= 192 cm2/sec.

The rate of change of the surface area is 192 cm2/sec.

Example(c).
A water is pouring into a conical cistern at a rate of 20 cm3/min. The cistern is 25 cm deep and 10
cm in diameter at the top. At the time the water is 15 cm deep, the water level is observe to be rising at
cm/min, but the water is leaking. How fast is the water leaking away?

Solution:
= cm3/min

5 5

x
= cm/min

25cm
y

=?

The volume of the water is,

=

By similar triangle,
=

Substitute to ,
=

Differentiate and with respect to ,

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 88

 When = 15 cm and = cm/min,

= (15)

= 2.25 cm3/min.

Since

− =

= (20 − 2.25 )cm3/min.

= 12.93 cm3/min.

The rate of water leaking is = 12.93 cm3/min.

Example(d).
A man whose height is 5.5 ft is walking away from a 12 ft lamp post at a constant rate of 3 ft/sec.
Find the rate at which his shadow is lengthening.
Solution:

6.5ft
12ft

5.5ft

x
By similar triangle,
=
.
.
=

Differentiate with with respect to ,

= 0.458

When = 3 ft/sec,

= 0.458(3 ft/sec)

= 1.378 ft/sec

The rate at which the shadow is lengthening is 1.378 ft/sec.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 89

Example(e).
A car starting at 9:00 AM, travels north at a rate of 45 kph. Another car starting from the same
point at 10:30 AM, travels at 50 kph. Find how fast the two cars are separating at 12:00 noon.
Solution:

kph

( − . )
kph

By Pythagorean Theorem,
= (45 ) + [50( − 1.5)]

2 = 2(45 )(45) + 2[50( − 1.5)](50)

= 2,025 + 2,500( − 1.5)

= 4,525 − 3,750

At 12:00 noon, = 12 − 9 = 3,
= [45(3)] + [50(3 − 1.5)]
= 154.43 km.
When = 3, = 154.43,
, ( ) ,
=
.

= 63.62 kph

The rate at which the two cars are separating is 63.62 kph.
Example(f).
A balloon is leaving the ground 45 ft from an observer and rises vertically at a rate of 4ft/sec.
When the balloon is 5.5 ft from the ground, at what rate is its distance from the observer changing?
Solution:
= ft/sec

=?
y
s

Harold Jan R. Terano 45ft DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 90

 By Pythagorean Theorem,
= + (45)

Differentiate and with respect to ,

2 =2

When = 55 ft,
= √55 + 45
= 71.06 ft.

When = 55 ft, = 71.06 ft and = 4 ft/sec,

= (4)
.

= 3.10 ft/sec.

The rate of change of the distance from the observer is 3.10 ft/sec.
Example(g).
The distance traveled by a car is given by the equation =2 + 6 − 1, where is the
distance in miles and is the time in hours. Determine the velocity of the car after traveling 100
kilometers.
Solution:
=2 +6 −1
=4 +6

When = 100 miles,

100 = 2 +6 −1
2 + 6 − 101 = 0
= 5.76 hours
Therefore,
= 4(5.76) + 6

= 29.04 miles/hr.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 91

Exercises:
Answer the following problems.
1. A radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 11. Water is being poured at a conical tank at
1.5 cm/sec. Find the rate of change of the a rate of 8 ft3/min. The tank is 20 ft deep
area when the radius is 5 cm. and 5 ft radius at the top. If the tank has a
2. In problem 1, what is the rate of change of leak at the bottom and the water is rising
the circumference of the circle? at a rate of 1.5 in/min, how fast is the
3. The radius of a right circular cylinder is leaking when the water is 15 ft deep.
changing at a rate of 5 cm/sec. Find the rate 12. A ladder 5 m long leans against the wall
of change of its volume when the radius is of a building. If the foot of the ladder is to
10 cm and its altitude is 12 cm. be pulled away from the wall at a rate of
4. The edge of a cube is changing at a rate of 3 0.5 m/sec, find how fast the upper end is
in/min. Find the rate of change of its moving when the foot of the ladder is 2.5
diagonal when each edge is 1 ft long. meters away from the building.
5. A volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate 13. In problem 12, when will the top and
3
of 8 cm /min. At what is its surface area bottom of the ladder move at the same
increasing when the diameter is 120 cm? rate?
6. Water is flowing into a cylindrical tank at a 14. The sides of an equilateral triangle are
3
rate of 50 ft /min. If the radius of the tank is increasing at a rate of 10 mm/min. Find
5 ft, how fast is the surface rising? the rate of change of the perimeter.
7. A juice is flowing into a conical tank at a 15. Water is pouring into a leaky conical tank
rate of 15 ft3/min. The surface rises at a rate at a rate of 8 cm3/min. The tank is 10 cm
of 5 ft/min. Find the radius of the tank. deep and 3 cm in radius. At the time the
8. A man 5.8 ft tall walks away from a 16 ft water is 4 cm deep, the water level is
high lamp post at a rate of 3 ft/sec. How fast observed to be rising at a rate of 0.5
does the end of his shadow moves? cm3/min. How fast is the water leaking?
9. Water is flowing into a conical vessel 15 cm 16. The radius of a right circular cylinder is
deep and having a radius of 4 cm across the changing at a rate of 4 cm/min. Find the
top. If the rate at which water is rising is 1.5 rate of change of its volume when its
cm/sec, how fast is the water flowing into altitude is 12 cm after 2 minutes.
the conical vessel when the depth of water is 17. A spherical balloon is shrinking at a rate
5 cm? of 2 cm2/min. Find the rate of the air
10. Water at a rate of 2 cm3/sec is flowing into a escaping from the balloon when its radius
cylindrical tank. The water is rising at a rate is 10 cm.
of 0.025 cm/sec. What is the radius of the 18. A man is flying a kite at an altitude of 50
tank? meters. The kite moves horizontally away
from the man at a rate of 1.5 m/sec. How

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 92

 fast is the string being paid out when the 27. The area of a circle is increasing at a rate
kite is 120 meters from the man? of 30 cm2/min, find the rate at which its
19. A bus, starting at 8:00 AM, travels south at circumference is increasing when the
35 kph. Another bus at the same starting radius is 50 cm.
point at 8:30 AM, travels east at 45 kph. 28. A spherical balloon is filled with air at a
How fast are the two buses separating after rate 1.5 cm3/min. Find the rate of the
30 minutes? surface area increasing when its volume is
20. A ball is thrown upward and moves at an 288 cm3.
equation = 50 − 9 , where " " is the 29. A point moves on the curve = +
distance in meters and " " is the time in − 3. If the rate of change of the
seconds. Find the velocity after 2.5 seconds. abscissa is 2 units/sec, how fast is the
21. Water is flowing into a conical tank at a rate ordinate changing when it is −3?
3
of 1.5 in /min. The tank is 5 in deep and 4 in 30. A balloon leaves the ground 25 meters
across the top. If the water is rising at a rate horizontally from an observer and rises
of 0.332 in/min, find the deep of the water. vertically at a rate of 2 m/sec. When the
22. The volume of a sphere (initially zero), balloon is 100 meters from the observer,
3
increases at a rate of 30 cm /min. Find the how fast is the distance from the observer
rate of change of the radius after 2.5 increasing?
seconds. 31. A ladder 15 ft long slides down on a
23. An automobile rides north 75 km and then vertical wall and moves along the
turns west. At what rate was the horizontal plane at 2 ft/sec. Find the speed
automobile’s distance to the starting point if of the upper end of the ladder when the
it rides 30 kph after 3 hours? lower end of it is 8 ft from the wall.
24. A man on a wharf pulls in a rope to which a 32. In problem 31, when will the top and
boat is attached. The wharf is 4 meters bottom of the ladder move at the same
above the water level. Find the rate of the rate?
man pulling when the rope out is 10 meters 33. The radius of a right circular cylinder is
and the speed of the boat is 1.5 m/sec. changing at a rate of 3 cm/sec. Find the
25. Sand is pouring from a spout at a rate of 40 rate of change of the lateral area when its
cm3/sec. It forms a conical shape whose height is 25 cm.
base radius is always twice the altitude. At 34. All edges of a cube are increasing at a rate
what rate is the altitude increasing when the of 50 cm/min. How fast is the total surface
cone is 60 cm high? area changing when its edge is 0.5 meter?
26. The volume of a spherical balloon is 35. Water is pouring into a swimming pool.
3
increasing at a rate of 10 cm /min. Find the After 5 hours, there are + galloons
rate at which its surface area is increasing in the pool, what is the rate of water that is
when the radius is 60 cm. pouring into the pool?

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 93

 36. A spherical balloon has a volume of 288 43. Oil spilled from a ruptured tanker spreads
cm3. Find the rate of change of the surface in a circle whose area increases at a
area of the balloon if its volume increases constant rate of 3 km2/hr. How fast is the
at a rate of 0.5 cm3/sec. radius of the spill increasing when the area
37. A stone dropped into a still pond sends out is 5 km2?
a circular ripple whose radius increases at a 44. In problem 43, how fast is the
constant rate of 2.5 ft/sec. How rapidly is circumference of the circle increasing?
the area enclosed by the ripple increasing 45. A rocket rising vertically is tracked by a
at the end of 15 seconds? radar station that is on the ground 6 miles
38. The altitude of a right circular cylinder is from the launchpad. How fast is the rocket
twice its radius. If the volume increases at rising when it is 5 miles high and its
a rate of 1.2 cm3/min, find how fast the distance from the radar station is increasing
surface area increases when its radius is 6 at a rate of 2,500 mi/hr.
cm. 46. Find the point in the parabola =4 at
39. A boat is pulled into a dock by means of a which the rate of change of the abscissa
rope attached to a pulley on the dock. The and the ordinate are equal.
rope is attached to the bow of the boat at a 47. A point moves on the curve = , how
point 15 ft below the pulley. If the rope is fast is the ordinate changing when the
pulled through the pulley at a rate of 25 abscissa is 2 and decreasing at a rate of 3
ft/min, at what rate will the boat be units/sec?
approaching the dock when 130 ft of the 48. A machine is rolling a metal cylinder under
rope is out? pressure. When the volume of the cylinder
40. In problem 39, how fast must the rope be is 130 cm3, the radius is decreasing at a
pulled if we want the boat to approach the rate of 0.03 cm/sec. At what rate is the
dock at a rate of 15 ft/min at the instant length changing when the radius is 3 cm?
when 130 ft rope is out? 49. The distance traveled by a bus is given by
41. Water is running into a hemispherical bowl the equation =3 + 2 + 5, where
having a radius of 20 cm at a rate of 5 is the distance in kilometers and is the
3
cm /min. If the water is rising at a rate of time in hours. Determine the velocity of the
0.0048 cm/min, find the deep of the water. bus after traveling 15 kilometers.
Hint : = (3 − ℎ ) 50. Determine the velocity of progress with the

42. The total surface area of a cube increases at equation = 20 + when = 5 sec.
a rate of 2 cm2/sec. Find how fast its
volume increases when its area is 2,400
cm2.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 94

4.8 DIFFERENTIALS, APPROXIMATIONS AND NEWTON’S
METHOD
Consider = ( ) be differentiable at the point . For a small change ∆ in , let ∆ be the
corresponding change in .
∆ = ( +∆ )− ( )
It follows that,
∆
lim∆ → ∆ = ′( )
∆
Then, if ∆ is close to 0, then is close to ′( ) or, put another way, ∆ is close to
∆

′( )∆ . In symbols,
∆ = ′( ) ∆
Example(a).
Compare ∆ with ( )∆ if ( )= + 2 − 2, = 2 and ∆ = 0.01.
Solution:
Find ∆ ,
( )= +2 −2
∆ = (2 + 0.01) − (2)
∆ = [(2.01) + 2(2.01) − 2] − [(2) + 2(2) − 2]
∆ = 0.0601
Find ′( ) ∆ ,
( ) = 2 +2
′(2)∆ = [2(2) + 2](0.01)
′(2)∆ = 0.06
The answers are approximately the same and ′( )∆ is easier to compute than ∆ .
Example(b).
Compare ∆ with ( )∆ if ( )=2 − + 3 , = 1 and ∆ = 0.1.
Solution:
Find ∆ ,
( )=2 − +3
∆ = (1 + 0.1) − (1)
∆ = [2(1.1) − (1.1) + 3(1.1)] − [2(1) − (1) + 3(1)]
∆ = 0.752
Find ′( ) ∆ ,
′( ) = 6 −2 +3
′(1)∆ = [6(1) − 2(1) + 3](0.1)
′(1)∆ = 0.7
The answers are approximately the same.
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 95
Example(c).
Compare ∆ with ( )∆ if ( ) = , = 4 and ∆ = −0.1.

Solution:
Find ∆ ,
( )=

∆ = (4 − 0.1) − (4)

∆ = −
.

∆ = 0.0128
Find ′( ) ∆ ,

′( ) = −

′(4)∆ = − ( )
(−0.1)

′(4)∆ = 0.0125
The answers are approximately the same.
The Differentials
Consider the function = ( ),
The differential of the function is equal to its derivative multiplied by the differential of the other
variable.
= ′( )
The quantity ′( ) ∆ is called the differential of and is denoted by the symbol . The
number ∆ , representing a small change in , is called the differential of and is denoted by .
∆ =
∆ ≈
These observations are important since it is easier to compute than ∆ . Thus, it is more
applicable to use than ∆ .
Example(a).
Find the differential of = +4 .
Solution:
= +4
= (2 + 4)
Example(b).
Find the differential of = ( + 1)( − 2) .
Solution:
= ( + 1)( − 2)
= [( + 1)2( − 2) + ( − 2) ]
= 3 ( − 2)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 96

Example(c).

Find the differential of = .

Solution:

=
( )( )
= ( )
( )
=( )

Example(d).
Find the differential of + + +2 − = 4.
Solution:
+ + +2 − =4
2 + +2 +2 −( + )=0
2 + +2 +2 − − =0
(2 − + 1) + (2 − + 2) =0
( )
= −( )

Differential Approximations
Differential approximations are applicable in approximating values. This is an especial
application in computing the consequences of errors in measurements and approximating values.
If the measurement of a quantity is units with a possible error or allowable error of units,
then,
Relative Error, . . =

The relative error indicates the average error per unit. It can be expressed in decimal or in
percentage.

Example(a).
What is the approximate change in when changes from 2 to 2.003 if = .
Solution:
=
For the approximate change in , we have,
=2
= 2.003 − 2 = 0.003,
= 2(2)(0.003)
= 0.012
The approximate change in is 0.012.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 97

Example(b).
The radius of a sphere is 20 cm with a maximum error in computing the radius of 0.05 cm. What
is the allowable error in computing the volume? What is the relative error in volume?
Solution:
The volume of a sphere is
=

For the allowable error in the volume, we have,

=4
Since = 20 cm and = 0.05 cm,
= 4 (20) (0.05)
= 80 cm3
The allowable error is 80 cm3.
When = 20 cm,

= (20)

= 10,666.67 cm3
For the relative error in volume,
. .=
, .

. . = 0.0075 or 0.75%
Example(c).
Find the approximate value of √10 .
Solution:
Put = √ , and = .
√

For the value of that is closed to 10 and has a whole square root, choose = 9 and
= (10 − 9) = 1.
Substitute,
= = 0.167
√

Then,
√10 ≈ 3 + 0.167
√10 ≈ 3.167
Example(d).
A circle has an area of 9 cm2. It has an allowable error in the area of 1.89 cm2. Find the
allowable error in the radius. What is the relative error in radius?
Solution:
The area of a circle is,
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 98

 For the allowable error in the area, we have,
=2
Since,
=
9 =
= 3 cm. and
= 1.89 cm2
Then,
=2
1.89 = 2 (3)
= 0.10 cm.
For the relative error in the radius,
.
. .= = 0.03 or 3.33%

Example(e).
Find the approximate increase in the surface area of the sphere if the radius increases from 3 to
3.02 cm. What is the relative error in the surface area?
Solution:
The surface area of a sphere is,
=4
=8
For the approximate increase in the surface area, we have,
= 3.02 − 3 = 0.02 cm,
= 8 (3)(0.02)
= 0.48 cm2
For the relative error in the surface area,
= 4 (3) = 36 cm2
.
. .= = 0.013 or 1.33%

Example(f).
A cube has a volume of 3,375 cm3. If the allowable error in the edge of the cube is 0.025 cm,
what is the allowable error in the surface area of the cube? What is the relative error in the surface area?
Solution:
The volume of a cube is,
=
Since = 3,375 cm3, = 15 cm.
The surface area of a cube is,
=6
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 99
 For the allowable error in the surface area, we have,
= 12
But = 15 cm and = 0.025 cm, then
= 12(15)(0.025)
= 4.5 cm2
For the relative error in the surface area,
= 6(15) = 1,350 cm2
.
. .= = 0.0033 or 0.33%
,

Example(g).
Find the change in the lateral surface area of a right circular cone having a radius of 4.5 inches
when the altitude changes from 1 ft to 1.05 ft.
Solution:
The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is,
= √ +ℎ

=
√

=
√

For the change in the lateral surface area, we have,

ℎ = 1.5 − 1 = 0.05 ft = 0.6 in
( . )( )( . )
=
( . ) ( )

= 7.942 in2
Newton’s Method
Linear equations can be solved using the simple algebraic operations. Some equations such as
quadratic equations can be solved using the quadratic formula. In case an equation containing
polynomials of higher degree or an equation involving transcendental functions, it is difficult and often
impossible to obtain an exact solution. Such equations are
+ = 4 and −3 +1= 0
There are techniques for approximating solutions and one of them is the Newton’s Method.
Consider a function = ( ) and its graph as shown below,

= ( )
( , )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 100

where is the first approximation, is the second, the third and so on.
Newton’s Method are based on,
1. If is differentiable at , then the tangent line at ( , ) can be used to approximate the
values of near .
2. The point where the tangent line crosses the − axis is easy to determine.
Consider the first approximation . The tangent line at , ( ) is
− ( ) = ′( )( − )
Consider the point where the tangent line crosses the − axis, when = , and = 0,
thus,
0 − ( ) = ′( )( − )
( )
= − ( )

Let now be the second approximation, and repeat the process, we find,
( )
= − ( )

For the fourth approximation, fifth approximation and so on, the process are the same, therefore,
for approximation, we have,
( )
= − ( )
, provided ′( )≠0

Example(a).
Approximate a solution of + = 4.
Solution:
+ =4
Set + = 4 and ( )= + −4
Graph the function,
y

= + −4 6 (2,6)

3
Tangent Line
2

1 First Approximation
x
1 2
−1
Second Approximation
−2

−3

−4
(0, −4)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 101

 From the figure, we estimate where the crosses the axis. Let us approximate the value between
1 and 2. Choose the number near the zero as a first approximation, consider 2.
The tangent line at (2,6) is,
− 6 = ′(2)( − 2)
− 6 = 13( − 2)
= 13 − 20
Setting = 0, will be ≈ 1.5384615. The first approximation was = 2, but we find

that 1.5384615 is better.

For the second, third, fourth approximation and so on, use the formula
( )
= − ( )

use 1.5384615 be the second approximation. Let = 1, therefore,

( )
= − ( )

( . ) .
= 1.5384615 − ( . )

≈ 1.3928190
Continue the process until we found two consecutive answers that are the same. The next
approximations are,
( . ) .
= 1.3928190 − ( . )

≈ 1.3789168
( . ) .
= 1.3789168 − ( . )

≈ 1.3787967
( . ) .
= 1.3787967 − ( . )

≈ 1.3787967
Thus, the positive solution of + = 4 is approximately 1.3787967.
Example(b).
Find to four decimal places smaller positive root of the equation − 2 − 1 = 0.
Solution:
−2 −1 = 0
( )= − 2 − 1, ′( ) = 3 − 2.
Put = −2 −1
When = 0, = −1,
= 1, = −2,
= 2, = 3.
The root lies between = 1 and = 2, try = 1.5 and by direct substitution, we
find,
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 102
 ( . ) ( . )
= 1.5 − ( . )

≈ 1.6315789
( . ) ( . )
= 1.6315789 − ( . )

≈ 1.6181836
( . ) ( . )
= 1.6181836 − ( . )

≈ 1.6180340
( . ) ( . )
= 1.6180340 − ( . )

≈ 1.6180340
The smaller positive value of the equation is approximately 1.6180.
Example(c).
Find to three decimal places the cube root of 6.
Solution:
Cube root of 6 can be denoted into an equation = 6.
( )= − 6, ′( ) = 3 .
Put = − 6.
When = 0, = −6,
= 1, = −5
= 2, = 2.
The root lies between = 1 and = 2, try = 1.5 and by direct substitution, we
find,
( . )
= 1.5 − ( . )

≈ 1.8888889
( . )
= 1.8888889 − ( . )

≈ 1.8198129
( . )
= 1.8198129 − ( . )

≈ 1.8171246
( . )
= 1.8171246 − ( . )

= 1.8171206
The cube root of 6 is approximately 1.817.
Example(d).
Find to three decimal places the square root of 15.
Solution:
Square root of 15 can be denoted into an equation − 15.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 103

 ( )= − 15, ′( ) = 2
Put = − 15.
When = 0, = −15, = 2, = −11, = 4, =1
= 1, = −14, = 3, = −6,
The root lies between = 3 and = 4, try = 3.5 and by direct substitution, we
find,
( . )
= 3.5 − ( . )

≈ 3.8928571
( . )
= 3.8928571 − ( . )

≈ 3.8730341
( . )
= 3.8730341 − ( . )

≈ 3.8729833
( . )
= 3.8729833 − ( . )

≈ 3.8729833
The square root of 15 is approximately 3.873.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 104

Exercises:
Compare ∆ with ′( ) ∆ for the
following exercises. Solve the following problems.
1. =2 −3 ; = 1, = 0.1 26. Find the approximate change in when
2. = + 1; = −2, = 0.01 changes from 4.5 to 4.95 if = + 3.
3. = + − 1; = −1, = 0.02 27. A circle has an area of 36 inches. Find
4. = − + 3; = 3, = 0.01 the allowable error in the area of the circle

5. = + ; = 1, = −0.1 if the allowable error in the diameter is

0.03 inches. What is the relative error in
6. = + 2; = 4, = 0.002
the diameter?
7. = √ ; = 2, = 0.04 28. Find the approximate increase in the area
8. = + ; = 1, = −0.001 of a circle if the radius increases from 5 to

9. = + − 1; = 2, = 0.25 5.02 cm.

29. A sphere has a diameter of 35 cm with a
10. = − + ; = 1, = 0.01
possible error of 0.04 cm, find the possible
Find the differential of the given functions.
error in computing the volume. What is the
11. = (1 + )
relative error in volume?
12. = √4 + 5
30. The radius of a sphere is 6 inches. Find the
13. = ( + 5) approximate error in the calculated volume
14. =( of the sphere if the possible error of its
)

( )
surface area is 0.025 in2. What is the
15. =( ) relative error in the volume?
√ 31. The radius of a right circular cylinder is 15
16. =( )
cm. Find the allowable error in the volume
√
17. =
of the cylinder if the error in its altitude is
18. 4 = 3 +√ 0.001. What is the relative error in the
volume?
19. 2 = +3
32. The base of a right triangle is 5 ft and its
20. +4 – =0 hypotenuse is 7 ft. Find the approximate
21. + = change in the altitude when the hypotenuse
√ changes from 7 to 7.05 ft.
22. =
33. The altitude of a right circular cylinder is
√
23. + = 10 inches. What is the allowable error in
the lateral surface area if the allowable
24. = + +√
error in its radius is 0.005 in? What is the
√
25. = relative error in the surface area?
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 105

 34. The diameter of a ball bearing is measured Approximate the indicated solution using
and found to be 3.5 cm. If the measurement Newton’s Method.
is subject to a 0.01 cm error, estimate the 41. + −3= 0
possible error in the volume. What is the 42. + −1= 0
relative error in the volume? 43. = 3−5
35. The relative error in the volume of the 44. = 1−
sphere is 1.5%. What is the possible error 45. −2 −5 = 0
in the radius if the diameter of the sphere is 46. − −2 +1= 0
14 in? 47. + =1
Find the approximate values of the 48. =4
following.
49. −3=0
36. √146 50. =2
37. √126
38. √29
39. √35
40. √80

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 106

 CHAPTER 5

Trigonometric and
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Chapter Outline:
5.1 Trigonometric Functions
5.2 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
5.3 Applications of the Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
5.4 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Familiarize with the trigonometric and inverse

trigonometric functions.
2. Familiarize with the basic derivative formulas of
Objectives: trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions.
3. Find the derivatives of functions involving
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions..
4. Solve practical applications using the derivatives of
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 107

5.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: A Review
From the figure shown,

hypotenuse
opposite side

adjacent side

The trigonometric relations are,

sin = csc =

cos = sec =

tan = cot =

Pythagorean Theorem:
( ) =( ) +( )
“For any right triangle, the square of the longest side is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides.”
Trigonometric Identities:
sin + cos =1
tan + 1 = sec
cot + 1 = csc
Sum and Difference Formulas:
sin( ± ) = sin cos ± cos sin
cos( ± ) = cos cos ∓ sin sin
±
tan( ± ) =
∓

Double Angle Formulas:

sin 2 = 2 sin cos
cos 2 = cos − sin
= 1 − 2 sin
= 2 cos −1
tan 2 =

Powers of Functions:
sin = (1 − cos 2 )

cos = (1 + cos 2 )

tan =
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 108
 Product of Functions:
sin cos = [sin( + ) + sin( − )]

sin sin = [cos( − ) − cos( + )]

cos cos = [cos( + ) + cos( − )]

5.2 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Derivative of sine function
Given the function = sin , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
By the method in Chapter 2, we have,
= sin
+ ∆ = sin( + ∆ )
+ ∆ = sin cos ∆ + cos sin ∆
∆ = sin cos ∆ + cos sin ∆ − sin
∆ = cos sin ∆ − sin (1 − cos ∆ )

∆ = cos sin ∆ − 2 sin sin ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= cos − 2 sin ∆
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= cos − sin sin ∆
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → cos − sin sin ∆
∆ ∆

= cos

= cos

Derivative of cosine function

Given the function = cos , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
By the method in Chapter 2, we have,
= cos
+ ∆ = cos( + ∆ )
+ ∆ = cos cos ∆ − sin sin ∆
∆ = cos cos ∆ − sin sin ∆ − cos
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 109
 ∆ = − sin sin ∆ − cos (1 − cos ∆ )

∆ = − sin sin ∆ − 2 cos sin ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= − sin − 2 cos ∆
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= − sin − cos sin ∆
∆ ∆ ∆

∆ ∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → − sin − cos sin ∆
∆ ∆

= − sin

= − sin

Derivative of tangent function

Given the function = tan , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
= tan

By the derivative of a quotient,

( ) –
=

From the trigonometric identity,

sin + cos =1

= = sec

= sec

Derivative of cotangent function

Given the function = cot , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
= cot
=

By the derivative of a quotient,

– ( )
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 110

 =

=−

=− = − csc

= − csc

Derivative of secant function

Given the function = sec , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
= sec
=
( )
=−

= = sec tan

= sec tan

Derivative of cosecant function

Given the function = csc , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
= csc
=

=− = − csc cot

= − csc cot

Example(a).
Differentiate = sin 4 .
Solution:
= sin 4
Since sin = cos , then,

= cos 4 (4 )

= = 4 cos 4

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 111

Example(b).
Differentiate = 4 tan .
Solution:
= 4 tan
Since tan = sec , then,

= 4 sec (2 )

= 8 sec

Example(c).
Differentiate = sin 4 cos .
Solution:
= sin 4 cos
By the derivative of a product,
= sin 4 – sin + cos [cos 4 (4 )]

= = 4 cos 4 cos − sin 4 sin

Example(d).
Differentiate = cot .
Solution:
= cot
By the derivative of a product,
= (− csc ) + cot (2 )

=− csc + 2 cot

= = (2 cot − csc )

Example(e).
Differentiate = sin + tan .
Solution:
= sin + tan
= cos + 2 tan sec

= cos + 2 tan sec

Example(f).

Find the in the equation = (1 + cos ).

Solution:

= (1 + cos )
By implicit differentiation,
–
+ =
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 112

 =− –
√

=− −
√

Example(g).
Find the first five derivatives of = sin + cos .
Solution:
= sin + cos
= cos − sin
=− sin − cos
=− cos + sin
= sin + cos
= cos − sin

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 113

Exercises:
Find the first derivative of the given
functions. √
27. =
1. = sin 5
28. = ( + 2)√1 + tan
2. = cos 4
( )
3. = cot 2 29. = ( )

4. = sec 3 30. = cos √ + 1

5. = √sin + Find the second derivative of the given
6. = functions.

7. = cos ( + 2) 31. = 4 sec √

8. = 32. = csc

33. = sin + tan 2

9. =
34. = sin + cos
√
10. = 35. = cos(sin )
√

11. = sin + √ cos 36. = sin

√ 37. = − cot 2
12. =
√
38. = sec tan
13. = tan( − 2 )
39. = sec( + 3)
14. = sec 4
40. = sin − tan
15. = cos Find ′ of the given implicit functions.
16. = sec + tan 41. cos = cot +
17. = cos tan
42. = tan( + 1) + 1
18. = (1 + sin ) 43. tan ( + 2) = sin( + 2)
19. = sin cos 44. cos = sin + tan
20. = cos √ + sin 45. sin 4 = + cos 4
21. = tan ( + 4) 46. sin + cos sin( )=0
22. = tan + cos 47. cos = + sin
23. = cos + √ sin 48. sec = sin +
24. = cot( + 1) + sin ( + 1) 49. sin tan = + cos

25. = √ sin + 50. cos = + sin

26. = csc + ( + tan )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 114

5.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
The previous applications of derivatives can also apply using the derivatives of trigonometric
functions. Such applications are problems on optimization, time rates and approximations; also, the slope
of the curves, tangents and normals to the curves, maximum and minimum points and inflection points of
trigonometric functions can be solved using its derivatives.
Example(a).

Find the slope, the tangent and normal lines to the curve = (1 + cos ) at point ,1 .

Solution:

For the slope at point ,1 ,

= (1 + cos )
= −2 sin (1 + cos )

At point ,1 ,

= −2
The slope is −2.
For the tangent and normal lines,
= −2 and = , therefore,

The tangent line is,

( − 1) = −2 −

2 + = (1 + )
The normal lines is,
( − 1) = −

−2 = −2

Example(b).

For the curve = sin at point , , find the slope, tangent and normal lines, maximum

and minimum points and inflection points.

Solution:
= sin

For the slope at point , ,

= 2 sin cos

At point , ,

=1
The slope is 1.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 115

 For the tangent and normal lines,
= 1 and = −1, therefore,
The tangent line is,

− =1 −

− = −

The normal line is,

− = −1 −

+ = +

For maximum and minimum points,

= 2 sin cos
0 = sin cos
=0
When = 0, = 0.
The critical points is (0,0).
= 2 cos 2
At (0,0),
= 2 > 0, the point is minimum.
For inflection points,
= 2 cos 2
0 = 2 cos 2
0 = cos 2
=

When = , = .

The inflection point is , .

Example(c).
Approximate the value of cos 61°.
Solution:
cos 61°
Convert to radians,
cos 61° = cos

Put = cos and = − sin

Let the value of be 60° =

= − =

= − sin
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 116
 = − sin
√
From trigonometry, sin = , then,
√
=−

= −0.015
Therefore,
cos 61° ≈ cos 60° + (−0.015)
cos 61° ≈ 0.485

Example(d).
What is the maximum possible area of a right triangle having a length of its hypotenuse 5 inches?
Solution:

5 inches

= 5 sin
= 5 cos
The area of the triangle is,
=

Substituting the values of and ,

= (5 sin )(5 cos )

= sin cos

= [sin (− sin ) + cos (cos )]

= (− sin + cos )

Equating = 0,

0= (− sin + cos )

sin = cos
sin = cos
Since = 5 sin and = 5 cos ,
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 117

 From the triangle, by Pythagorean Theorem,
+ = 25
Since = ,
= 3.54 inches
= 3.54 inches
For maximum area,
= (3.54)(3.54)

= 6.27 in2
Example(e).
A wall 4 meters high is 3.5 meters away from a building. Find the minimum length of a ladder
that can reach the building with one end resting on the ground outside the wall.
Solution:

L
y

x
4m

3.5m

From both triangles,

sin = ; =
. .
cos = ; =

For the length of the ladder,

= +
.
= +
.
=− +
.
0=

0 = −4 cos + 3.5 sin

4 cos = 3.5 sin
tan =
.

= 46.27°

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 118

 For the minimum length of the ladder,
= +
.
= +
. ° . °

= 10.6 meters

Example(f).
Two adjacent sides of a triangle is 15 cm and 25 cm long. How fast is the angle increasing if the
area of the triangle is 100 cm2 and increasing at a rate of 5 cm2/sec?
Solution:

15 cm

25 cm

= 100 cm2

= 5 cm2/sec.

= ℎ

ℎ = 15 sin
= (25)(15 sin )

100 = sin

= 32.23°
= 187.5 sin

= 187.5 cos

Since = 5 cm2/sec and = 32.23°,

5 = 187.5 cos 32.23°

= 0.032 radian/sec.

Example(g).
An airplane is flying at an altitude of 0.5 km above an observer. At a given instant, an observer
notes that the angle of elevation of the airplane is 35° and is increasing at a rate of 0.33 radian/sec. Find
the speed of the airplane.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 119

 Solution:

0.5 km

.
=

=
.
=

= 0.5 cot

= −0.5 csc

When = 35° and = 0.33 radian/sec.

= −0.5 csc 35° (0.33)

= −0.501 km/sec.

Negative sign indicates that the airplane is approaching. The speed of the airplane is
0.501 km/sec.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 120

Exercises:
Find the slope, the tangent and normal lines
to the given curves at the points indicated. 19. What are the dimensions of the largest

1. = sin 2 , at ,0 rectangle that can be inscribed in a given

circle?
2. = sin + 1, at ,
20. What is the maximum area of a rectangle
√
3. = cos + 1, at , that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10
cm?
4. = tan , at ,
21. In problem 20, find the maximum
5. = tan , at ,1 perimeter.

6. = cos , at ,0 22. A triangle has the sides of 15 cm and 20

cm long. The area is increasing at a rate of
7. = csc , at ,2
20 cm2/min., at what rate is the angle
8. = sin + cos , at ,1 changing when it is 50°?
23. A boy is flying a kite at a height of 50
9. = sin 2 + csc , at ,1
meters. The kite is moving horizontally
10. = sin 3 + 4 cos 2 , at ( , 4)
away from the boy, find the rate of the kite
Find the critical points, determine the
moving when the angle of elevation of the
maxima and minima and find for the inflection
kite is 50° and changing at a rate of
points of the given curves.
1.25rad/sec.
11. = sin + cos
24. A balloon, leaving the ground 10 meters
12. = 1 + sin
from an observer, has a rate of 1 m/sec.
13. = cos
How fast is the angle of elevation of the
14. = sin 2
balloon increasing after 5 seconds?
15. = 2 + cos 3
25. A cylinder is to be inscribed in a given
Solve the following problems.
sphere. What is the shape of the cylinder if
16. Find the largest conical tent that can be
its convex surface area is maximum?
made having a slant height of 2 meters.
26. A balloon, leaving the ground 50 meters
17. A wall is 3 meters away from a building.
from an observer, rises at a rate of
The shortest ladder that can reach the
0.5m/sec. Find the angle of elevation of the
building with one end resting on the
balloon if it increases at a rate of
ground outside the wall is 10 meters. How
0.002rad/sec.
high is the wall?
27. An airplane is flying at an altitude of 1000
18. What is the maximum length of the
meters above an observer. The airplane has
perimeter of a right triangle having its
a speed of 500 m/sec. Find the rate of the
longest side 20 cm?
angle of elevation increasing at the end of 3
seconds.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 121

 28. A wall is 3.5 meters high. The shortest radius is 4 cm.
ladder that can reach the building with one 36. Two sides of a triangle are 25 cm and 30
end resting on the ground outside the wall cm long respectively. How fast is the third
is 9 meters. What is the distance of the wall side changing if the angle between the two
from the building? sides is 75° and has a rate of 0.5°/sec.
29. A point moves of the curve = tan in 37. A point moves on the curve = 2 + sin
such a way that the rate of change of the in such a way that the rate of change of the
abscissa is always 2 units/sec. How fast is ordinate is always 3 units/sec. How fast is
the ordinate changing when it is 1? the abscissa changing when it is ?
30. Two sides of triangle are 10 cm and 15 cm 38. A point moves on the curve = +
long respectively. How fast is the other
tan in such a way that the rate of
side increasing if the angle between the
change of the abscissa is always 0.6
two sides is 30° and increasing at a rate of
units/sec. How fast is the ordinate changing
0.04 rad/sec?
when the point is at ( , )?
31. A 5 – meter long ladder leans against a
39. Two sides of a triangle are 20 in and 30 in
vertical wall. If the foot of the ladder is to
respectively with an area of 127 in2.
be pulled away from the wall at a rate of
Between these sides is an angle . What
0.5 m/sec., how fast is the angle between
are the allowable error and the relative
the foot of the ladder and the ground
error in the area if the allowable error in
decreasing when the top end of the ladder
the angle is 0.0125rad?
is 3.25 meters from the ground?
40. In problem 39, compute for the allowable
32. An airplane at an altitude of 4,500 feet is
error in the angle if the relative error in the
flying horizontally directly away from an
angle is 0.025rad.
observer. At the instant when the angle of
Find the approximate value of the
elevation is 45°, the angle is decreasing at a
following.
rate of 0.05 rad/sec. How fast is the
41. cos 89°
airplane flying at that instant?
42. sin 46°
33. Find the altitude of the circular cone of
43. cos 46° + sin 46°
maximum convex surface area inscribed in
44. tan 44°
a sphere of radius 10 inches.
45. cot 44° + 2 sin 44°
34. Compute the maximum area of an
Find all roots of the following equations
equilateral triangle having equal sides of 18
using Newton’s Method.
cm.
46. = cos
35. A right circular cone has an altitude of 20
47. = sin
cm. Find the rate of change of the angle at
48. = sin
the vertex if the radius of the base is
49. = sin
increasing at a rate of 1.5cm/min. when the
50. cos =
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 122
5.4 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of inverse sine function
Given the function = sin , since sin = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Derive the function sin = ,
cos =

From the trigonometric identity,

sin + cos =1
cos = 1 − sin
Since = sin , thus,
cos = √1 −
Therefore,

=
√

=
√

Derivative of inverse cosine function

Given the function = cos , since cos = , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
Derive the function cos = ,
− sin =

=−

From the trigonometric identity,

sin + cos =1
sin = 1 − cos
Since = cos , thus,
sin = √1 −
Therefore,

=−
√

=−
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 123

Derivative of inverse tangent function
Given the function = tan , since tan = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Derive the function tan = ,
sec =

From the trigonometric identity,

sec = 1 + tan
Since = tan , thus,
sec =1+
Therefore,
=

Derivative of inverse cotangent function

Given the function = cot , since cot = , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
Derive the function cot = ,
− csc =

=−

From the trigonometric identity,

csc = 1 + cot
Since = cot , thus,
csc = 1+
Therefore,
=−

=−

Derivative of inverse secant function

Given the function = sec , since sec = , the derivative of the function is,

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 124

Proof:
Derive the function sec = ,
sec tan =

From the trigonometric identity,

sec = 1 + tan
tan = sec −1
Since = sec , thus,
tan =√ −1
Therefore,

=
√

=
√

Derivative of inverse cosecant function

Given the function = csc , since csc = , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
Derive the function csc =
− csc cot =

=−

From the trigonometric identity,

csc = 1 + cot
cot = csc −1
Since = csc , thus,
cot =√ −1
Therefore,

=−
√

=−
√

Example(a).
Differentiate = sin 5 .
Solution:
= sin 5

From sin = ,
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 125

 =
( )

=
√

Example(b).
Differentiate = tan ( + 2) .
Solution:
= tan ( + 2)

From tan = ,
( )
= [( ) ]
( )
= ( )

Example(c).
Find of the equation = − cos ( ).

Solution:
= − cos ( )

(2 )+ = +
( )

− = −2
√

=( ) √
−

Example(d).
Find the second derivative of = + cot .
Solution:
= + cot
=2 −

= 2+( )

Example(e).
A picture 6 feet in height is hang on a wall with the lower edge 10 feet above the level of the
observer’s eye. Height of observer is 6 feet. How far from the wall should the observer stand in order to
obtain the most favorable view?
′

′
′

6′

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 126

 From the figure, consider the relationships between the two triangles,
tan = ; = tan

tan = ; = tan

Since = ( − ),
= tan − tan

Differentiating,

= −

0= −

16( + 100) = 10( + 256)

= 12.65 feet
The distance where the observer should stand in order to obtain the most favorable view is
12.65feet.

Example(f).
A balloon leaving the ground 20 meters from an observer has a rate of 1.5 m/sec. How fast is the
angle of elevation of the balloon increasing when it is 45 meters above the observer’s eyes?
Solution:

20 m

tan =

= tan

= ∙

When = 45 m and = 1.5 m/sec, then,

= ∙ (1.5)

= 0.0124 rad/sec.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 127

Example(g).
Find the slope, the tangent and normal lines to the curve = sin + cos at point (0,1).
Solution:
= sin + cos
For the slope of the curve,
= − sin
√

At point (0,1),
=1
For the tangent line,
since = 1, = 1, therefore,
− 1 = 1( − 0)
− = −1
For the normal line,
since = 1, = −1, therefore,
− 1 = −1( − 0)
+ =1

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 128

Exercises:
Find the first derivative of the given
functions.
1. = sin 4 28. = + csc (tan )
2. = tan ( + 1) 29. = cot + tan
3. = csc ( )
30. =4 + sin ( )+
4. = cot 31. = tan ( )
5. = sec (1 − 6 ) 32. =( + cos
)
6. = tan
33. = sec + sin ( )
7. = (sin ) ( )

8. = (1 + ) tan 34. sin = cos ( )

9. =√ tan ( ) 35. sin ( )=√ +1

10. = sec ( + 2) Find the second derivative of the given
11. = − sin √ functions.
√

( )+ 36. = sin
12. = cos −1
37. = cos ( + 1)
13. = sec +
√
38. = sin + tan
14. = tan √ +√ 39. = cos ( + 1)
40. = sec ( + 1)
15. = ( − 1) csc ( )
Solve the following problems.
16. = (cot )
41. A ladder 3 meters long leans against the
17. = (1 − ) sin + sin (1 − )
wall of a building. The top slides down at a
18. = + cos √ +2 rate of 0.25 m/sec. How fast is the angle
√
√ between the ladder and the ground
19. = +
decreasing when the angle is 30°?
20. = tan −√
42. A boy is flying a kite at an altitude of 50
√
21. = sin meters. If the kite is moving horizontally
away from the boy at a rate of 5 m/sec, find
22. = tan √
√
the rate of change of the angle of elevation
√
23. = cos of the kite if it is 75 meters from the boy.
43. A clock 1.5 feet in height is hung on the
24. = cot
wall with the lower edge 4 feet above the
25. =
√ level of the eye of a 5.8 feet observer.
Find ′ of the given implicit functions. Compute the maximum angle that the clock
26. = ( + ) cos 2 should subtends.
27. +2= sec (sin )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 129

 44. A boat is pulled off from a shore at 2 47. A balloon leaving the ground 100 feet from
m/sec. A man on shore holds a rope tied on an observer, rises 6 ft/sec. How fast is the
the boat at an altitude of 6 meters. Find angle of elevation of the balloon increasing
how fast is the angle between the rope and when the distance of the balloon from the
the water line increasing when the rope is 3 observer is 120 feet?
meters. 48. A ladder 20 feet long leans against a wall
45. A boy is flying a kite at an altitude of 100 of a building. If the top slides down at 1.5
feet. If the kite is moving horizontally ft/sec, how fast is the angle between the
away from the boy, find the rate of the kite ladder and the ground decreasing when the
moving when the angle of elevation of the ladder is 8 feet from the ground?
kite is 30° and changing at a rate of 0.10 49. Find the rate of the altitude of a right
rad/sec. triangle growing when the rate of the base
46. One end of a ladder 5 meters long is angle is 0.01 rad/sec. and its base is 10 cm
leaning against a perpendicular wall of a of angle 50°.
building on the ground. Suppose that the 50. Find the roots of the equation = cos
foot of the ladder is to be pulled away from using Newton’s Method.
the wall at a rate of 0.5 m/sec. Find how
fast is the angle between the ground and
the ladder decreasing when its foot is 3
meters away from the wall.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 130

 CHAPTER 6

Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions

Chapter Outline:
6.1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions: A Review
6.2 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Familiarize with the exponential and logarithmic

functions.
2. Familiarize with the basic derivative formulas of
Objectives: exponential and logarithmic functions.
3. Find the derivatives of functions involving exponential
and logarithmic functions
4. Solve some applications using the derivatives of
exponential and logarithmic functions.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 131

6.1 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS: A Review
Exponential Functions
The function = is called the exponential function.
Basic Laws of Exponents:
1. = ∙ ∙ ∙ … ( factors)
2. ∙ =

3. =

4. ( ) =
5. ( ) =

6. =

7. = √
8. = and =

9. =1
The function = is called the natural exponential or naperian logarithm. The natural
exponential is the inverse function of the natural logarithm.
Properties of Natural Exponential:
1. ∙ =

2. =

3. ( ) =
4. ln =
5. =1

Logarithmic Functions
Logarithm is the inverse function of the exponential function.
From the given exponential function,
=
The equivalent logarithmic function is,
=
Forms of Logarithm:
1. Common Logarithm. It is the logarithm to the base 10.
log = log

2. Natural Logarithm. It is the logarithm to the base (natural exponential).

log = ln

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 132

Properties of Logarithm:
1. log = log + log
2. log = log − log

3. log = log
4. log 1 = 0
5. log =1
6. log =
7. =
In Calculus, the most convenient and useful from of logarithm is the natural logarithm.

6.2 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS
Derivative of logarithmic function to any base
Given the function = log , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
By the method in Chapter 2, we have,
= log
+ ∆ = log ( + ∆ )
∆ = log ( + ∆ ) − log
( ∆ )
∆ = log
∆ ( ∆ )
= log
∆ ∆

Multiply and divide by ,

∆ ( ∆ )
= ∙ log
∆ ∆

∆ ( ∆ ) ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → log

By Gillesania’s Principle on Limits, set as any number, say 1 and use ∆ = 0.0001, thus,
( ∆ ) ∆
lim∆ → . log

( . ) .
lim∆ → . log ≈ log

Therefore,
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 133

Derivative of common logarithmic function
Given the function = log , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
By the method in Chapter 2, we have,
= log
+ ∆ = log( + ∆ )
∆ = log( + ∆ ) − log
( ∆ )
∆ = log
∆ ( ∆ )
= log
∆ ∆

Multiply and divide by ,

∆ ( ∆ )
= ∙ log
∆ ∆

∆ ( ∆ ) ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → log

By Gillesania’s Principle on Limits, set as any number, say 1 and use ∆ = 0.0001, thus,
( ∆ ) ∆
lim∆ → . log

( . ) .
lim∆ → . log ≈ log

Therefore,
= log

= log

Derivative of natural logarithmic function

Given the function = log , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
By the method in Chapter 2, we have,
= ln
+ ∆ = ln( + ∆ )
∆ = ln( + ∆ ) − ln
( ∆ )
∆ = ln
∆ ( ∆ )
= ln
∆ ∆

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 134

 Multiply and divide by ,
∆ ( ∆ )
= ∙ ln
∆ ∆

∆ ( ∆ ) ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → ln

By Gillesania’s Principle on Limits, set as any number, say 1 and use ∆ = 0.0001, thus,
( ∆ ) ∆
lim∆ → . ln

( . ) .
lim∆ → . ln ≈1

Therefore,
= (1)

Derivative of exponential function

Given the function = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
=
ln = ln
By implicit differentiation,

= ln

Since = , then,

= ln

= ln

Derivative of exponential function

Given the function = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
=
ln = ln
ln =

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 135

 By implicit differentiation,

Since = ,

Derivative of exponential function

Given the function = , the derivative of the function is,

= +

Proof:
=
ln = ln
ln = ln
By implicit differentiation,

= + ln

Since = ,

= + ln

= + ln

Example(a).
Differentiate the function = ln(4 + 1).
Solution:
= ln(4 + 1)

Since ln = ,

Example(b).
Differentiate the function = .
Solution:
=
Since = ,

= – sin
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 136
 =− sin
=− sin
Example(c).
Differentiate the function =4 + log .
Solution:
=4 + log

Since = ln and log = log ,

=4 ln 4 (2 ) + log

=2 4 ln 4 + log

Example(d).
Differentiate the function = log ( + sin ).
Solution:
= log ( + sin )

Since log = ,
( )
=( )
( )
=( )

Example(e).
Find ′ of the implicit function + = ln( ).
Solution:
+ = ln( )

+ =

+ = +
− = −
[ ( − 1)] = [ (1 − )]
( )
= = ( )

Example(f).
Find the second derivative of the function = + ln .
Solution:
= + ln

= + + ln

= + ln + 1
= +
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 137
Example(g).
.
The population of a certain place is given by the equation = 10,000 , where is the
number of years after 1980. At what rate is the population expected to be growing in the year 2008?
Solution:
.
= 10,000
. (0.025)
= 10,000
.
= 250

From 1980 to 2008, = 28 years, therefore,

. ( )
= 250

≈ 503 people/year

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 138

 Exercises:
Find the first derivative of the given Use implicit differentiation to find .
functions. 31. ln( + ) = 4
1. = ln( + 2) 32. log = + ln
2. = ln( + 1)
33. =
3. =
34. ln = log ( )
4. = log(cos )
35. = ln(cos )
5. = 10 Find the second derivative of the given
6. = − functions.
7. = log ( )
36. = + ln( + 2)

8. = ln √ 37. =4 +
9. = log ( + 1) 38. = log(cos )

10. = ( + 1) 39. = ( + 1)
( )
11. = 5√ + ln( + 1) 40. = ln
12. = + cos Answer the following problems.
13. = 15 41. A point is moving along the curve = .
14. = log Find how fast the ordinate is changing with
15. = ln(sin ) respect to time at the point when it is at (−1,1)
16. = log (tan ) and the abscissa is changing at a rate of 2
17. = units/sec.
18. = + csc 42. A point is moving along the curve = +
19. = tan ln . Find how fast the is changing with
20. = +5 respect to time at the point when it is at (1,1)

21. = ln( ) and is changing at a rate of 3 units/sec.

22. = log(1 + cos ) 43. A point is moving along the curve = . The

23. =( + )( + ) rate of change of the abscissa is 4 units/sec. At

24. = log ( cos ) what rate is the ordinate is changing when it is
1?
25. = log +
44. The decomposition of a certain substance is
26. = (sin + cos )
.
given by the equation = 40 , where
27. = ln[sec ( + 1)]
is the bacterial decomposition in mg and is
28. =3 + ln
the time in seconds. Find the rate of the bacterial
( )
29. = ( + 2) −
decomposition at the end of 5 seconds.
30. = log( + 1) − log ( + 1)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 139

45. The population of a certain province is given by 47. Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve
. = at point (0,1).
= 12,000 , where is the
population at any time in years after the year 48. Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve
2000. At what rate is the population expected to = ln( − 1) at point (2,0).
be growing in the year 2010? 49. Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve
46. The amount in an account is given by = = at point (1,1).
.
200,000 , where is the amount at any 50. Locate the critical point and determine the
time in years. At what rate is the amount is maxima and minima of the curve = .
increasing from 2000 – 2005?

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 140

 CHAPTER 7

Hyperbolic and
Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
Chapter Outline:
7.1 Hyperbolic Functions: A Review
7.2 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
7.3 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Familiarize with the hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic

functions.
Objectives:
2. Familiarize with the basic derivative formulas of
hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.
3. Find the derivatives of functions involving hyperbolic
and inverse hyperbolic functions.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 141

7.1 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS: A Review
The hyperbolic sine of is sinh (pronounced as “cinch”) and the hyperbolic cosine of is
cosh (pronounced as “gosh”), is defined by,

sinh = ( − )

cosh = ( + )

Other hyperbolic functions are,

tanh = sech =

coth = csch =

Hyperbolic Identities
cosh − sinh =1
cosh(− ) = cosh
sinh(− ) = sinh
sinh 2 = 2 sinh cosh
cosh 2 = cosh + sinh
sech = 1 − tanh
csch = coth −1
sinh = (cosh 2 − 1)

cosh = (cosh 2 + 1)

sinh( ± ) = sinh cosh ± cosh sinh

cosh( ± ) = cosh cosh ± sinh sinh

7.2 DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Derivative of hyperbolic sine function
Given the function = sinh , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Consider = sinh = ( − ),

= ( − )

= ( + )

Since ( + ) = cosh , then,

= cosh

= cosh

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 142

Derivative of hyperbolic cosine function
Given the function = cosh , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Consider = cosh = ( + ),

= ( + )

= ( − )

Since ( − ) = sinh , then,

= sinh

= sinh

Derivative of hyperbolic tangent function

Given the function = tanh , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:

Consider = tanh = ,

=
( ) ( )
=

Since cosh − sinh = 1, then,

= = sech

Therefore,
= sech

Derivative of hyperbolic cotangent function

Given the function = coth , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:

Consider = coth = ,

=
( ) ( )
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 143

 =

=−

Since cosh − sinh = 1, then,

=− = − csch

Therefore,
= − csch

Derivative of hyperbolic secant function

Given the function = sech , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
Consider = sech = ,

=−

= − sech tanh

Therefore,
= − sech tanh

Derivative of hyperbolic cosecant function

Given the function = csch , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
Consider = csch = ,

=−

= − csch coth

Therefore,
= − csch coth

Example(a).
Differentiate the function = sech(1 − 4 ).

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 144

 Solution:
= sech(1 − 4 )

Since sech = − sech tanh ,

= − sech(1 − 4 ) tanh(1 − 4 ) (−4)

= 4 sech(1 − 4 ) tanh(1 − 4 )
Example(b).
Differentiate the function = cosh( + 2).
Solution:
= cosh( + 2)
By the derivative of product,
= [sinh( + 2)] + cosh( + 2)
= [sinh( + 2) + cosh( + 2)]
Example(c).
Differentiate the function = ln(sinh 3 ).
Solution:
= ln(sinh 3 )

= 3 coth 3
Example(d).
Differentiate the function = tan (sinh ).
Solution:
= tan (sinh )

Since 1 + sinh = cosh , then,

= sech

Example(e).
Find ′ of the implicit function cosh( + ) = sinh .
Solution:
cosh( + ) = sinh
sinh( + ) ( + ) = (cosh ) + sinh
sinh( + ) + sinh( + ) = cosh + sinh
sinh( + ) − cosh = sinh − sinh( + )
[sinh( + ) − cosh ] = [sinh − sinh( + )]
( )
= ( )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 145

Example(f).
Find the second derivative of the function = .
Solution:
=

= sinh

= (cosh ) + sinh (sinh )

= (cosh + sinh )

Example(g).
Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve = + cosh at point (0,1).
Solution:
= + cosh
= 1 + 2 cosh sinh
= 1 + sinh 2
At point (0,1),
=1=
= −1
For tangent line,
− 1 = 1( − 0)
− = −1
For normal line,
− 1 = −1( − 0)
+ =1

7.3 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Derivative of inverse hyperbolic sine function
Given the function = sinh , since sinh = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Derive the function sinh = ,
cosh =

Since cosh = sinh + 1 , thus,

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 146

 But = sinh , then,

=
√

Therefore,

=
√

Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cosine function

Given the function = cosh , since cosh = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Derive the function cosh = ,
sinh =

Since sinh = cosh − 1 , thus,

But = cosh , then,

=
√

Therefore,

=
√

Derivative of inverse hyperbolic tangent function

Given the function = tanh , since tanh = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Derive the function tanh = ,
sech =

Since sech = 1 − tanh , thus,

But = tanh , then,

Therefore,

=
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 147
Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cotangent function
Given the function = coth , since coth = , the derivative of the function is,

Proof:
Derive the function coth = ,
− csch =

=−

Since csch = coth − 1, thus,

=−

But = coth , then,

=− =

Therefore,

Derivative of inverse hyperbolic secant function

Given the function = sech , since sech = , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Proof:
Derive the function sech = ,
− sech tanh =

=−

Since tanh = 1 − sech , thus,

=−

But = sech , then,

=−
√

Therefore,

=−
√

Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cosecant function

Given the function = csch , since csch = , the derivative of the function is,

=−

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 148

Proof:
Derive the function csch = ,
− csch coth =

=−

Since coth = 1 + csch , thus,

=−

But = csch , then,

=−
√

Therefore,

=−
√

Example(a).
Differentiate the function = sinh ( + 1).
Solution:
= sinh ( + 1)

Since sinh = ,
√

=
( )

Example(b).
Differentiate the function = sech √ .
Solution:
= sech √
By the derivative of the product,

√
= − + sech √ (2 )
√ √

=− + 2 sech √
√

Example(c).
Differentiate the function = tanh (ln ).
Solution:
= tanh (ln )

= ( )

= ( )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 149

Example(d).
Differentiate the function = coth ( − 1) + tanh ( − 1).

Solution:
= coth ( − 1) + tanh ( − 1)

= ( )
+ ( )

= ( )

=
( )

Example(e).
Find the derivative of with respect to of the implicit function cosh = tan .
Solution:
cosh = tan

+ cosh (2 ) = sec
√

− sec = −2 cosh
√

=−

√
=−
√

Example(f).
Find the second derivative of the function = cosh ( + 1).
Solution:
= cosh ( + 1)

=
( )

=
√

=
√

=−
√

=−
( )

Example(g).
Find the tangent and normal lines to the curve = + sinh at point (0,0).
Solution:
= + sinh
=1+
√

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 150

 At point (0,0),
=2=
=−

For tangent line,

− 0 = 2( − 0)
2 − =0
For normal line,
− 0 = − ( − 0)

−2 = 0

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 151

Exercises:
Differentiate the given functions. Find ′ of the given implicit functions.
1. = sinh 3 31. sinh ( )= cosh
2. = cosh(4 + 1) 32. = sech √ + sinh
3. = csch 33. tanh( + ) = sinh

4. = sech(sin 3 ) 34. ln(cosh ) = coth( )

5. = coth( + 1) 35. csch = tanh( + )

6. = sinh (4 + 1) 36. sech = tanh( + 1)
7. = cosh( + 2) 37. (sech ) = + sinh

8. = tan cosh 38. − csch = sinh

39. = ln + sinh
9. = sinh( ) + 4 cosh(ln )
40. = tanh ( + )
10. = ln[cosh (3 + 1)]
41. sinh = cosh
11. = ln(sech )
42. cosh = tanh( )
12. = sin (coth )
43. sinh = sinh
13. = ( + 1) cosh( + 1)
44. cosh =
14. = ln cosh √
45. 2 sinh = cosh
15. = (4 + ) sinh ( + 2)
Find the second derivative of the given
16. =4
functions.
( )
17. =5 −
46. = + sinh
18. = coth √ + 1 – ln(coth )
47. = coth ( + 1) −
19. = cosh 4
48. = sech( − 2) + sinh
20. = tanh
49. = sinh
21. = sinh ( ) − tan( )
50. = ( + 1) sinh ( )
22. = ( + 2) (sech )
23. = ( − 1) coth ( − 1)
24. = ln + cosh
25. = ln[csch (5 + 1)]
26. = tanh ( + 1)
27. = sinh √

28. = ( + 1) cosh ( + 1)

29. = coth

30. = 10 + log(sinh )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 152

 CHAPTER 8

Parametric Equations

Chapter Outline:
8.1 Parametric Equations
8.2 Graphs of Parametric Equations
8.3 Derivatives of Parametric Equations

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Understand the relationship between the parametric

Objectives: equations and the rectangular equations.
2. Obtain the rectangular equation of a given parametric
equations.
3. Sketch the graphs of parametric equations.
4. Find the derivatives of parametric equations.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 153

8.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
Given the equations
= ( ) and = ( )
where and are given in terms of a third variable , called the parameter, are called the parametric
equations of a curve. To obtain the rectangular equation of the curve, we need to eliminate the parameter.

Example(a).
Obtain the rectangular equation of the parametric equations = − 1 and = 2 + 1.
Solution:
= −1
= 2 +1
From the first equation, we can solve for ,
= +1
Then, substitute the value of in the second equation,
= 2( + 1) + 1
Therefore, the rectangular equation of the parametric equations is,
=2 +3
Example(b).
Obtain the rectangular equation of the parametric equations = + 5 and = − 1.
Solution:
= +5
= −1
From the first equation,
= −5
Substitute the value of to the second equation,
= ( − 5) − 1
= − 10 + 24
Example(c).
Obtain the rectangular equation of the parametric equations = and = .
Solution:
=
=
From the first equation,
= ln
Substitute the value of to the second equation,
( )
=
=
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 154
Example(d).
Obtain the rectangular equation of the parametric equations = sin and = cos .
Solution:
= sin , = sin
= cos , = cos
Equate the two equations,
sin = cos
From the Trigonometric functions relationships, the rectangular equation is,
+ =1

8.2 GRAPHS OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

A curve may be drawn by plotting the values for and that was obtained by assigning values
to the parameter. Also, another convenient way to plot parametric equations is by obtaining first the
rectangular equation of the parametric equations, assigned values and then plots the points.

Example(e).
Sketch the graph of the parametric equations = + 3 and = + 4.
Solution:
= +3
= +4
First, make a table of values for ,
−1 0 1 2
= +3 2 3 4 5
= +4 3 4 5 6

Then, plot the points (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) and (5,6).

= +
= +
5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Also, another way to plot the curve is obtaining first the rectangular equation of the
parametric equations, thus, the curve is also equivalent to the equation = + 1.
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 155
Example(f).
Sketch the graph of the parametric equations = 2 + 3 and = .
Solution:
=2 +3
=
The table of values for is,
−1 0 1 2
= 2 +3 1 3 5 7
= 1 0 1 4

Then, plot the points (1,1), (3,0), (5,1) and (7,4).

= +
=

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Also, another way to plot the curve is obtaining first the rectangular equation of the
parametric equations, thus, the curve is also equivalent to the equation = ( − 6 + 9).

Example(g).
Sketch the graph of the parametric equations = 9 cos and = 9 sin .
Solution:
= 9 cos
= 9 sin
The table of values for is,
− 0

= 9 cos 0 9 0 −9
= 9 sin −9 0 9 0

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 156

 Then, plot the points (0, −9), (9,0), (0,9) and (−9,0).

9
=
=

−9 9

−9

Also, another way to plot the curve is obtaining first the rectangular equation of the
parametric equations, thus, the curve is also equivalent to the equation + = 81.

8.3 DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

From a given parametric equations, we can obtain the derivative of with respect to .
Example(a).
Find ′ from = + − 1 and = − + 4 − 2.
Solution:
= + − 1, = − +4 −2
First, obtain the derivatives of , and of , with respect to ,

= 2 + 1, =3 −2 +4

Then, by the ratio = = ′, the derivative of with respect to is obtained.

Therefore,

= =

Example(b).
Find from = + 4 and = − .
Solution:
= + 4, = −

=3 , =3 −2

= =

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 157

Example(c).
Find from = and = .
Solution:
= , =

= , =2

= =

=2
Example(d).
Find from = 4 sin and = cos 2 .
Solution:
= 4 sin , = cos 2

= 4 cos , = −2 sin 2

= =

= − sin
Example(e).
Find from = 1− and = 3 + 2.
Solution:
=1− , = 3 +2
First, find ′,

= =−

The obtained derivative exhibits in terms of . To differentiate both members of the

obtained derivative with respect to , and is a function of , we need to use the formula for
a derivative of a function of a function, thus,
= ∙ ,

Therefore, from =− ,

= = − =−

= − sin
Example(f).
Find from = and = − 4 + 1.

Solution:
= , = −4 +1

=− , = 2 −4

=− ( − 2) = 2 −
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 158
 = (6 −4 ) −

= (2 − 3)

Example(g).
Find from = sin and = cos .
Solution:
= sin , = cos

= 2 sin cos , = − sin

= − sec

= − sec tan

= − sec

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 159

 Exercises:
Obtain the rectangular equation of the Find ′ of the given parametric equations.
given parametric equations. 26. = − 1, = 4−
1. = , = −4 27. = − 1, = +

2. = + 1, = 28. = , =√

3. = + 1, = 29. = − 3 + 2, = −3 +2

4. = − 1, = 30. = , = 2 +3

5. = + 2, = −1 31. = 2 − 1, =
6. =1+4 , = 2−3 32. = , = +
7. = , = 33. = + 2 − 3, = +1
( )
8. = 3 − 1, =2 +1 34. = , =

9. =1+ , = −1 35. = , =

10. = 3 cos , = 4 sin 36. = 3 + 2 cos , = 2 + 5 sin

11. = 3 cos , = 3 sin 37. = 2 − sin , = 2 − cos

12. = cos , = 3 sin 38. = sinh , = cosh

13. = 4 sin 2 , = 2 cos 2 39. = , =

14. = 4 sec , = 3 tan 40. = 2 cot , = 2 sin
15. = cos , = sin Find ′′ of the given parametric
Sketch the graph of the given parametric equations.
equations. 41. = + 5, = −3
16. =1+ , = 4 −3 42. = , = − +4
17. = − 2, = 2 +3 43. = + 4, =
18. =3−2 , = 2+3
44. =( )
, =
19. = , =
45. = , =√
20. = , = −4 +1 46. = , =
21. = cot , = sin 2 47. = tan , = sec
22. = 4 + 2 cos , = −1 + sin 48. = 2 cosh , = 3 sinh
23. = cos , = 2 sin 2 49. = 4 cos , = sin
24. = 4 cos , = 2 sin 50. = 4 + 2 cos , = sin
25. = cos , = 2 sin

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 160

 CHAPTER 9

Curvature

Chapter Outline:
9.1 Curvature: An Introduction
9.2 Curvature and Radius of Curvature
9.3 Circle of Curvature

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Learn and understand the curvature of a given curves.

Objectives: 2. Find for the curvature and the radius of curvature given
curves.
3. Find for the center and equation of the circle of
curvature of a given curves.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 161

9.1 CURVATURE: An Introduction
Curvature is the rate of change of the direction of a curve. A circular arc has a greater curvature
when the radius is small than when it is large.
Consider the illustration below,

′
∆

∆
The fraction is the rate of change in direction of the curve per unit of arc since the point
∆

and ′ on the circle, denoted the arc ′ by ∆ and the angle between the points denoted by ∆ .
From the illustration above, considering the length of an arc, we have,
= ×
We can obtain the relationship,
∆ = ∆
∆
=
∆

Thus,
∆
is the curvature of the circle.
∆

But in case of a curve that is not a circle, the direction of the curve is no longer changing
∆
uniformly, thus the quotient represents the average curvature of the arc ∆ .
∆

Consider the figure,

′

∆ ∆

∆
As ′ approaches along the curve, ∆ and ∆ approaches zero, the quotient is,
∆
∆
= lim∆ → ∆ =

called the curvature at point .

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 162

 Also, the reciprocal of the curvature is called the radius of curvature and denoted by , thus,

= =

9.2 CURVATURE AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE

The most common used equation of a curve is in rectangular coordinates, and then we can easily
express it in rectangular coordinates.
For ,

tan = = ′

= tan ′

= ( )

For , consider the graph below,

∆
∆

∆
=
∆ ∆

By Pythagorean Theorem,
∆ = = (∆ ) + (∆ )
Then,
∆ (∆ ) (∆ )
=
∆ ∆

∆ (∆ ) (∆ )
= (∆ )
∆

∆ ∆
= 1+
∆ ∆

∆ ∆
= lim∆ → ∆ = lim∆ → 1+
∆

= 1+

= 1+( )

Substituting and to = and = = , we have,

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 163

 =
( )

= , the curvature at point .

[ ( ) ]

and

= | |
, the radius of curvature.

9.3 CIRCLE OF CURVATURE

From the equation of a circle,
( − ℎ) + ( − ) =
Differentiating the function twice, we obtain,
2( − ℎ ) + 2( − ) =0

−ℎ+( − ) =0

−ℎ+( − ) =0 →1
1+( − ) + ( ′) = 0
1+ ( − )+( ) = 0 →2
Equating the two equations will have,

= − and

= +

the center of curvature.

The values of ℎ and should be substituted in the equation ( − ℎ ) + ( − ) =
together with the radius of curvature to find for the equation of the circle of curvature.
Example(a).
Find the curvature of the curve =8 at point (2,4).
Solution:
=8
Find for and ,

=
√

√
=−
√

At (2,4),
=1
=−

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 164

 Since = , substitute the values of and , thus,
[ ( ) ]

√
=

Example(b).
From example(a), find the radius of curvature.
Solution:
√
Since = , and = ,

Then,
=√

= 8√2
Example(c).
Locate the center of curvature of the curve =4 at point (−1,4).
Solution:
=4

Since ℎ = − and = + , find first for the and , thus,

=8
=8
At (−1,4),
= −8
=8
Substitute the values of and and the points (−1,4), therefore,

ℎ= −

( )
ℎ = −1 − (−8)

ℎ = 64

= +

( )
=4+

The center of curvature is 64, .

Example(d).
Find the curvature of the curve = 2 cos at point ( , −2).
Solution:
= 2 cos

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 165

 = −2 sin
= −2 cos
At ( , −2),
=0
=2

Since = , thus,
[ ( ) ]

=
[ ( ) ]

=2
Example(e).
Find the radius of curvature of the curve = ln at point (−1,0).
Solution:
= ln
=

=−

At (−1,0),
=1
= −1

Since = | |
, thus,

( )
= | |

= 2√2
Example(f).
Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve = at point (0,0).
Solution:
=
=2
=2
At (0,0),
=0
=2

Since ℎ = − and = + , thus,

ℎ=0
=

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 166

 And = | |
, then,

For the equation of the circle of curvature, substitute the values of ′ and to the
general equation of the circle of curvature, therefore,
( − ℎ) + ( − ) =

( − 0) + − =

+ − =0
Example(g).
Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve = + 2 − 1 at (−2, −1).
Solution:
= +2 −1
=2 +2
=2
At (−2, −1),
= −2
=2

Since ℎ = − and = + , thus,

ℎ=3
=

And = | |
, then,

√
=

For the equation of the circle of curvature, substitute the values of and to the
general equation of the circle of curvature, therefore,
( − ℎ) + ( − ) =
√
( − 3) + − =

+ − 6 − 3 = 20

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 167

 Exercises:
Find the curvature of the given curves at 26. = + 4 at (−1,3)
the points indicated. 27. = ( + 1) at (−1,0)
1. = 16 at (1,4) 28. = ( + 1)( + 2) at (−3,2)
2. =4 at (2,1) 29. =2 −3 at (4,2)
3. = + + 2 at (−1,2) 30. = √ + 1 at 2, √3
4. =8 at (8,1) Find the equation of the circle of curvature
5. = ( + 2) at (−2,0) of the given curves at the points indicated.
6. = tan at ,1 31. =9 at (1,3)

7. = at (0,1) 32. = + 5 at (1,6)

8. = ln(cos ) at (0,0) 33. = ( − 3) at (−1,4)

9. = + 1 at (−1,2) 34. = ( − 1) at (−1, −2)

10. = ( + 2) at (−1,1) 35. = (1 − ) at (4,9)

36. = ( − 2)( + 1) at (−2,4)
11. = + sin at (0,0)
37. = ln √ at (1,0)
12. = 4( + 1) at (−1,0)
38. = ( + 1) at (1,2)
13. = ( + 2) at (1,3)
39. = ( − 2) ln at (2,0)
14. = ln( + 1) at (0,0)
( )
40. = at (−1,1)
15. = + cosh at (0,1)
41. = + cos at (0,0)
Find the radius of curvature of the given
42. = + 3 at (−2, −5)
curves at the points indicated.
43. = √ + 1 at (1,2)
16. = at (−1,1)
44. =4 at (0,0)
17. = + 4 at (0,4)
45. = ( + 1) at (1,2)
18. =6 − at (1,5)
46. =2 +3 at (1,5)
19. = ( + 1) at (−2,2)
20. =4 + 1 at (1,0) 47. = 25 at (0,1)

21. = ln at (1,0) 48. = ( + 2) at (−1,1)

49. = ( − 1)( + 3) at (−3,0)
22. = sin at (0,0)
23. = at (0,1) 50. =4 at (4,4)

24. = + cos at ( , − 1)

25. = (2 − ) at (1,1)

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 168

 CHAPTER 10

Indeterminate Forms
Chapter Outline:
10.1 Indeterminate Forms
10.2 The L’hopital’s Rule

10.3 The Indeterminate Forms and

10.4 The Indeterminate Form ∙∞

10.5 The Indeterminate Form ∞ − ∞
10.6 The Indeterminate Forms , ∞ and

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

Objectives: 1. Understand the existence of indeterminate forms to

functions
2. Understand L’hopital’s Rule.
3. Evaluate functions that exists indeterminate forms using
the L’hopital’s Rule.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 169

10.1 INDETERMINATE FORMS
( )
Consider the quotient, is said to have the indeterminate form if ( ) and ( ) both tend
( )
( )
to 0 as approaches . In the same way, the quotient has the indeterminate form if ( ) and
( )

( ) both tend to ±∞ as approaches .

10.2 THE L’HOPITAL’S RULE

L’hopital’s Rule stated that,
( )
If ( )
has an indeterminate form at , then,
( ) ( )
→ ( )
= → ( )

Provided the last limit exists or is infinite. The same is true if is replaced by , or ±∞.
( )
If again, ( )
has an indeterminate form at , then,
( ) ( )
→ ( )
= → ( )

10.3 THE INDETERMINATE FORMS AND

The indeterminate forms and exists when the form satisfied or the quotient is equal to

and .

Example(a).
Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:
lim →

Examining the quotient above, it has an indeterminate form , then, by L’hopital’s Rule,

we find,
( )
lim → = lim → ( )

lim → ( )
=−

Example(b).
( )
Evaluate the lim → .

Solution:
( )
lim →

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 170

 The quotient is equal to , applying the L’hopital’s Rule, we have,
( ) ( )
lim → = lim → ( )

lim → =0

10.4 THE INDETERMINATE FORM ∙∞

Consider the product of two functions ( ) ∙ ( ) such that, as approaches , either of the
function approaches zero while the other increases indefinitely. The product is said to be the
indeterminate form 0 ∙ ∞.
( )
If, ( )∙ ( )= ,
( )

It follows that the quotient assumes and arrived to the form or , and L’hopital’s Rule is

applicable.
Example(c).
Evaluate the lim → ln .
Solution:
lim → ln
The function takes the form 0 ∙ ∞, therefore,

lim → ln = lim → = lim →

lim → = lim → (−2 ) = 0

10.5 THE INDETERMINATE FORM ∞ − ∞

When the functions ( ) − ( ) approaches infinity as approaches , the difference of the
functions is said to be the indeterminate form ∞ − ∞. Examine the example below.
Example(d).
Evaluate the lim →
(tan − cot ).

Solution:
lim →
(tan − cot )

The difference takes the form ∞ − ∞, therefore, by further transformation, we can

arrived to,

lim →
(tan − cot ) = lim → −

= lim →

= lim → ( )

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 171

 ( )
= lim →

lim →
(tan − cot ) = =0

10.6 THE INDETERMINATE FORMS , ∞ AND

Consider the function,
( )
= [ ( )]
If
lim → ( ) = 0, lim → ( ) = 0, or
lim → ( ) = ∞, lim → ( ) = 0, or
lim → ( ) = 1, lim → ( ) = ∞,
the function is said to be the indeterminate form 0 , or ∞ , or 1 . To evaluate anyone of these limits,
take the logarithm,
ln = ( ) ln ( ),
this will now assume to be the indeterminate of 0 ∙ ∞, therefore,
( )
ln =
( )

If ln approaches a limit , then itself approaches the limit .

Example(e).
Evaluate the lim → .
Solution:
lim →

The function has the indeterminate form 0 .

Put = , then,
ln = ln = ln , therefore,
lim → ln = lim → (ln )
( )
= lim → = lim →

= lim → =0

From ln → 0 it follows that → = 1, thus,

lim → =1
Example(f).

Evaluate the lim → (1 + ) .

Solution:

lim → (1 + )
The function has the indeterminate form 1 .
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 172
 Put = (1 + ) , then,

ln = ln(1 + ) = ln(1 + ), therefore,

lim → ln = lim →

lim → ( )

lim → =0

From ln → 0, it follows that → = 1, thus,

lim → (1 + ) =1
Example(g).
Evaluate the lim → (cot ) .
Solution:
lim → (cot )
The function has the indeterminate form ∞ .
Put = (cot ) , then,
ln = ln (cot ) = sin [ln(cot )], therefore,
lim → ln = lim → sin [ln(cot )]
( )
= lim →

( )
= lim →

[ ( )]
= lim → ( )

= lim → = lim → =0

From ln → 0, it follows that → = 1, thus,

lim → (cot ) =1

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 173

 Exercises:
Evaluate the following limits by applying
the L’hopital’s Rule.

1. lim → 26. lim → ( )

−

2. lim → 27. lim → (1 + )

3. lim 28. lim →

→
29. lim →
4. lim →
30. lim → ( + 1)
5. lim → 31. lim →

6. lim →
32. lim →

7. lim →
33. lim → −
8. lim →
34. lim → (cos )
9. lim → 35. lim →

10. lim → 36. lim → ( + ln )

11. lim → 37. lim → (1 − cos )

38. lim →
12. lim →

39. lim → (cot )( )

13. lim →

(sin ) ln 40. lim →

14. lim → √
√
15. lim → 41. lim →

16. lim → 42. lim → (1 + )

17. lim → ln 43. lim →
18. lim →
44. lim →
19. lim →
45. lim → (1 + )
20. lim → (1 − 3 )
( )
46. lim → 1−
21. lim → ( )
47. lim →
22. lim →

23. lim → (sec + tan ) 48. lim → 1+

24. lim → ( csc − cot )
49. lim → (1 − cos )
25. lim → ( + )
50. lim → −

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 174

 CHAPTER 11

Partial Differentiation

Chapter Outline:
11.1 Limits
11.2 Partial Derivatives
11.3 Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

Objectives: 1. Evaluate the limits of a function of several variables.

2. Find the partial derivatives of a given functions.
3. Find for the higher order partial derivatives.

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 175

11.1 LIMITS
The first discussion on limits was already done in chapter 1 considering only a function of one
variable. In this section, we will discuss the limits considering a function of two or more variables.
Consider the lim( , )→( , ) ( , )= or ( , )→ as ( , ) → ( , ).
If the values ( , ) get closer and closer to a fixed number as the points ( , ) get closer
and closer to a fixed point ( , ), then we say that “the limit of ( , ) equals as ( , ) approaches
( , )”.
The limit of a function of two or more variables is of the same concept as the limit of a function
of one variable.
Example(a).
Evaluate the lim( , )→( , ) 4 + .
Solution:
lim( , )→( , ) 4 + = 4(2) + 0 = 16
Example(b).
Evaluate the lim( , )→( , )( )
.

Solution:
lim( , )→( , )( )
=( )
= −1

Example(c).
Evaluate the lim( , )→( , ) + + .
Solution:
lim( , )→( , ) + + = (0)(−3) + (0) + (−3) = 3
Example(d).
Evaluate the lim( , )→( , ) + (2 + ) .

Solution:
lim( , )→( , ) + (2 + ) = ( ) ( )
+ [2(1) + 1] = 10

Example(e).
∅
Evaluate the lim( ,∅)→( , ) (
.
∅)

Solution:
∅ ( )
lim( ,∅)→( , ) (
= ( )
= −1
∅)

Example(f).
( )
Evaluate the lim( , )→ , .

Solution:
( )
lim( , )→ , = = ln 2

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 176

Example(g).

Evaluate the lim( , , )→( , , ) ( )

.

Solution:
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
lim( , , )→( , , ) ( )
= ( )
=

11.2 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Given the function = ( , ).
The partial derivative of the given function can be obtained by differentiating the function
treating all other variables as constants.
The derivative of the above function is called the partial derivatives of with respect to and
is denoted by,

or or ( , )

Or, the partial derivative of with respect to and is denoted by,

or or ( , )

Example(a).
Find all first partial derivatives of =4 +3 + .
Solution:
=4 +3 +

= 4 + 3, = 4 +1

Example(b).
Find all first partial derivatives of = + .
Solution:
= +

=2 + , =2 +
√

Example(c).
Find all first partial derivatives of with respect to and of the equation +4 = +
.
Solution:
+4 = +

2 +4 =2

2 +4 = 2

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 177

Example(d).
Find all first partial derivatives of = sin + ln .
Solution:
= sin + ln

= 2 sin + , = cos + ln

Example(e).
Find all first partial derivatives of = sin + cos .
Solution:
= sin + cos

= (cos )( ) + sin + – sin ( )

= cos + sin − sin = cos + sin (1 − )

= (cos )( ) + – sin ( ) + cos (1)

= cos − sin + cos = cos ( + 1) − sin

Example(f).
Find all first partial derivatives of = + .
Solution:
= +

=2 + ( )=2 +

= +

= (1) + ( )= +

Example(g).
Find all first partial derivatives of = tan + ln .
Solution:
= tan + ln

= + tan (1) +
( )

= ( )
+ tan +

= ( )
+ + ln (1)

= ( )
+ ln +1

11.3 HIGHER ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

The second partial derivative of the function = ( , ) can be denoted by,

= = ( , )
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 178
 = = ( , )

= = ( , )

= = ( , )

Functions of two variables have four second partial derivatives ( , ), ( , ), ( , )

and ( , ). Functions of three variables have nine second partial derivatives.
Example(a).
Find all second partial derivatives of = + + .
Solution:
= + +
The first partials are,

=2 + 1 and = +2

The second partials are,

=2

=2

=2

=2

Example(b).
Find all second partial derivatives of = sin + cos .
Solution:
= sin + cos
The first partials are,

= sin − sin and = cos − sin

The second partials are,

= − ( cos )=− cos

= cos − ( cos ) − sin (1) = cos − cos − sin

= cos − ( cos ) − sin (1) = cos − cos − sin

= − sin − ( cos ) = − sin − cos

Example(c).
Find all second partial derivatives of = ln + .
Solution:
= ln +
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 179
 The first partials are,

= + = + and = + = +

The second partials are,

=− +

=−

Example(d).
Find all second partial derivatives of = ln + cos + sin .
Solution:
= ln + cos + sin
The first partials are,

= ln − sin and = + cos

The second partials are,

=− ( cos ) − sin ( )=− ( cos + sin )

=− + (− sin ) + cos ( )=− + (cos − sin )

Example(e).
Find all second partial derivatives of = ln( + ) + .
Solution:
= ln( + ) +
The first partials are,

= + and = +

The second partials are,

= −( )
+

= −( )
+ ( )+ = −( )
+ ( + 1)

= −( )
+ ( )+ = −( )
+ ( + 1)

= −( )
+

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 180

Example(f).
Find all second partial derivatives of = sin + ln .
Solution:
= sin + ln
The first partials are,

= + ln and = sin +
√

The second partials are,

=
( )

= +
√

= +
√

=−

Example(g).
Find all second partial derivatives of = + sin .
Solution:
= + sin
The first partials are,

= + cos , =2 , = cos

The second partials are,

=− sin

=2

=− sin + cos

=2

=2

=0

=− sin + cos

=0

=− sin

Notice that in all the examples given, the partials = and as well as for three variables
= ; = ; = . This is always the case provided that the second partial derivatives are
continuous.
Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 181
Exercises:
Evaluate the limits.
1. lim( , )→( , ) +( − ) 25. = sin
√ 26. = sin ( + )
2. lim( , )→( , )
27. = sin + cos
3. lim( , )→( , ) ( + ) −
28. = sinh + cosh
( )
4. lim( , , )→( , , ) 29. = ln +
√

30. = 5 + log
5. lim( , , )→( , , )
Find and of the given equations.
6. lim( , , )→( , , )
31. + + =
7. lim( ,∅)→( , ) ( ∅) 32. + =4

8. lim( 33. + − 3 = 10
, , )→( , , )
34. + − =
9. lim( , )→( , ) sin
35. −2 =√
10. lim( , )→( , )
√ 36. + = ln
11. lim( , )→( , ) + sin 37. + = +

12. lim( 38. cos + sin =

, , )→( , , )
39. cos + sin = tan
13. lim( , )→( , )
40. + ln = +
√
14. lim( , )→( , ) Find all second partial derivatives of the
( ) given functions.
15. lim( , , )→( , , )
41. = + √
Find all first partial derivatives of the given
42. = + −
functions.
43. = + +
16. = +
44. = cos + sin
17. =4 −3 +
45. = tan + cos
18. = √ +
46. = sin + ln
19. = sin
47. = 10 +
20. = +
48. = sinh + cosh
21. = sec
49. = tan + ln( + )
22. = + cos
50. = (1 − ) ln + log
23. = ln( + )
24. = sin + sin

Harold Jan R. Terano DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 182