Integration by Partial Fraction

(4 Cases)

In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for Calculus 2

Afable, Anthony B.

Antofina, Mark P.

Acibar, Jasmin Reina A.

BSEE-1A
Integration by Partial Fraction

If the integrand (the expression after the integral sign) is in the form of an algebraic
fraction and the integral cannot be evaluated by simple method, the fraction needs to be
expressed in partial fraction before integration takes place.

Partial Fraction Decomposition—Linear Factors

f ( x) A B
= +
(x +a)( x +b) x +a x+ b

We have been able to integrate some rational functions using integration by

1
substitution and by parts. For instance, we can integrate ∫ (1+ x ) dx using the substitution
u=1−x :

1 −1
∫ (1+ x ) dx=∫ u
du=−ln|u|+C=−ln |1−x|+ C

Some rational functions, however, cannot be directly integrated by parts or by substitution.

CASE 1. Distinct Linear Factors

When the factors of the denominator are all linear and non is repeated.

 For each linear fraction (ax +b) in the denominator, there will be a partial fraction,
A
, where A is a constant.
ax+ b

f (x ) A
=
(ax +b) ax +b

EXAMPLES:
2
x + 9 x +2
1. ∫ ( x −1)(x dx
+1)( x+2)

Let,

x 2+ 9 x +2 A B C (Eq. 1)
= + +
( x−1 )( x +1 ) ( x +2 ) ( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 ) ( x+2 )

Note that the number of factors in the denominator will tell the number of partial fraction
there will be, each partial fraction will have each factor as a denominator.

Simplify the equation (multiply the LCD);

 x 2 +9 x +2 A( x+1)(x+ 2) B( x−1)(x +2) C(x−1)( x +1)
= + +
(x−1)( x+ 1)(x +2) ( x−1) ( x+1) ( x +2)

Focusing only on the resulting numerators (or “clearing denominators”), we find the following
equation involving A, B and C:

x 2+ 9 x+2=A ( x+1 ) ( x+ 2 )+ B ( x−1 ) ( x+2 ) +C (x−1)( x+ 1) (Eq. 2)

To find the values of A, B, and C, there are two methods which we can use;

M1. By assigning particular values to x in order to obtain equations involving at least one of
the constants.

x 2+ 9 x+2=A ( x+1 ) ( x+ 2 )+ B ( x−1 ) ( x+2 ) +C (x−1)( x+ 1)

x 2+ 9 x+2=A ( x 2+3 x +2 ) + B ( x2 + x−2 )+ C(x 2−1)

when ¿ 1 ,

(1)2+ 9 (1 ) +2=A [(1)2+ 3 ( 1 ) +2 ] + B [(1)2+ 1−2 ] +C [ (1)2−1 ]

12=6 A

2= A

when ¿−1 ,

(−1)2+ 9 (−1 )+ 2= A [(−1)2 +3 (−1 ) +2 ] +B [ (−1)2+1−2 ] +C [(−1)2−1 ]

−6=−2 B

3=B

when x=−2 ,

(−2)2+ 9 (−2 ) +2= A [(−2)2 +3 (−2 ) +2 ] + B [(−2)2+ 1−2 ] +C [ (−2)2−1 ]

−12=3 C

−4=C

OR

M2. By equating the coefficients of equal powers of x to obtain simultaneous equations

involving the constants.

x 2+ 9 x+2=A ( x+1 ) ( x+ 2 )+ B ( x−1 ) ( x+2 ) +C ( x −1 )( x +1 )

¿ A ( x 2+ 3 x +2 ) + B ( x 2+ x −2 ) +C ( x 2−1 )

¿ A x 2+3 Ax+2 A+ Bx2 + Bx−2 B+Cx 2−C

¿ Ax2 + Bx2 +Cx2 +3 Ax+ Bx+2 A−2 B−C

x 2+ 9 x+2=x 2 ( A+ B+C )+ x ( 3 A + B ) + ( 2 A−2 B−C )

where,

x 2 : A+ B+C=1

x :3 A+ B=9

x 0 :2 A−2 B−C=2

Solution:

A+ B+C=1 2 A−2 B−C=2

B=1−A−C (1) 2 A−2 B−( 2 A−8 )=2

−2 B+ 8=2

3 A + B=9 8−2=2 B

3 A + ( 1− A−C )=9 6=2 B

3 A +1− A−C=9 3=B (3)

2 A +1−C=9

2 A +1−9=C

2 A−8=C (2)

Substitute,

3 A + B=9 A+ B+C=1

3 A +3=9 2+3+C=1

3 A=9−3 C=1−2−3

3 A=6 C=−4

A=2

BOTH method shows that A=2 , B=3 ,and C=−4.

Therefore,

x 2+ 9 x +2 A B C
∫ ( x −1)(x +1)( x+2) dx=∫ x−1 dx+∫
x+ 1
dx +∫
x +2
dx
 2 3 −4
¿∫ dx +∫ dx +∫ dx
x −1 x +1 x+ 2

dx dx dx
¿ 2∫ +3∫ −4 ∫
x−1 x +1 x +2

¿ 2 ln |x−1|+3 ln |x +1|−4 ln|x +2|+C

3 x 2+ 32 x−51
2. ∫ ( x −1)(x−2)( x +3) dx
Let,

3 x2 +32 x−51 A B C
= + +
( x−1 )( x−2 ) (x +3) x−1 x−2 x +3

Simplify the equation,

3 x 2+32 x−51= A ( x−2 )( x +3 ) + B ( x−1 )( x +3 ) +C ( x−1 ) ( x−2 )

3 x 2+32 x−51= A ( x 2 + x−6 ) +B ( x 2 +2 x−3 ) +C ( x 2−3 x +2 )

Using M1:

when x=1 ,

3 ( 1 )2+ 32 ( 1 )−51=A [ ( 1 )2+ ( 1 ) −6 ] + B [ ( 1 )2+2 ( 1 )−3 ]+ C [ ( 1 )2−3 ( 1 )+ 2 ]

−16=−4 A

4= A

when x=2 ,

3 ( 2 )2+ 32 ( 2 ) −51= A [ ( 2 )2+ ( 2 )−6 ]+ B [ ( 2 )2 +2 ( 2 ) −3 ] +C [ ( 2 )2−3 ( 2 ) +2 ]

25=5 B

5=B

when x=−3 ,

3 (−3 )2 +32 (−3 )−51= A [ (−3 )2+ (−3 )−6 ] +B [ (−3 )2+2 (−3 ) −3 ] +C [ (−3 )2−3 (−3 ) +2 ]

−120=20C

−6=C

Expressing the fraction as sum of its partial fraction;

 3 x 2+ 32 x−51 4 5 (−6)
∫ ( x −1)(x−2)( x +3) dx=∫ x−1 dx +∫
x−2
dx +∫
x +3
dx

dx dx dx
¿ 4∫ +5∫ −6 ∫
x−1 x−2 x+ 3

¿ 4 ln |x−1|+5 ln |x−2|−6 ln|x +3|+C

CASE 2. Repeated Linear Factors

When the factors of the denominator are all linear and some are repeated.

 For each repeated linear (ax +b)n of the denominator, there will be partial fractions of
the form;
A B N
+ + …+
ax+ b (ax +b)2
(ax +b)
n

where the numerators A, B, …, N are constants.

EXAMPLES:

2 x +1
1. ∫ ( x −2)(x−3)2 dx
Resolve the integrand into sum of partial fractions;

Let,

2 x +1 A B C
= + +
(x−2)( x−3)2
x−2 x−3 ( x−3)2

Simplifying,
3
2 x+1=A ( x−3 ) +B ( x−2 )( x−3 ) +C ( x −2 )

Using M1, assume values of x, the substitute;

when x=2 ,
2
2 ( 2 )+ 1= A [ ( 2 )−3 ] + B [ ( 2 )−2 ] [ ( 2 ) −3 ] +C [ ( 2 )−2 ]

5=A

when x=3 ,
2
2 ( 3 ) +1= A [ ( 3 )−3 ] + B [ ( 3 )−2 ][ ( 3 )−3 ] + C [ ( 3 )−2 ]

7=C
 when x=0 , A=5 ,∧C=7 ,
2
2 ( 0 ) +1= A [ ( 0 )−3 ] +B [ ( 0 )−2 ] [( 0 )−3 ] +C [( 0 )−2 ]

1=5 ( 9 )+ 6 B+7 (−2 )

1−45+14=6 B

−30=6 B

−5=B

Substitute the values of the constants in the partial fractions;

2 x +1 A B C
∫ ( x−2 ) ( x−3 )2 dx=∫ x−2 dx+∫ x−3 dx+∫ ( x−3 )2 dx
5 −5 7
¿∫ dx +∫ dx +∫ dx
x −2 x−3 ( x −3 )2

dx dx
¿ 5∫ −5 ∫ + 7 ( x−3 )−2 dx
x−2 x−3 ∫

du du
¿ 5∫ −5∫ +7 ∫ u−2 du
u u

u−1
¿ 5 ln |u|−5 ln |u|+7 ∙ +C
−1

¿ 5 ln |x−2|−5 ln |x−3|−7 ( x−3 )−1 +C

7
¿ 5 ln |x−2|−5 ln |x−3|− +C
( x −3 )

x2 + x−4
2. ∫ ( x−1 )2 ( x +3 )2 dx
Resolve the integrand into partial fractions,

x 2 + x−4 A B C D
= + + +
( x−1 ) ( x +3 ) x−1 ( x−1 ) x+3 ( x+ 3 )2
2 2 2

Expand,
2 2 2 2 2
x + x−4= A ( x−1 ) ( x+3 ) + B ( x+ 3 ) + C ( x+3 )( x−1 ) + D ( x−1 )
Solve for unknown constants,

When x=1 ,

2 2 2 2 2
( 1 ) + ( 1 )−4= A [ ( 1 ) −1 ][ ( 1 ) +3 ] +B [ ( 1 ) +3 ] +C [ ( 1 ) +3 ][ ( 1 )−1 ] + D [ ( 1 ) −1 ]

−2=16 B

−1
=B
8

When x=−3 ,

2 2 2 2 2
(−3 ) + (−3 )−4= A [ (−3 ) −1 ][ (−3 )+3 ] + B [ (−3 ) +3 ] +C [ (−3 )+3 ][ (−3 )−1 ] + D [ (−3 )−1 ]

2=16 D

1
=D
8

−1 1
When x=0 , B= ,∧D= ,
8 8
2 2 2 2 2
( 0 ) + ( 0 )−4= A [ ( 0 )−1 ][ ( 0 )+ 3 ] + B [ ( 0 ) +3 ] +C [ ( 0 )+ 3 ][ ( 0 )−1 ] + D [ ( 0 )−1 ]

9 1
−4=−9 A− +3 C+
8 8
(1)
3 A−C=1

−1 1
When x=−1 , B= ,∧D= ,
8 8
2 2 2 2 2
(−1 ) + (−1 )−4=A [ (−1 )−1 ] [(−1 )+3 ] + B [ (−1 ) +3 ] +C [ (−1 ) +3 ] [ (−1 )−1 ] + D [ (−1 ) −1 ]

1 1
−4=−8 A− + 8C +
2 2

1 1
8 A−8 C= − + 4
2 2

8 A−8 C=4
(2)
2 A−2 C=1

Solution;

3 A−C=1

3 A−1=C (3)
2 A−2 C=1
 2 A−2 ( 3 A−1 ) =1 3 ( 14 )−1=C
3
2 A−6 A+ 2=1 −1=C
4

−1
−4 A +2=1 =C
4

2−1=4 A

1=4 A

1
=A
4

Thus,

1 −1 −1 1
A= , B= ,C= ,∧D=
4 8 4 8

Substitute the values of the constants in the partial fractions;

2
x + x−4 A B C D
∫ ( x −1)1 2
dx=∫ dx +∫ 2
dx+∫ dx+∫ dx
( x +3) x −1 ( x−1) x +3 (x +3)2

1 −1 −1 1
4 8 4 8
¿∫ dx +∫ dx+∫ dx+∫ dx
x −1 ( x−1)2
x +3 ( x +3)2

Integrate each term separately,

1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
¿ ∫ − ∫ − ∫ + ∫
4 x−1 8 ( x−1 ) 4 x +3 8 (x +3)2
2

1 du 1 du 1 du 1 du
4 ∫ u 8 ∫ u2 4 ∫ u 8 ∫ u2
¿ − − +

1 | | 1 u−1 1 | | 1 u−1
¿ ln u − ∙ − ln u + ∙ +C
4 8 −1 4 8 −1

1 1 1 1
¿ ln |x−1|+ ( x−1)−1− ln |x +3|− (x +3)−1 +C
4 8 4 8
 1 1 1 1
¿ ln |x−1|+ − ln |x +3|− +C
4 8( x −1) 4 8( x+ 3)

CASE 3. Distinct Quadratic Factors

When the denominator contains irreducible quadratic factors and none is repeated.

 To each nonrepeated irreducible quadratic factor (ax ¿¿ 2+bx +c )¿, there

corresponds the partial fraction of the form
A ( 2ax +b )+ B
ax 2+ bx+ c
d
where A and B are constants to be determined and 2 ax+ b= ( ax 2+ bx+ c )
dx

EXAMPLES:

6 x 2 +3 x−2
1. ∫ dx
( x+ 1 ) ( x 2 + x+ 1 )

Determine,

ⅆ
2 ax+ b= ( ax 2+ bx+ c )
ⅆx

ⅆ 2
( x + x+1 ) =2 x +1
ⅆx

Resolve the integrand into sum of partial fractions;

Let,

6 x 2 +3 x−2 A B ( 2 x+ 1 )+ C
= +
( x+1 ) ( x 2+ x+1 ) x +1 x 2+ x +1

We shall use M2 to determine the constants;

6 x 2+ 3 x −2= A ( x 2+ x+1 ) + B ( 2 x +1 ) ( x+1 )+C ( x +1 )

¿ Ax2 + Ax+ A+2 Bx2 +3 Bx + B+Cx+C

¿ A x 2+2 B x 2 + Ax+3 Bx+Cx+ A +B+ C

¿ x 2 ( A+2 B ) + x ( A+3 B+C )+ ( A +B+ C )

Equating coefficients of equal powers of x, we get;

x 2 : A+ 2 B=6

x : A+ 3 B+C=3

x 0 : A+ B+C=−2

Solving,

A+2 B=6 A+ B+C=−2

A=6−2 B (1) ( 6−2 B ) + (−3−C )+C=−2

A+3 B+C=3 6−2 B−3−C +C=−2

( 6−2 B ) +3 B+C=3 6−2 B−3=−2

6−2 B+3 B+C=3 6−3+2=2 B

6+ B+C=3 5=2 B

5
B=3−6−C =B
2
(2)
B=−3−C A+ B+C=−2

5
1+ +C=−2
2

5
A=6−2 ( 52 ) C=−2− −1
2

−11
A=1 C=
2

5 −11
We get A=1, B= ,∧C= . Then,
2 2

6 x 2 +3 x−2 A B ( 2 x +1 ) +C
∫ ( x +1)(x 2+ x +1) dx=∫ x+1 dx+∫ 2
x + x+ 1
dx

5 11
( 2 x +1 )−
1 2 2
¿∫ dx+∫ dx
x +1 2
x + x +1

dx 5 ( 2 x +1 ) 11 dx
¿∫ + ∫ 2 dx− ∫ 2
x +1 2 x + x+1 x x + x +1
 dx 5 2 x+1 11 dx
∫ x+ 1 + 2 ∫ x2 + x +1 dx− x ∫ 1 2 3
( )
x+ +
2 4

5 11 2 x+1
¿ ln |x +1|+ ln|x 2 + x+ 1|− arctan +C
2 √3 √3

2 x+1
2. ∫ (3 x−1)( x 2+ 2 x +2) dx
Determine 2 ax+ b,

ⅆ 2
( x + 2 x +2 )=2 x +2
ⅆx

Let,

2 x +1 A B ( 2 x +2 ) +C
= + 2
( 3 x−1 ) ( x +2 x +2 ) 3 x−1 x +2 x +2
2

We shall use M2 to determine the constants,

2 x+1=A ( x 2+2 x +2 ) +B ( 2 x+ 2 )( 3 x−1 ) +C ( 3 x−1 )

¿ A ( x 2+ 2 x +2 ) + B ( 6 x 2+ 4 x+ 2 ) +C ( 3 x−1 )

¿ A x 2+2 Ax+2 A +6 B x2 + 4 Bx +2 B+3 Cx−C

¿ A x 2+6 B x 2+2 Ax+ 4 Bx+3 Cx+2 A+2 B−C

2 x+1=x 2 ( A+6 B ) + x ( 2 A+ 4 B +3C ) + ( 2 A +2 B−C )

Equating coefficients of equal powers of x, we get;

x 2 : A+ 6 B=0

x :2 A+ 4 B+3 C=2

x 0 :2 A+2 B−C=1

Solving,

A+6 B=0 2 A +4 B+3 C=2

A=−6 B (1) 2 (−6 ) + 4 B+ 3 (−10 B−1 )=2

2 A +2 B−C=1 −12 B+ 4 B−30 B−3=2

 2 (−6 B )+ 2 B−C=1 −38 B=2+3

−12 B+2 B−C=1 −38 B=5

−5
−10 B−C=1 B=
38

C=−10 B−1

A+6 B=0 2 A +2 B−C=1

A=−6 ( −538 ) 2 ( 1519 )+2( −538 )−C=1

15 30 5
A= − −C=1
19 19 19

30 5
− −1=C
19 19

16
=C
19

15 −5 6
Thus, A= , B= , and C= ,
19 38 19

2 x+1 A B ( 2 x +2 ) +C
∫ dx=∫ dx+∫ 2 dx
2
( 3 x+1 ) ( x +2 x +2 ) 3 x−1 x +2 x +2

15 −5 6
( 2 x+ 2 )+
19 38 19
¿∫ dx+∫ dx
3 x−1 2
x +2 x+ 2

15 dx 5 ( 2 x+ 2 ) 6 dx
¿ ∫ − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2
19 3 x−1 38 x +2 x +2 19 x +2 x+2

15 dx 5 ( 2 x+ 2 ) 6 dx
¿ ∫ − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2
19 3 x−1 38 x +2 x +2 19 x +2 x+2

15 1 du 5 du 6 1
¿ ∙ ∫ − ∫ + ∫ du
19 3 u 38 u 19 1+u 2

5 5 6
¿ ln |3 x−1|− ln |x 2+ 2 x +2|+ arctan ( 1+ x ) +C
19 38 19
CASE 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors

When the denominator contains irreducible quadratic factors and some are
repeated.

 To each repeated quadratic factor (ax 2 +bx +c )n there corresponds the sum of n
partial fractions of the form
A ( 2ax +b )+ B C ( 2 ax+ b ) + D K ( 2 ax +b ) + L
2
+ 2
+ …+
ax + bx+ c ( ax 2 +bx+ c ) ( ax 2 +bx+ c )n
where A, B, C, D, …, K, L are constants to be determined.

EXAMPLES:

x 3−x 2 +1
1. ∫ ( x 2−2 x +5)2 ⅆx
Determine 2 ax+ b ,

ⅆ 2
( x −2 x+5 )=2 x−2
ⅆx

Resolve the integrand into sum of partial fractions;

Let,

x 3−x 2 +1
A ( 2 x−2 ) +B C ( 2 x−2 ) + D
(x ¿¿ 2−2 x+ 5)2= 2 + ¿
x −2 x +5 ( x ¿¿ 2−2 x+ 5)2 ¿

Simplify,

x 3−x 2+ 1=[ A ( 2 x−2 )+ B ] ( x 2−2 x+5 ) +C ( 2 x−2 ) + D

Expand,

x 3−x 2+ 1=( 2 Ax−2 A + B ) ( x2 −2 x +5 ) +2 Cx−2C + D

¿ 2 A x 3−4 A x 2+ 10 Ax−2 A x 2 +4 Ax−10 A+ B x 2−2 Bx+5 B+2 Cx−2C + D

¿ 2 A x 3−6 A x 2 +14 Ax−10 A +B x 2−2 Bx +5 B+ 2Cx−2 C+ D

¿ 2 A x 3−6 A x 2 + B x 2 +14 Ax−2 Bx+ 2Cx−10 A +5 B−2 C+ D

¿ ( 2 A x3 ) + x 2 (−6 A + B ) + x ( 14 A−2 B+2 C )+ (−10 A+ 5 B−2C + D )

Using M2, solve for the unknown constants by equating coefficients of x of the same power;

x 3 :2 A=1

x 2 :−6 A+ B=−1
x :14 A−2 B+ 2C=0

x 0 :−10 A+5 B−2 C+ D=1

Solving,

2 A=1 −10 A +5 B−2 C+ D=1

1
A=
2
(1) −10 ( 12 )+5 ( 2)−2( −32 )+ D=1
−6 A+ B=−1 −5+10+3+ D=1

−6 ( 12 )+ B=−1 D=1+5−10−3
(4)
−3+ B=−1 D=−7

B=−1+3
(2)
B=2

14 A−2 B+2 C=0

14 ( 12 )−2 ( 2 )+ 2C=0
7−4 +2C=0

2 C=4−7

2 C=−3 (3)

−3
C=
2

Thus,

1 −3
A= , B=2 ,C= ,∧D=−7
2 2

Substitute the partial fractions,

x3 −x 2+1 A (2 x−2 ) + B C ( 2 x−2 ) + D

∫ ( x ¿¿ 2−2 x +5)2 ⅆx =∫ x 2−2 x+5 ⅆx+∫ (x ¿¿ 2−2 x +5)2 ⅆx ¿ ¿
1 −3
( 2 x−2 ) +2 ( 2 x−2 )−7
2 2
¿∫ 2 ⅆx+∫ ¿
x −2 x+5 ( x ¿¿ 2−2 x +5)2 ⅆx

1 2 x−2 ⅆx 3 2 x−2 7 ⅆx
¿ ∫ ⅆx +2∫ 2 − ∫ −∫ ¿¿
2 x −2 x+ 5
2
x −2 x+ 5 2 ( x¿ ¿2−2 x +5) ⅆx
2
(x ¿¿ 2−2 x +5)
2
Integrate each term,
3 2
∫ ( x ¿¿ x2−2
−x +1
2
1
= ∫ 2
2 x−2
x +5) ⅆx 2 x −2 x +5
ⅆx +2∫ 2
ⅆx
2
3
− ∫
2 x−2
2
2 +(x−1) 2 (x ¿¿ 2−2 x+ 5) ⅆx
−∫ 2
7 ⅆx
[2 + ( x−1 )2 ]2
¿¿

1 du du 3 du 7 ⅆx
¿ ∫
2 u
+2 ∫ 2 2 − ∫ 2 −∫ 2
a +u 2 u
2 2
[2 + ( x −1 ) ]
−1
1 1 x−1 3 ( x¿¿ 2−2 x +5) 7 ⅆx
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+2∙ arctan − ∙ −∫ ¿
2 2 2 2 −1 2 2 2
[ 2 + ( x−1 ) ]
1 1 x−1 3 7 ⅆx
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+2∙ arctan + ( x ¿¿ 2−2 x+5)−1−∫ ¿
2 2 2 2 [ 22 + ( x−1 )2 ]
2

Separately integrate the last term using trigonometric substitution (case 2);

7 ⅆx
∫ 2
[ 22 + ( x−1 )2 ]
Let: a 2=22∧x 2=(x −1)2

x=a tan θ

x−1=2 tanθ

x=2 tan θ+1

ⅆx=2 sec 2 θⅆθ

7 ⅆx
∫ =∫ 7 ¿¿ ¿ ¿
2 2 2
[ 2 + ( x−1 ) ]
¿∫ 7 ¿ ¿ ¿

¿∫ 7 ¿ ¿ ¿

¿∫ 7 ¿ ¿ ¿

¿∫ 7 ¿ ¿ ¿
 ¿∫ 7 ¿ ¿ ¿

14 sec 2 θⅆθ
¿∫
16 sec 4 θ

7 1
ⅆθ
8 ∫ sec 2 θ
¿

7
¿ ∫ cos 2 θⅆθ
8

Integrate using Trigonometric Integrals (case 3),

7 ⅆx 7
∫ cos2 θⅆθ
8∫
=
2 2
[ 22 + ( x−1 ) ]
7 1+cos 2θ
¿
8
∫ ( 2
ⅆθ )
7 1 + cos 2θ
¿
8 ∫ ( ¿
2 2
)ⅆθ ¿

7 1 7 cos 2 θ
¿ ∫ ⅆθ+ ∫ ⅆθ
8 2 8 2

7 1 7 1
¿ ∙ ∫ ⅆθ+ ∙ ∫ cos 2θⅆθ
8 2 8 2

7 7
¿ ∫ ⅆθ+ ∫ cos 2θⅆθ
16 16

7 7
¿
16
∫ ⅆθ+ 16 ∫ cos u 12 ⅆu( )
7 7 1
¿ θ+ ∙ sin u+C
16 16 2

7 7
¿ θ+ sin 2 θ+C
16 32

Since sin 2 θ=2 cos θ sin θ ,

7 7
¿ θ+ ( 2sin θ cos θ)+C
16 32

7 7
¿ θ+ sin θ cos θ+ C
16 16
From x−1=2 tanθ

tanθ=
x−1 √ x 2−2 x +5
x−1
2

x−1 θ
θ=tan −1( )
2 2

From the figure,

x−1
sin θ= 2
√ x −2 x+5
2
cos θ= 2
√ x −2 x+ 5
Thus,

7 ⅆx 7 7
∫ = θ+ sin θ cos θ+C
2 2 2
[ 2 + ( x−1 ) ] 16 16

7 x−1 7 x−1 2
¿
16
arctan
2
+
16 (√ 2
x −2 x +5 )( √ 2
x −2 x+5)+C

7 x−1 7 2 ( x−1 )
¿
16
arctan
2
+
16 x2−2 x +5 [
+C
]
7 x−1 7 x−1
¿
16
arctan
2
+
(
8 x −2 x+5
2
+C
)
Finally,

x3 −x 2+1
∫ ( x ¿¿ 2−2 x +5)2 ⅆx = 12 ln |x 2−2 x+5|+2 ∙ 12 arctan x−1
2
3
2
−1
+ ( x ¿¿ 2−2 x+5) −∫
2
7 ⅆx
2 2
¿¿
[ 2 + ( x−1 ) ]
1 x−1 3 7 x −1 7 x−1
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+¿ arctan
2 2
+ ( x ¿ ¿2−2 x +5)−1− arctan
2 16 2
−
8 x −2 x +5
2
+C ¿¿
( )
1 3 7 x−1 7 x−1
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+¿ ( x ¿ ¿ 2−2 x+ 5)−1+ 1−
2 2 16
arctan
2
− (
8 x 2−2 x +5 )
+C ¿ ¿
( )
1 3 9 x −1 7 x−1
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+¿ ( x ¿ ¿ 2−2 x+ 5)−1+ arctan
2 2 16 2
−
8 x −2 x +5
2
+C ¿¿
( )
1 9 x−1
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+ arctan + ¿¿
2 16 2
 1 9 x−1 12−7(x −1)
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+ arctan + +C
2 16 2 8( x2−2 x +5)

1 9 x−1 (12 x−12−7 x +7)

¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+ arctan + +C
2 16 2 8 ( x 2−2 x +5)

1 9 x−1 12−7 x +7
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+ arctan + +C
2 16 2 2
8( x −2 x +5)

1 9 x−1 19−7 x
¿ ln |x 2−2 x+5|+ arctan + +C
2 16 2 8( x2−2 x +5)

5 3
2. ∫ (xx ¿¿
+2 x −3 x
3
2+1) ⅆx
¿

Determine 2 ax+ b,

ⅆ 2
( x + 1 )=2 x
ⅆx

Resolve the integrand into sum of partial fractions;

Let,

x 5+2 x 3−3 x
3 A ( 2 x) + B C ( 2 x )+ D
(x ¿¿ 2+1) = 2
+ ¿
x +1 2 E (2 x )+F
( x ¿¿ 2+1) + ¿
( x ¿¿ 2+ 1)3 ¿

Simplify,

x 5+ 2 x 3−3 x=[ A ( 2 x )+ B ]( x ¿¿ 2+1)2+ [ C (2 x ) + D ] ( x 2 +1 ) + [ E ( 2 x ) + F ] ¿

Expand,

x 5+ 2 x 3−3 x=( 2 Ax+ B ) ( x 4 +2 x 2 +1 ) + ( 2 Cx+ D ) ( x 2+1 ) + 2 Ex+ F

¿ 2 Ax 5+ 4 Ax3 +2 Ax+ Bx 4 +2 Bx2 + B+ 2Cx 3+ 2Cx + Dx2 + D+2 Ex+ F

¿ 2 Ax 5 + Bx 4 + 4 Ax3 +2 Cx3 + 2 Bx2 + Dx2 +2 Ax +2Cx +2 Ex + B+ D+ F

¿ x 5 ( 2 A ) + x 4 ( B )+ x3 ( 4 A +2C ) + x2 ( 2 B+ D ) + x ( 2 A+2 C+ 2 E )+ ( B+ D+ F )

Using M2, solve for the unknown constants by equating coefficients of x of the same power;

x 5 :2 A=1

x 4 :B=0
x 3 : 4 A+2 C=2

x 2 :2 B + D=0

x :2 A+2 C+ 2 E=−3

x 0 : B+ D+ F=0

Solving,

2 A=1 2 B+ D=0

1
A= 2 ( 0 ) + D=0
2

B=0 0+ D=0

4 A +2 C=2 D=0

4 ( 12 )+2 C=2 2 A +2 C+2 E=−3

2+2 C=2 2 ( 12 )+2 ( 0) +2 E=−3

2 C=2−2 1+0+2 E=−3

2 C=0 2 E=−3−1

C=0 2 E=−4

E=−2

B+ D+ F=0

0+ 0+ F=0

F=0

Thus,
 1
A= , B=0 ,C=0 , D=0 , E=−2 ,∧F =0
2

Substitute,

x 5+2 x 3−3 x
∫ A (2 x )+B C (2 x )+ D E (2 x )+ F
¿
( x ¿¿ 2+1)3 ⅆx=¿∫ ⅆx +∫ +∫ ⅆx ¿¿ ¿
x 2+1 (x ¿¿ 2+1)2 ⅆx ( x ¿¿ 2+1)3
1
( 2 x )+ 0
2 0 (2 x ) +0 −2 ( 2 x ) +0
¿∫ 2
ⅆx +∫ 2
+∫ ⅆx ¿ ¿
x +1 (x ¿¿ 2+1) ⅆx ( x ¿¿ 2+1)3
1 2x 2x
¿ ∫ 2 ⅆx−2∫ ¿
2 x +1 (x ¿¿ 2+1)3 ⅆx
1 ⅆu du
¿ ∫ −2∫ 3
2 u u
−2
1 u
¿ ln |u|−2∙ +C
2 −2
1 1
¿ ln |x 2+ 1|+
2 2
( x ¿¿ 2+1) +C ¿

EXERCISES:

12 x +18 Answers key:

1. ∫ ( x +2)(x+ 4)( x−1) ⅆx
3 2 1. ln |x +2|−3 ln |x+ 4|+2 ln |x−1|+C
2. ∫ x +(7x 2x+ +25 x+ 35
5 x +6) x2
2. +2 x−4 ln|x +3|+ 5 ln |x+ 2|+ C
2 2
3. ∫ ( x ¿ 6¿ 3+2
x +23 x−9
2
x −3 x)dx
¿ 3. 3 ln |x|−2 ln|x +3|+ 5 ln| x−1|+C
2 x +1 7
4. 5 ln |x−2|−5 ln |x−3|+ +C
4. ∫ ( x −2)(x−3)2 dx x−3
3
3 x 2+17 x +32 5. 2 ln |x|+ln |x +4|+ +C
5. ∫ x3 +8 x 2+ 16 x dx x+ 4
5 5 2 2
2 x+1 6. ln |3 x−1|+ ln| x +2 x+ 2|−ln|x +2 x+ 2|+ C
6. ∫ (3 x−1)(x 2+ 2 x +2) dx 2 2
2 5 x
7. 3 ln |x +2|+ ln|x +9|− arctan +C
x 2−x +17 2 3
7. ∫ ( 5x +1)(x 2
+ 9)
dx
3 2 11 x+ 3
8. 4 x− ln |x +6 x+13|+ arctan +C
( 4 x ¿¿ 2+21 x +54) 2 2 2
8. ∫ x 2 +6 x+ 13 dx ¿
x 2−x−8
9. ∫ dx
( 2 x −3 ) ( x2 +2 x+ 2 )
 x 4 +2 x3 +11 x 2+ 8 x +16
10. ∫ ¿
x ¿¿
References:

Differential & Integral Calculus by Feliciano & Uy

Simplified Integral Calculus by Ma. Leah I. Abad

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential and Integral Calculus: Third
Edition by Frank Ayres, Jr., Ph.D. & Elliott Mendelson, Ph.D.

The Calculus with Analytic Geometry: Third Edition by Louis Leithold