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Semantic model for Complex object in Object oriented database

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 Volume 8, No. 5, May-June 2017
ISSN No. 0976-5697
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science
RESEARCH PAPER
Available Online at www.ijarcs.info

Semantic model for Complex object in Object oriented database

Sonal Kanungo Rustom. D Morena
Smt.Z.S.Patel College of Department of Computer Science
Computer Application, Surat Veer Narmad South Gujarat University
Surat

Abstract: Object Oriented DataBase Management System is a collection of objects. The objects encapsulate the attributes and associated
methods or member functions. One of the most important feature of Object-oriented databases have the capability to reference objects of
complex structures, to make them perfect for complex data presentation. This capability is expected to build the semantic content of databases.
They ought to support basic structural modeling and interrelationship normally. The support of complex objects forces a few necessities. The
support of complex objects imposes several requirements.
Dynamic environment makeschanges in object and schema, that means change in classes, change in relationship between classes and even
change in class lattice. This will affect not only stored objects as well as creation of new objects in database too.
Previous research presented models for the extended semantics of composite objects with some shortcomings. To eliminate shortcoming, we are
presenting dynamic model for object oriented database applications to meet complex requirements.

Keywords:Relationship, Composite object, Association, Inheritance, Composition

1. INTRODUCTION reduce the excess resource utilization, provide reduction in

deadlocks and gives anefficient and concurrent output [14].
Object-oriented databases offer more adaptable presentation Our research focus on the semantics of composite objects
than traditional database systems. The object-oriented and show their integration into the object-oriented data
database will enable protection and security systems to be model.
based on the notion of object. There is a natural 2. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CLASSES
correspondence between objects and real-world entities [1].
The data model incorporated into a database system A relationship is logical link between object of one class and
characterizes a structure of concepts that can be utilized to object of another class. A relationship is “an abstraction
express the real-world semantics of conventional (relational, stating that objects from certain classes are associated in
network, hierarchical) data models, which has rigid some way; the association is given a name so that it can be
framework therefore there will always be a semantic gap manipulated. It is a natural concept used in ordinary
between an application/real-world and its database discourse” [4].
representation. Today, object-oriented databases based on Relationships should be dynamic that means it is possible to
the object-oriented data model are an attempt to limit this define new relationships or remove existing relationship
semantic gap [3]. The system designed using OODBMS are between classes. Modification in relationship is also
much nearer to the real world as the real-world system, as possible. Relationships can be bi-directional or
they are directly mapped into the system [7]. The evolution unidirectional. Relationships can have a cardinality, either
of objects must have done in such a way that transaction can one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many[7].
reach out in time, provide the complex recovery and The object model specifically supports references. Object
consistent concurrency control systems [13]. instances "reference" each other utilizing OID the identity of
The evolutionary nature of object oriented database, theway object. The relationships between classes helps us to know
of uses, expansion of domain and change in operations, how objects can identify with each other [2].
ought to be supported robust security systems without block The object-oriented data model in its conventional frame is
or shutdown system.These applications require support for adequate to speak to an accumulation of related objects. As
the demonstrating and representation of complex objects and we have seen, it captures the IS-A relationship between a
entities while conventional database and information class and its superclass, and it allows an object to reference
management technologies are fundamentally record-based different objects through its instance variables. IS-PART-OF
[2]. relationship between an object and objects references, the
An object-oriented data model is a data model that enables idea of composite objects expressly captures this
any real-world entity to be demonstrated exactly as an relationship [3].The semantics of the class relationships also
object. A reference object is one whose presence relies on useful to examined to discover their lock modes, granule
upon the presence of another object and is possessed by sizes for characterizing concurrency control in Object
precisely one object. Previous studies lack the concepts such orientated database system [12].
as composite objects and aggregate objects for defining and Object oriented database supports inheritance, association,
manipulating complex collections of related objects [3]. composition and aggregation relationships.
Therefore, new reliable model for composite object is 1) Association
needed for expressing the fullspectrum of the possible Association is a "has-a" sort relationship. Association
solutions of concurrencycontrol, recovery, which can also establish the relationship between two classes utilizing

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 Sonal Kanungo et al, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8 (5), May-June 2017,1651-1655

through their objects. Relationship in Association can be one 3. COMPOSITE OBJECT

to one, one to many, many to one and many to many [7]. For
example, assume we have two classes then these two classes Two types of class hierarchies may be created. One is the
are said to be "has-a" relationship if both of these elements IS-A hierarchy where a class has subclasses associated with
share each other's object for some work and at the same it. The second-class hierarchy is the IS-PART-OF hierarchy.
time. They can exist without each other’s reliance or both Here an object of a class is considered to be the
have their own particular life time. To quality as an aggregation/composition [8].
association, and object and another object must have the An object has a number of attributes; the value of an
accompanying relationship [15]. attribute is itself can be anobject [1].A composite object has
a solitary root object, and the root references different
2) Aggregation children objects, each through an example variable. Every
Like composition, an aggregation is as yet a part-whole child object can thus reference its own particular children
relationship, where the parts are contained inside the entire, objects, again through occurrence factors. A parent object
and it is a unidirectional relationship [2]. might only claim children objects, and all things considered
In any case, not at all like a creation, parts can have a place the presence of children objects is predicated on the
with more than one object at any given moment, and the presence of their parent. Children objects of an object are
entire object is not in charge of the presence and lifespan of along these lines dependent/independent Objects. The object
the parts. At the point when an aggregation is created, the contains the references to both dependent objects and
aggregation is not in charge of creating the parts. At the independent objects [10].
point when an aggregation is demolished, the aggregation is The nesting of objects in an object-oriented data model is
not in charge of destroying the parts. We can say that another intense idea. One essential organization which
aggregation models "has-a" relationships. To quality as an should be superimposed on the nested object is the IS-
aggregation, an entire object and its parts must have the PART-OF relationship, that is, the thought that an object is a
accompanying relationship [7]. part of another object. An arrangement of component
3) Composition objects which shape a single logical entity has been called a
Composition is a "part-of" relationship. Basically, composite object or a complex object [6].
composition means utilization of instance variables that are A Vehicle instance then is an object which contains a Body
references to different objects.This relationship enables object and a Drivetrain object, where a Body object has a set
classes to be generic for their protection mechanisms, which of Door objects, and a Drivetrain object comprises of an
are specified when instances are created. Protection is based Engine and a Transmission, and a Door has a Position. [3].
on object ownership: every object has exactly one fixed We characterize a composite object as an object with a
owner [11]. hierarchy of selective segment objects, and allude to the
In composition relationship both elements are related of hierarchy of classes to which the objects have a place as a
each other for example "motor is part of car", "heart is part composite object hierarchy [3].
of body"[15]. Give us a chance to take an example of car If component object is only part of one composite object, in
and motor. Motor is a part of each car and both are subject which an object cannot be part of more than one object that
to each other [16]. To qualify as a composition, an object means they are independent and relate for some particular
and a part should have the accompanying relationship. time is also possible. Be that as it may, it doesn't capture the
4) Inheritance IS-PART-OF relationship between objects; one object just
Inheritance is where the one class inherits the attributes and references, in any case, does not possess, different objects
methodsfrom another class i.e. from parent class. The [5].
advantage of inheritance is that the child relationship doesn't The object-oriented data display, in its conventional frame,
have to redeclare and redefine all the entities which it is adequate to speak to a gathering of related objects. A
inherits from the parent relationship. It is thusly a way to composite object hierarchy captures the IS-PART-OF
reusability [9]. relationship between a parent class and its segment classes
Inheritance where base relationship has generic code which [6].
is shared by relationships in an inheritance hierarchy. The The model strengths a top-down production of a composite
inheritance can be classified as exclusive inheritance or object; that is, before a component object might be made, its
shared inheritance. The inheritance can be single parent object should as of now exist. This keeps a bottom-up
inheritance, multilevel inheritance, multiple inheritance production of objects by amassing effectively existing
allows selective inheritance of a parent class to at least one objects. The model requires that the existence of a
child classes. In any case, in hierarchical inheritance, several component object relies upon the existence of the parent
sub classes are acquired from the same parent class or the object; that is, if an object doesnot exist, all its component
parent is shared by many siblings. objects are likewise deleted. Since it liberates the
Inheritance is “IS-A” type of relationship. Inheritance is a applications from searching and erase all nested components
parent-child relationship where we create a new class by of a deleted object [3].
using existing class code. Examples of inheritance can be
that “A is type of B”. For example, is “Apple is a fruit”, 4. LITERATURE SURVEY
“Ferrari is a car” [2].
1. Won Kim, Jay Banerjee, Hong-Tai Chou,Jorge F.
Garza, Darrell Woelk: “Composite Object Support in
an Object-Oriented Database System”

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 Sonal Kanungo et al, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8 (5), May-June 2017,1651-1655

This paper presented the research into composite objects, Superclass can be inherited into more than one levels of sub
have been implemented in ORION. they described the basic classes.
semantics of composite objects under an object-oriented Composition is having ‘ISA-Part of’ dependent type of
data model, two major extensions to the semantics of relationship between classes. First owner class will create
composite objects which have turned out to be necessary then other dependent classes can be created. Objects of
subsequently of our support of dynamic schema evolution owner class is containing objects of dependent classes. No
and versioning of objects. Also, presented systems we use object can create or destroyed without each other.
for taking advantage of the semantics of composite objects We can also create nested relationship, that means
in enhancing the performance of a database system, by using relationship can be further established between existing
the composite object as a unit of clustering on relationships. Any kind of domain with n number of
disk, and as a unit of concurrency control in retrieving from relationships can be created. The below example banking
the database. system is created.
2. Won Kim, Elisa Bertino, Jorge F. Garza: “Composite Classes their relationships and cardinality is established
Objects Revised” according to it n number of objects and relationship between
This paper presented another model of composite objects by objects are established. Our system can also change and add
neatly isolating out various different semantics which the relationship to already existing relationships. This is a
model of composite objects developed overloaded on the Dynamic system, classes and their relationships can be
reference between a couple of new model distinguishes four change any time.
sorts of composite reference, that is, a reference on which
the IS-PART-OF relationship between a couple of objects is 6. FIGURE AND DIAGRAM
superimposed. This include independent exclusive,
dependent exclusive, dependent shared, and dependent
shared composite references.
3. Xiaoyan Lu, J. WennyRahayu, David Taniar:
“ODMG Extension of Composite Objects in
OODBMS: A Proposal”
This paper proposes an augmentation of ODMG (Object
Data Administration Group) standard for the Object-
Oriented Database Administration Systems (OODBMS).
The augmentation concentrates on composite objects, which
gives another worldview, and furthermore enhances
customary OODBMS to address the issues emerging
fromthe aggregation hierarchy. As of now in ODMG, the
semantic of the aggregation relationship is investigated at
the displaying stage what's more, is portrayed in normal
dialect.
4. Alisdair Wren: “Relationships for object-oriented
programming languages”
In this thesis, demonstrates how relationships are all around
represented in models of object-oriented systems, and
therefore in programmer intuition, however not in object-
oriented languages themselves.

5. SIMULATION

We had created number of user defined dynamic classes and

objects. Domain is made up of classes and relationship is
established between classes.Different types of relationships
are presented, they can be dependent or independent.
Classes can have independent relationship like associations.
In associations, all classes and their objects are independent,
object and classes can create or destroy independently.
‘Uses’ relationship is established with associative classes.
Objects can have reference of each other. Reference can be
unidirectional and bidirectional. Cardinality between
reference objects can be one-one, one-many, many-many,
many-one.
Inheritance is created between classes; the use of inheritance
is reusability. IS-A relationship is created between classes. Figure 6.1 Class Relationship
Classes can be super classes and sub classes. A superclass
can be derived into more than one subclasses. A subclass
can be inherited from more than one super classes.

© 2015-19, IJARCS All Rights Reserved 1653

 Sonal Kanungo et al, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8 (5), May-June 2017,1651-1655

Complex objects are used in applications like computer-

aided design, computer-aided software engineering,
multimedia and image databases, and document/hypertext
database.
The object, which encapsulates both state and behavior, is a
more normal and realistic portrayal of real-world objects.
OODBMS is more qualified to taking care of complex,
Figure 6.2 Object relationship Composition interrelated data than a RDBMS implies that an OODBMS
can beat a RDBMS relying upon the complexity of the data
being dealt with. The object-oriented data model permits the
'real world' to be modeled all the more nearly.
An object can store all relationships it has with different
objects, including many-to-many relationships, and objects
can be framed into complex objects that the conventional
data models can't adapt to effortlessly. A complex object can
Figure 6.3 Object relationship Association be controlled all in all, yet parts of it (related objects) too,
Addition and deletion operations may have a related object
Figure 6.1 represents relationship between classes. These as an operand. It might likewise happen that a related object
classes are having relationships like Association, is moved inside a complex object.Composite objects are
Composition and Inheritance. Figure 6.2 Composite object easy to access with OID;therefore, they can give better
shows outer object includes objects of another class. concurrency control and recovery also.
Figure 6.3 Binary Association between objects of two Conclusion
classes. In this paper, first we displayed another model of composite
objects by neatly isolating out various distinctive semantics
7. SCHEMA EVALUATION which the model of composite objects developed of
composite reference, that is, a reference on which the IS-
Previous methods only describe complex object of only one PART-OF relationship between a couple of objects is
type of relationship. Our model represents complex model superimposed.
from relationship of relationship. That means object can Next, we investigated the results of the new model of
create not only from single class, it be can create from composite Objects on the semantics of schema evolution,
multiple relationships. authorization, on composite objects. In this paper, we
We can say that an object A has a reference to (or encourage the utility of composite objects by demonstrating
references) another object B, if B contains the object their utilization as a unit of authorization. We can further
identifier (OID) of A. use these objects for concurrency controland
We will recognize two sorts of reference from one object to recoverypurposes.
another: Associative and Composite. A composite reference
is a feeble reference expanded with the IS-PART-OF REFERENCE
relationship; a composite reference from B to an implies that
A will be a part of B. [1] JAY BANERJEE, HONG-TAI CHOU, JORGE F. GARZA,
We additionally refine the semantics of a composite WON KIM, DARRELL WOELK, and NAT BALLOU: “Data
reference, on the premise of whether the existence of an Model Issues for Object-Oriented Applications”, ACM
object relies on upon the existence of its parent object; that Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 5, No. 1,
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8. DISCUSSION

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