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Performance of Simulink Based SS-OFDM Model for Broadband Wireless Access

Network

Conference Paper · January 2010

DOI: 10.1109/ICETET.2009.178 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET-09

Performance of Simulink based SS-OFDM model

for Broadband Wireless Access Network

Umesh P.Akare Sudhir B. Lande Suresh Balpande Laxman P.Thakre

Digital Electronics Electronics & Tele Electronics & Tele Electronics &Tele.
RCET RCET RCET RCET
Bhilai, India Bhilai ,India Bhilai,India Bhilai,India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing induced by the interferences sufficiently low [2]. In case of
(OFDM) has emerged as a potential application for the SS-OFDM it is observed that 1) Spreading over the entire
delivery of broad band wireless access. Both DS and FH bandwidth mitigates the effect of spectral nulls 2) Guard
systems reduce the average power spectral density of a signal intervals are not used because the spreading of the OFDM
and affects by broadband noise. Narrowband interference would lead to additional interference 3) use of cyclic prefix
impacts severely on an FH signal than a DS signal on the same
eliminates inter symbol interference 4) combination of
channel. The combination of OFDM with Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) resulting in SS-OFDM, is suitable orthogonal and pseudo-noise spreading helps to mitigate
for the design of a multi-user system, robust against channel intercell interference in cellular environment [3].There are
impairments. We have simulated the SS-OFDM model with number of methods of spreading frequency spectrum in
BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, 64-PSK and 8-QAM, 16-QAM, spread spectrum communication systems. Basically, these
64-QAM modulation techniques. Simulation results for SS- methods include Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-
OFDM with BPSK modulation is found suitable for short SS), Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS), Time
distance communication whereas 8-PSK modulation can be Hopping Spread Spectrum (TH-SS), and combinations of
used for long distance communication. But we recommend M- these methods. Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division
QAM modulation for SS-OFDM since it gives remarkable
improvement in BER as compared to M-PSK.
Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is a scheme of multicarrier
transmission for ultra-wideband (UWB) communication
which employs the frequency hopping technique to spread
Key words: DS-SS; M-PSK; OFD;, SS-OFDM; M-QAM its signal spectrum [4]. Both DS and FH systems reduce the
I. INTRODUCTION average power spectral density of a signal and affects by
broadband noise. Performance of both systems depends on
High data rate is an important goal of the particular application, the space available, power, and
telecommunications for wireless access to mobile users. The complexity of the receiver. Narrowband interference
principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing impacts severely on an FH signal than a DS signal on the
(OFDM) modulation have been in existence for several same channel. Usually DS systems uses power efficient
decades. These techniques are extensively used now in PSK modulation and FH systems uses less power efficient
modern communications systems. Wireless networking, FSK. The probability of error, for a given SNR, is better for
data transmission over the phone line, digital radio and PSK. DS is self synchronizing but receiver synchronization
television, are some of the examples of it. Other technique in frequency hoping is more difficult. In DS-SS, higher the
like CDMA advantages rely in remarkable robustness to chip rate of PN code, the smaller will be the degradation due
narrowband interference, multiple accesses with low power to multipath and in FHSS if the carrier frequency of the
spectrum density, so reducing EMC problems. It guarantees transmitted signal hops fast enough then only multipath
good performance and satisfactory allocation policies with effect will be diminished [5].After studying and comparing
low complexity receiver. On the other hand, OFDM them we have worked upon DS-SS and OFDM system
technique allows to greatly reduce channel equalizer' combination. In a proposed method, each carrier is itself
complexity and to increase resistance to narrow-band and spread by means of the pseudo-noise sequence. PN
impulsive noise [1]. OFDM has been combined with spread sequence is multiplied with the message data effectively
spectrum (SS) techniques to provide reliable spreads its bandwidth. This realizes the broad band
communications on frequency selective channels. For low spectrum which can be used in wireless communication. We
symbol rates, this combination is robust enough against have designed simulink based SS-OFDM model and tested
radio channel impairments. For high data rate applications it with different digital modulation schemes under PSK and
the technique would highly suffer from interferences. For QAM. We have obtained simulated results and discussed
these reasons, the number of carriers has to be limited. An comparative performance of the model. From this
equalization technique is necessary to keep the error rate experimentation it is found that QAM modulation is suitable

978-0-7695-3884-6/09 $26.00 © 2009 IEEE 1132

technique as compared to PSK modulation with SS-OFDM. principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) modulation have been in existence for several
II. MULTICARRIER MODULATION-OFDM decades. These techniques are extensively used now in
Multicarrier modulation techniques such as OFDM are modern communications systems. Wireless networking, data
currently being implemented to keep up with the demand for transmission over the phone line, digital radio and television,
more communication capacity. OFDM is especially suitable are some of the examples of it. But OFDM should not be
for high-speed communication due to its resistance to ISI. considered for every communication system because of its
increased complexity and higher transmitter and receiver
The processing power of modern digital signal processors
demands. Modern digital signal processing techniques now
has increased to a point where OFDM has become feasible
make it possible to use this modulation system to improve
and economical. With the rapid growth of digital the reliability of the communications link.
communication in recent years, the need for high-speed data
transmission has been increased. As communication III. SPREAD SPECTRUM SCHEMES
systems increase their information transfer speed, the time
Spread Spectrum OFDM and DS-SS has many similar
for each transmission necessarily becomes shorter. Since the
properties. The essential difference between the two systems
delay time caused by multipath remains constant, ISI
is in using spreading sequence. DS-SS uses a binary
becomes a limitation in high-data rate communication.
spreading sequence of 1’s and -l’s. But the OFDM-SS
OFDM avoids this problem by sending many low speed
system uses a spreading waveform, consisting of a series of
transmissions simultaneously [6]. There is a precise
samples which have non-discrete amplitude values. The
mathematical relation ship between the frequencies of the
spreading waveform is just like the DS-SS spreading
carriers in the system. As long as orthogonality is
sequence and has an impulse-like autocorrelation function.
maintained, it is still possible to recover the individual
This makes the OFDM signal tolerant of multipath and
subcarriers signals despite their overlapping spectrums.
interference [9].The basic form of the output signal of DSSS
Orthogonality can be achieved by properly designing the
is given by equation;
carrier spacing. The carrier spacing must be selected to be
equal to the reciprocal of the useful symbol period. Despite
s(t ) = a(t )d (t ) cos(ωc t + θ )
the advantages OFDM can offer, the hardware to implement
(3)
it can still make up a sizeable and expensive portion of the
design. Two key points of an OFDM system are the Inverse Where a(t) is a sequence of pulses to spread the data, and
Discrete Fourier Transform at the transmitter side and the d(t) is a sequence of pulses of duration T of the digital data
Discrete Fourier Transform at the receiver side. By these the [5]. If the sequence d(t) is narrowband and a(t) is wideband,
robustness of the sent data over a fading multipath channel the product signal will have a spectrum nearly equal to that
is preserved[7] .OFDM techniques are quickly becoming a of a(t) [10].Direct sequence spread spectrum use a spreading
popular method for advanced communications networks. sequence of positive and negative pulses at a very high chip
Advances in VLSI technology have made it possible to rate. In this scheme the data signal is multiplied by the
efficiently implement an FFT block in hardware [8]. The N- spreading sequence, and then modulated by the required
point DFT and IDFT are defined as carrier frequency as shown in equation 1.From Fourier
N −1 W
Transform, we know that multiplication of two unrelated
1 − j 2π n
DFT { x[n]} = X [i ] 
N
∑ x[n]e N
,0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1 signals produces a product signal whose spectrum equals
n =0 the convolution of the spectra of two individual signals .
(1) The spread signal is to be recovered by applying a “de-
N −1 W
1 j 2π n
spreading” sequence at the receiver. The de-spreading
IDFT { X [i]} = x[n] 
N
∑ X [i]e N
,0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1
n =0
sequence is just identical to the spreading sequence used at
(2) the transmitter. The type of PN sequence used , its length,
Where N is the number of subchannels and W is the and its chip rate, set limits on the capability of the system.
bandwidth in the OFDM system. One can think of the above The capability can only be changed by modifying the PN
expression as complex data symbols mapped to complex
sequence on above said parameters.In DSSS, we know the
OFDM symbols, which make up the data symbols being sent
spread bandwidth is actually N times the information
on different subchannels. In this way the available spectrum
is divided into several subchannels which are narrowband bandwidth. This gives insight to another possibility to
and therefore experience almost flat fading during spread the signal. The basic form of it can be seen as in
transmission. The use of FFT technique makes OFDM equation 2;
computationally more fast and efficient too. Cyclic prefix is sm = Abm cos(2π f mt ) PTb (t − mTb )
used to reduce the inter-symbol-interference (ISI) as well as (4)
inter-channel-interference (ICI) which is introduced by the Where fm is chosen from a set of N frequencies. Therefore,
multi-path channel. High data rate is an important goal of the signal “hops” to a new frequency for every bit[5]. The N
telecommunications for wireless access to mobile users. The hopping frequencies are usually selected according to a

1133
periodic pseudo-random sequence like PN code. As Where
indicated in equation 2, the information sequence, bm, is ⎡ j 2π pt ⎤
hp (t ) = ⎢u(t )a(t ) exp( ) ⎥ ⊗ c(τ ; t )
used to modulate the phase of the signal. This method of ⎣ T ⎦
spreading the signal is called frequency hopping (FH). (8)
Equation 3 depicts a basic form for this case Symbol ⊗ denotes convolution and z(t) is the realization of
a complex white gaussian noise process[2]. The choice of
Sm = ACOS (2π (ν m + f m )t ) pTb (t − mTb ) the receiver structure is a consequence of the maximum
(5) likelihood criterion. This approach leads to the computation
Here frequency νm encodes the information. The two of matched filter outputs, for each carrier.
information frequencies encoding the binary data leads to ∞

generate total of 2N possible frequencies [5].When several y np = ∫ τ (t )h∗p (t − nT )dt

−∞
symbols are transmitted on each frequency hop, it is referred (9)
as slow frequency hopping and if the carrier frequency where * stands for complex conjugation. We further define
changes or hop several times during the transmission of one the variables
symbol, it will be referred as fast frequency hopping [6]. ∞
x np1−pn'' = ∫h
∗
p (t − nT ) hp ' (t − n 'T )dt
IV. SPREAD SPECTRUM OFDM
−∞
The combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division (10)
Multiplexing (OFDM) with Direct Sequence Spread The first variables ynp are thus computed by filtering the
Spectrum (DS-SS) is favorable for multi-user system. The received signal by means of a filter with an impulse
combination named SS-OFDM is found robust against response h∗ (t) and sampling the output at the symbol rate,
p
channel impairments and its power spectrum density namely 1/T[4]. The overall system layout is presented in
remains constant. This system can also effectively reduce Figure1. Now we will see how spreading help us to improve
the peak-to-average power ratio of the transmitted signal the performance over noisy channel. The Shannon’s
[2]. The SS-OFDM signal characterizes by much wider capacity theorem is
bandwidth than that of the conventional OFDM signal. It PS
C = B log(1 + )
has also the characteristics of a white noise therefore it can PN
realize effective ultra-wideband communication. Wideband (11)
communication efficiently reduces the interference
problems. We can use the wide bandwidth characteristics of
the SS-OFDM signal to control the received signal
bandwidth by designing matched filters. The transmitted
bandwidth can be selected flexibly to suit for different
communication systems under different circumstances [4].
Many current efforts to develop broadband wireless
capability are now concentrating towards developing
systems, technologies, protocols, and even programming
languages. OFDM has been combined with spread spectrum
(SS) techniques to provide reliable communications on
frequency selective channel. Multipath fading is very much
influencing the performance of wireless communication
link. We introduced the spreading scheme as follows:
Random integer data is modulated by base band modulation Figure 1. Scheme for SS-OFDM transmitter –receiver system
scheme like M-PSK and M-QAM. Then we employ
spreading to it by means of the pseudo-noise sequence. This Shannon's channel capacity formula describes the principle
sequence is the same for all carriers and it is assumed to be of spread spectrum system, shown in equation 11.
periodical, with period T. According to these considerations, Where C is the channel capacity, B is the signal bandwidth,
for BPSK used model the transmitted signal is given by PS the signal power and PN the noise power [4].The amount
N C −1 ∞
j 2π pt of information that can be transmitted over a given channel
x (t ) = 2 P ∑ ∑I n
p u (t − nT ) a (t ) exp( )
p = 0 n =−∞ T is proportional to the product of the channel bandwidth and
(6) the time of operation . This indicates that when the signal to
The equivalent received signal is given by noise ratio of the transmission system drops in a Gaussian
N c −1 ∞
channel, the channel capacity can remain unchanged by
r (t ) = ∑∑I
p = 0 n =−∞
n
p h p (t − nT ) + z (t )
increasing the transmission bandwidth. Shannon's theory
(7) also indicates that with the presence of Gaussian noise
interference, the optimum signal for reliable communication

1134
is the signal with the statistical characteristics of a white for the modulation scheme. IFFT block provides N number
noise. The power spectral density of (both sided signal) a of orthogonal carriers for ofdm modulation. After
white noise is multiplexing these, Cyclic prefix is then attached to the
ofdm symbol to combat the inter symbol interference.
No Cyclic prefix added to the every OFDM symbol so that it
Φ (ω ) = − ∞〈ω 〈∞
2 gives the periodic form to the signal transmitted by the
(12)
transmitter. Fig. 2 is illustrating the procedure to generate
where N0 is the single-sided power spectral density. Its SS-OFDM.
autocorrelation function is B. Design of SS-OFDM Receiver
∞
1 No
∫ Φ(ω )e
jωτ
ϕ (τ ) = dω = δ (τ )
2π −∞
2
(13)

Where
δ (τ ) = { 1, for τ =0
0, elsewhere

(14)

Autocorrelation function of a white noise is an impulse

function. The signal transmitted on the AWGN channel
should be designed so that its autocorrelation function is an Figure 3. SS-OFDM Receiver using BPSK demodulation scheme.
impulse function, It has been also proved theoretically that
to overcome multipath interference the optimum transmitted
signal is also a signal with the statistical characteristics of a The SS-OFDM transmitted signal after passing through the
white noise[8]. AWGN channel is first demodulated by the OFDM
demodulator which is consist of Remove Cyclic Prefix,
FFT, Remove Zero Pad blocks in sequence. Cyclic prefix
V. IMPLEMENTATION OF SS-OFDM which is attached to ofdm signal before transmission is to be
removed by Remove Cyclic Prefix block. Then FFT will
A. Design of SS-OFDM Transmitter process the data to get the data same as that of input given to
the IFFT block in the SS-OFDM transmitter. After this one
has to remove the zero padding. Now we have to de-spread
the signal to obtain the BPSK modulated data back. BPSK
demodulator is used to demodulate this data to obtain
random integer data transmitted by the random integer
generator block. This is the process of receiving and
decoding the SS-OFDM transmitted
signal by SS-OFDM transmitter. The simulink model for
SS-OFDM receiver is shown in Fig. 3.
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2. SS-OFDM Transmitter using BPSK modulation scheme.

Fig.4 shows the implementation of OFDM using M-PSK
modulation. Any number of phases may be used to construct
We can implement SS-OFDM Transmitter using simulink a PSK constellation but 8-PSK is usually the highest order
as shown in Fig. 2. Random binary data is generated by PSK constellation deployed. With more than 8 phases, the
Random Integer block. This randomly transmitted data is error-rate becomes too high and there are better, though
then modulated by BPSK modulator. PN sequence generator more complex, modulations available such as quadrature
generates the spreading code. This code spreads the BPSK amplitude modulation (QAM). Although any number of
modulated data effectively and then it is again modulated by phases may be used, the fact that the constellation must
OFDM modulator. Inside the OFDM modulator we have usually deal with binary data means that the number of
used zero padding, IFFT blocks and cyclic prefix blocks in symbols is usually a power of 2, this allows an equal
sequence. Zero padding block appends zeros to the specified number of bits-per- symbol. Fig.4 shows the
dimension if it is not available at the input of IFFT block. implementation of the OFDM model with the higher order
Ultimately it decides the number of subcarriers to be used PSK modulation. We have simulated the SS-OFDM model

1135
 0

with selected BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, 64-PSK 10

modulation Techniques. Simulation results for OFDM with

8-PSK is found suitable for long distance communication 10
-1

link. BER for 8-PSK found rapidly falls above 25 dB SNR

for SS-OFDM. From the simulated results we can observe
that spreading makes system able to handle at more SNR 10
-2

levels for higher order modulation used, meaning that higher

BER
order -3
10

BPSK-OFDM -spread
-4
10 QPSK-OFDM-spread
8-PSK-OFDM-spread
16-PSK-OFDM-spread
64-PSK-OFDM-spread
-5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
SNR indB

Figure 6. BER performance of SS-OFDM using 2,4,8,16,64-PSK.

0
10

-1
10

Figure 4. SS-OFDM with MPSK modulation used. 10

-2
BER

-3
10

-4
10

16-qam-ofdm-spread-19
-5
10 64-qam-ofdm-spread-19
8-qam-ofdm-spread-19
8-qam-ofdm-spread-19
-6
10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Eb/N0 (dB)

Figure 7. BER performance of SS-OFDM using 8,16,64 QAM.

0
10

-1
10

Figure 5. SS-OFDM with QAM modulation used. 10

-2

modulation can not be handle at smaller distances. As

BER

-3

shown in simulated results one can recommend SS-OFDM 10

with BPSK modulation for short distance communication.

The digital modulation 4-PSK onwards will be 10
-4
8-psk-ofdm-spread

recommended for long distance communication. We may 16-qam-ofdm-spread

64-qam-ofdm-spread
select specific higher order PSK modulation over the long 10
-5 8-qam-ofdm-spread

distance keeping the limit of affordable SNR levels. From

8-qam-ofdm-spread
64-psk-ofdm-spread
the simulated results we can easily observe that as we go on -6
16-psk-ofdm-spread

selecting the higher order PSK modulation scheme,

10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Eb/N0 (dB)
thepoorer BER we have to bear. Certainly there is trade-off
between the higher order PSK modulation schemes selected
and the expected BER. One has to find the saving in terms Figure 8. Comparative performance of SS-OFDM using QAM with PSK.

1136
 of SNR for the adopted PSK modulation scheme when 64-PSK and 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM modulation
processed through multipath environment. As usual we may techniques. Simulation results for OFDM with BPSK
not use the higher order PSK (more than 8-PSK) in practice modulation is found suitable for short distance
because one can expect better results with the use of range communication whereas 8-PSK modulation can be used for
of QAM onwards. From overall comparison it is proved long distance communication. From overall comparison it is
that OFDM with QAM modulation have better BER proved that OFDM with M-QAM modulation have
performance than that of OFDM with M-PSK. It increases comparatively better BER performance than of OFDM with
complexity. To have perfect comparison over the range of M-PSK. For testing, specifically BER performance of SS-
PSK we have simulated our model on M-PSK range. OFDM model we have used 8, 16, 64 QAM modulation and
Simulated results are shown in Fig.6. One can easily view then compared its performance with that using 8, 16, 64
from the comparative study that spreading requires to be PSK modulation. It is found that approximately 2 db, 4dB,
handled on the increased level of SNR for getting lower 10dB saving in SNR is obtained for10-3 bit error rate and
value of BER. But it would give us remarkable also maintains the same onwards for lower BER when we
improvement in multipath environment. This is the point use 8, 16, 64 QAM instead of 8, 16, 64 PSK respectively.
where we can choose SS-OFDM for wireless broad band We conclude that the use of M-QAM instead of M-PSK is
Application. We have also tested our SS-OFDM model recommended for better BER performance of SS-OFDM
shown in fig.5 with M-QAM modulation. The simulated simulink based model.
results are shown in fig.7 which shows the tremendous
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