CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY

NOTE:

Whilst every care has been taken to ensure accuracy within this work, the guidance provided does not reduce
or replace any statutory duties under relevant legislation. The information materials and opinions contained in
“Construction Health and Safety” are for general information purposes only, are not intended to constitute legal
or other professional advice, and should not be relied on or treated as a substitute for specific advice relevant to
particular circumstances.

Except as required by law, neither “Construction Health and Safety”, nor its authors, editors, publisher,
distributor or their advisers or its affiliated firms or businesses accept any responsibility and shall not be liable for
any loss or damage whatsoever, whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise arising from
reliance on information materials and opinions published in “Construction Health and Safety”.

We do not make any representations or give any warranties or undertakings in relation to the content of
“Construction Health and Safety” in relation to the quality, accuracy, completeness or fitness for purpose of such
content.

No material from this book may be reproduced in any shape or form without prior written permission from the
publishers. The materials published in “Construction Health and Safety” are unless otherwise stated the copyright
works of Construction Industry Publications Ltd and any other names, images and logos identifying “Construction
Health and Safety” or Construction Industry Publications Ltd are proprietary trademarks of Construction Industry
Publications Ltd.

From its inception in November 1969,”Construction Health and Safety” has become accepted by the Industry as
its standard reference work and training manual. Every effort will be made by the publishers to ensure that this
work continues to render the greatest possible service and, to that end, any suggestions for new subject matter
or any ideas for improvement will always be welcomed.

.
IMPORTANT

Amendments are normally published in June and December each year and
purchasers of manuals are invited to subscribe to the amendment service.
Where manuals are purchased in bulk for a large organisation, sets of
amendments are dispatched to the ordering department and it is important
to ensure that individual holders receive their copies.

Further copies of the manual and of recent amendments can be obtained

from the publisher by post or:
Web: www.cip-books.com Email: [email protected]
Telephone: 0870 078 4400 Fax: 0870 078 4401

Published by:

Construction Industry Publications Ltd.

c/o BTB Mailflight 2B Viking Industrial Estate
Hudson Road, Bedford MK41 0QB
Telephone: 0870 078 4400 Fax: 0870 078 4401
Email: [email protected]

ISBN 9781852630027

June 2010 (i)

 A personal message from
H.R.H. the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

A man may be good at his job but, if he disregards safety rules and
precautions, he is a potential menace to himself as well as to those
who work with him or for him.

It is so easy to wave aside all the measures designed to prevent

accidents as so much useless twaddle. It is so easy to go through life
firmly convinced that “nothing can happen to me” – until it does.

Statistics make it quite apparent that the Construction Industry, which

employs 11/2 million people, has a poor safety record. This means that
the industry is inefficient but it also means that too many people are
losing their earnings and an unfair burden is placed upon the National
Health System.

It is therefore most encouraging that the whole industry has united to

produce this Construction Health and Safety Manual. It sets out a code
of personal responsibility and sensible working practice. If every
individual working in the Construction Industry sets out to make it a
safe industry to work in, all the tragedy, injury and damage which
result from unnecessary accidents could be prevented.

It is the man who has an accident who is the mug, not the people
who take sensible precautions.

Buckingham Palace,
November 1969

(ii) December 2006

 A personal message from
Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector

The Construction Health & Safety Manual was launched and first
published by the Construction Confederation in 1969. Its objective
was to prevent accidents in the industry by presenting the sometimes
confusing and difficult-to-understand legislation and regulations
governing safety, in a practical, easily understood manner.

The original editorial panel comprised working safety professionals

from many disciplines across the industry and deliberately included a
senior inspector from the construction division of the Health & Safety
Executive. This format prevails today. The work of the manual
continues to be fully supported by the HSE and its content continues to
be channelled through the HSE for approval to ensure that it accords
fully with the Executive’s policies and intentions.

Although standards of health and safety have improved

dramatically since 1969 the construction industry still remains a
dangerous industry in which to work. The manual has a key role to
play in working to achieve a cultural change in attitudes in the
industry. The pragmatic guidance given by the manual on health and
safety is inestimable and it is a key publication in helping industry to
drive down the number of incidents of death, serious injury and ill
health. Technology has moved a considerable distance since the
manual’s inception and the manual has moved with it. The
Construction Health & Safety Manual is available in hard copy, CD
ROM, and is published the on the web, all of which are regularly
updated.

The Health and Safety Executive is committed to supporting the

work of the construction industry in improving the availability and
accessibility of health and safety information for all working in the
industry. We recognise the contribution of the Construction Health
and Safety Manual to this important aim.

PHILIP WHITE,
Chief Inspector of Construction,
Health and Safety Executive

December 2009 (iii)

(iv)
 INTRODUCTION

The challenges faced by the construction industry to ensure the safety of its personnel grow
ever more complex. When the Construction Health & Safety Manual was first published in
1969, construction was the most dangerous industry in which to work. There were more
fatalities and injuries per 1000 employees than in any other industry. Whilst there has been
a tremendous improvement in the incident rates since then, this is still the case - construction
is still a most dangerous industry.
The expansion of the industry together with the inception of new building techniques and
ever more sophisticated plant and equipment have all contributed to the increase in the
potential risks to employees with their inherent cost implications. Accidents are expensive,
not only in the sometimes awful human terms, but in hard economic terms – disruption to
programmes, loss of management time, loss of the services of skilled, trained, hard-to
replace personnel, damage to expensive equipment, wastage of materials and the
inevitably substantial costs of any prosecution or litigation.
The legislation being produced to exert downward pressure on the incident rates, both by
our own government and by directives from the European Commission, which are then
incorporated into English law, has become more prolific and complex and not always
easily understood.
In 1969 employers, site management and safety professionals pressed for a
comprehensive, readable, illustrated manual which would explain statutory requirements in
simple, pragmatic terms and which would outline working methods conforming to the law
and incorporate guidance proved advisable in practice. That need is greater than ever and
is still the basis of this manual
Since the manual was first published there has been a substantial and important sea-change
in attitudes towards safety. This is the realisation and wide acceptance that good safety
practice is not just a site based issue but starts at the top with proper safety management as
part of the business philosophy of a successful construction company - regardless of size.
The contents of the manual have correspondingly been expanded to reflect this.
The information provided in the Manual relates to legislation that pertains in England and
Wales. It does not cover legislation in Scotland or Northern Ireland where such legislation
differs from that applicable in England and Wales.
“Construction Health and Safety” is continuously reviewed by an editorial panel of working,
safety professional professionals from many disciplines across the industry, to ensure that it
reflects the latest changes in legislation, and current best practice - it is produced by the
industry for the industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the individuals on the panel and to their companies
for their unstinting effort and professional expertise, without which publishing the
Construction Health & Safety Manual would not be possible.
The following companies represent the current establishment of the editorial panel. Where
specific expert help has been obtained from outside of the panel acknowledgement is made
within the section itself.

ASDA*Walmart Laing O’Rourke Ltd

BAA plc Morgan Sindall plc
Callsafe Services Ltd National Specialist Contractors Council Ltd
Carillion plc Tesco plc
Health and Safety Executive Vinci PLC
Wates Group Services Ltd

Sincere thanks are also due to the Health and Safety Executive, the Construction Industry
Training Board, the employers’ federations, the Trades Union Congress, the Union of
Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians, professional associations and prominent
members of many of the leading firms in the various specialised fields for their continuing
support and assistance.

June 2010 (v)

AMENDMENT CHECKLIST
The following is a list of pages, with amendment dates, which should be in the manual after insertion of the June 2010
amendments. Undated pages date from the date when the section was first published.

Section Page Numbers Amendment Section Page Numbers Amendment

(first published) Date (first published) Date

0 (1978) 1 Undated 3 (2007) 1, 2 Undated

2 June 2003 3-6 Dec. 2007
3, 4, 7, 9, 10 June 2009
5 Dec. 2002 4 (1996) 1 Undated
6, 11 June 2007 2, 11 June 2010
8 June 2005 12-14 Dec. 2004
12-16 June 2008
17, 18 Dec. 2009 5 (1969) 1, 2 Undated
3, 5-8, 10, 11, 14-17 Dec. 2009
0A (1978) 1 Undated 4 June 2009
2-3A Dec. 2008 9, 12, 13 June 2007
3B Dec. 1997 18 Dec 2010
4, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18 Dec. 1992
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 6 (1969) 1 Undated
19 June 2000 2-6, 8-14, 16, 17, 19-26 Dec. 2003
6 Dec 1999 7, 15 June 2007
12, 20 June 2007 18 Dec. 2005
0B (1992) 1 Undated 7 (1996) 1 Undated
2, 5, 7-9 June 2009 2, 7 June 2010
3, 4 June 2007 3-6, 8-17, 21-25, 32-34,
6 Dec. 2008 38-40, 44 Dec. 2009
10, 11 June 2005 18-20 June 2005
12-14 Dec. 2009 26-31, 41, 43 June 2006
35 Dec. 2006
0C (1995) 1 Undated 36 Dec. 2007
2, 10, 13-15, 27, 44, 37 Dec. 2008
50, 53-55 Dec. 2008 42 June 2007
3, 5, 8, 56-64 June 2009
4, 6, Dec 2007 8 (1996) 1 Undated
7, 9, 11, 12, 34-43, 2 June 2003
45-49, 51, 52 June 2007
16-26, 28-33 June 2008 8A 1 Undated
2-10 Dec. 2007
0D (1995) 1 Undated 11 June 2006
2 June 2003 12 June 2007
3, 4, 7-10 Dec. 2002
5, 6, 11 Dec. 2003 8B 1 Undated
12 June 2007 2, 4-6, 8, 10-21, 24, 26 June 2005
3 Dec. 2007
0E (2003) 1 Undated 7, 9 June 2006
2, 6 June 2003 22, 23, 25 June 2007
3, 12-14 Dec. 2007
4, 7, 8 June 2009 8C 1 Undated
5, 9-11 June 2007 2, 3, 5-7 Dec. 2005
4, 8 June 2007
0F (1999) 1 Undated
2 June 2003
3-6, 9, 11-16, 18, 20 June 1999 8D 1 Undated
7, 17 June 2007 2-12 Dec. 2009
8 June 2005
10 June 2001 8E 1 Undated
19 June 2000 2, 7-10 June 2004
3-6 June 2007
1 (1969) 1, 48 Undated
2, 32-41 June 2010 8F 1, 10 Undated
3 Dec. 1987 2-9 June 2010
4-6 Dec. 1981
7, 13, 26 June 2007 9 (1969) 1, 64 Undated
8, 9, 12 April 1995 2, 16, 17, 19, 27, 29,
10, 11, 15-18 Dec. 2007 30, 50, 60-63 June 2008
14, 44, 45 Dec. 2002 3, 15, 18, 20-25,
19 Sep 1996 34-38, 42 Dec. 2008
20 Dec. 1986 4, 28, 45, 51-53 Dec. 2009
21 June 2009 5-8 Dec. 1999
22-25 Dec. 2004 9-14, 26, 31-33, 39,
27, 29, 30 Dec. 2008 40, 43, 44, 46-49,
28 Dec. 2009 54-59 June 2005
31 June 2001 41 Dec. 2005
42, 43 Dec. 2003
44, 45 Dec. 2002 10 (1971) 1 Undated
46, 47 June 2005 2 June 2003
3-9, 12-14, 16 June 2000
2 (1995) 1 Undated 10 Dec. 2009
2 June 2006 11, 15 June 2007
3-8 Dec. 2009
9-12 June 2008

(vi) June 2010

Section Page Numbers Amendment Section Page Numbers Amendment
(first published) Date (first published) Date

11 (1971) 1 Undated 24 (1980) 1 Undated

2 June 2003 2, 3, 8-20 June 2010
3-7 Dec. 2000 4-7 June 2007
8 Dec. 2001
25 (1994) 1 Undated
12 (1971) 1 Undated 2, 19, 20 June 2003
2 Dec. 2004 3, 10, 11 Dec. 2006
3-6 June 2005 4, 5, 21 June 2007
6-8, 22 June 2005
13 (1987) 1, 2 Undated 9 June 2004
3-9 Dec. 2007 12-16 Dec. 2008
10-12 Dec. 2008 17 June 2009
18 June 2006
14 (1985) 1 Undated
2-3, 7-9 Dec. 2004 26 (1981) 1 Undated
4, 10 June 2007 2, 8-14 Dec. 2002
5, 6 June 1999 3, 6 Dec. 2004
4, 5, 7, 16 June 2007
15 (2002) 1 Undated 15 June 2003
2 June 2003
3 Dec. 2003 27 (1981) 1, 2, 10 Undated
4 June 2007 3-9 June 2007
5, 6, 8 Dec. 2002
7 Dec. 2005 28 (1993) 1 Undated
2 Dec. 2004
16 (1986) 1 Undated 3, 5 June 2007
2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13 Dec. 2004 4 Dec. 2000
4, 8, 11, 16 June 2007 6 June 2005
7 June 2005 7, 8 Dec. 2005
14, 15 Dec. 2007 9, 10 Dec. 2008

17 (1976) 1 Undated 29 (1983) 1, 14 Undated

2 June 2003 2, 4, 5, 8-11 Dec. 2004
3-7 June.2000 3, 12, 13 June 2009
8 Dec. 2001 6, 7, 14 June 2007

18 (1988) 1 Undated 30 (1984) 1, 17, 19 Undated

2 June 2003 2, 3, 29-32 June 2003
3 Dec. 2001 4, 6, 11, 23 June 2007
4, 20, 22 June 2007 5 June 2005
5, 6 May 1993 7, 8 June 2008
7-10, 23, 24 June 2006 9, 10 Dec. 2003
11, 13, 14 Dec. 1994 12-12A, 28 Dec. 2001
12 Dec. 1997 12B, 20 Dec. 1998
15-19, 21 Dec. 2005 13, 14, 16 Dec. 1990
15 June 2001
19 (1979) 1 Undated 18 June 2004
2 June 2003 21, 22, 24-27 June 2000
3, 21-23, 30 Dec. 2009
4, 5 June 2007 31 (1984) 1 Undated
6, 8, 9 Dec. 2005 2, 3, 5, 8-11 Dec. 2005
7 June 1999 4, 6, 7, 12 June 2007
10-20 Dec. 2008
24-29 June 2009 32 (1990) 1 Undated
2-26 Dec. 2006
20 (1979) 1 Undated
2 June 2003 33 (1990) 1 Undated
3, 7 June 2007 2 June 2003
4 Dec. 2002 3, 5-7 Dec. 2003
5 Dec. 1997 4 Dec. 2006
6 Dec. 1991 8 June 2010
8 June 2005
34 (1994) 1 Undated
21 (1979) 1 Undated 2-54 June 2010
2-16 June 2010
35 (2002) 1 Undated
22 (1980) 1 Undated 2 Dec. 2002
2-5, 7, 8 June 2003 3-11 Dec. 2009
6 Dec. 2008 12 June 2010

23 (1980) 1, 16 Undated
2 June 2003
3, 5, 15 June 2007
4, 6-14 Dec. 2000

June 2010 (vii)

 CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Subject
0 Health and Safety at Work Act
0A Statutory Consultation on Health and Safety
0B Management of Health and Safety at Work
0C Managing Construction for Health and Safety
0D Drugs and Alcohol
0E Legal Matters
0F Provision and use of Work Equipment
1 Policy, Organisation and Administration
2 Training in Health and Safety
3 Emergency Planning
4 Setting up site
5 Fire
6 Dangerous substances
7 Work at Height
8 Construction operations
8A Demolition
8B Excavation
8C Explosives
8D Work on roofs
8E Work over Water
8F Piling
9 Lifting operations
10 Electricity
11 Welding and Cutting
12 Manual handling
13 Portable tools
14 Static plant and equipment
15 Quarrying
16 Erection of Structures
17 Woodworking Machines
18 Protective clothing and Equipment
19 Mobile plant and Transport
20 Overhead and underground services
21 Falsework
22 Abrasive wheels
23 Confined spaces
24 Asbestos
25 Hazards to health
26 Roadworks
27 Refurbishment
28 Maintenance
29 Health and Safety in Offices
30 Specialist processes
31 Contaminated Sites
32 Noise and Vibration
33 Lead
34 Environment
35 Working on Railways

(viii) December 2008

 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Subject Section
Abrasive wheels 22
Asbestos 24
Confined spaces 23
Construction operations 8
Contaminated Sites 31
Dangerous substances 6
Demolition 8A
Drugs and Alcohol 0D
Electricity 10
Emergency Planning 3
Environment 34
Erection of Structures 16
Excavation 8B
Explosives 8C
Falsework 21
Fire 5
Hazards to health 25
Health and Safety at Work Act 0
Health and Safety in Offices 29
Lead 33
Legal Matters 0E
Lifting operations 9
Maintenance 28
Management of Health and Safety at Work 0B
Managing Construction for Health and Safety 0C
Manual handling 12
Mobile plant and Transport 19
Noise and Vibration 32
Overhead and underground services 20
Piling 8F
Policy, Organisation and Administration" 1
Portable tools 13
Protective clothing and Equipment 18
Provision and use of Work Equipment 0F
Quarrying 15
Refurbishment 27
Roadworks 26
Setting up site 4
Specialist processes 30
Static plant and equipment 14
Statutory Consultation on Health and Safety 0A
Training in health and safety 2
Welding and Cutting 11
Woodworking Machines 17
Work at Height 7
Work on roofs 8D
Work over Water 8E
Working on Railways 35

December 2008 (ix)

 Abbreviations
Many terms and references to legislation etc. that are frequently used in the construction industry, are commonly referred to by
an abbreviated form of their titles, some of which are more familiar than others. The following is a list of the abbreviations to be
found in the manual together with their full titles.
ABBREVIATION FULL TITLE
ACOP Approved Code of Practice
AC Alternating Current
ACM Asbestos Containing Material
AEL Acceptable Emission Levels
AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam
AFR Accident Frequency Rate
AIR Accident Incidence Rate
ASK Sheets Additional Supervisor Knowledge (Sheets)
ATT All Terrain Telescopic (crane)
ATWS Automatic Train Warning System
BA Breathing Apparatus
BASEEFA British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres
BATNEEC Best Available Technique Not Entailing Excessive Cost
BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
BS British Standard
CAW Control Of Asbestos at Work Act
CC Construction Confederation
CCS Considerate Constructors Scheme
CCDO Certificate of Competence for Demolition Operatives
CCTV Close Circuit Television
CDM Regs Construction (Design & Management) Regulations
CE (symbol) Certification Europe
CFA (piling) Continuous Flight Auger (piling)
CHIP Regs Chemicals (Hazard Information & Packaging for Supply) Regs
CHSW Regs Construction (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations
CIJC Construction Industry Joint Committee
CIOB Chartered Institute of Builders
CIP Construction Industry Publications
CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association
CISRS Construction Industry Scaffolders Record Scheme
CITB Construction Industry Training Board
COPA Control of Pollution Act
COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
COSS Controller Of Site Safety
CPA Control of Pollution Act
CPCS Construction Plant Competence Scheme (Replaces CITB CTA)
CPD Continuous Professional Development
CSCS Construction Skills Certification Scheme
CSR Construction Skills Register Northern Ireland
CTA Certificate of Training Achievement
dB Decibel
DC Direct Current
DDA Disability Discrimination Act
DSEAR Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations
DSE Display Screen Equipment
EA Environment Agency
ECS Electrotechnical Certification Scheme
EMAS Employment Medical Advisory Service
EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal
EOU Extension Outlet Unit
EPA Environmental Protection Act
ESS Engineering Services Skillcard
FEPA Food and Environmental Protection Act
FOPS Falling Object Protective Structures
FPA Fire Protection Act

(x) June 2009

FPS Federation of Piling Specialists
GRC Glass Reinforced Cement
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
GWINTO Gas & Water Industry National Training Organisation
HAVS Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Arrester
HFL Highly Flammable Liquid
HR Human Resources
HSAWA Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974
HSC Health and Safety Commission
HSCER Health & Safety Consultation with Employees Regulations
HSE Health and Safety Executive
HSG Health and Safety Guidance
HV High Voltage
ICE Institution of Civil Engineers
IEE Institute of Electrical Engineers
IHE Institute of Highway Engineers
IMPACT Incident Management & Preliminary Causation Tracking System
IOB Institute of Building
IOSH Institution of Occupational Safety and Health
IPAF/PAL Card International Powered Access Federation Powered Access Licence
IPC Integrated Pollution Control
IRR Ionising Radiation Regulations
IWA Individual Working Alone
JIB-PMES Joint Industry Board for Plumbing and Mechanical Services
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LAAPC Local Authority Air Pollution Control (authorisations)
LCPT Limited Cutter Projection Tooling
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LEV Local Exhaust Ventilation
LKT Lookout
LOAF Lifting Operation Assessment Form (parts 1 & 2)
LOLER Lifting Operation and Lifting Equipment Regulations
LOP Lifting Operations Plan
LOWS Lookout Operated Warning System
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gases
LT (MEL) Long Term (Maximum Exposure Limit)
LT (OES) (Recommended) Long Term (Occupational Exposure Limit)
MCA Maritime and Coastguard Agency
MDU Main Distribution Unit
MEL Maximum Exposure Limit
MEWPS Mobile Elevating Working Platforms
MFSU Manufacture, Formulation, Supply and Use
MHOR Manual Handling Operations Regulations
MHSWR Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
MIG (arc welding) Metal Inert Gas (arc welding)
MMA (welding) Manual Metal Arc (welding)
MSDS Manufacturers Safety Data Sheet
NASC National Access and Scaffolding Confederation
NAWR Noise At Work Regulations
NDG Nuclear Density Gauge
NICAD or Ni-Cd Nickel Cadmium
NVQ National Vocation Qualification
OES Occupational Exposure Limit
OHSAS Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series
OU Outlet Unit
PAL Powered Access Licence
PASMA Prefabricated Access Suppliers and Manufacturers Association
PAT Portable Appliance Test
PC Principal Contractor or Protection Controller (Railways)
PCB PolyChlorinated Biphenyl’s

June 2009 (xi)

PCP PolyChloroPrene
PEEPS Personal Emergency Egress Plan
PFI Public Finance Initiative
PICOP Person In Charge Of Possession (of the line)
PM Project Manager
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PPM Parts Per Million
PPP Public Private Partnership
PR Public Relations
PSTGC Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers regulations
PTS (Certificate) Personal Track Safety (Certificate)
PUWER Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
RCD Residual Current Detector/Device
RF Radio Frequency
RICS Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors
RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
ROPS Roll-Over Protective Structures
ROIPUWER Record of Inspection: Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations
RPE Respiratory Protective Equipment
RPS Radiation Protection Supervisor
RT Rough Terrain (crane)
RTITB Road Transport Industry Training Board
SEPA Scottish Environmental Protection Agency
SI Statutory Instrument
SISIU Supply Incoming Unit
SMM Safety Management Manual
SMS Safety Management System
SNIJIB Scottish and Northern Ireland Joint Industry Board
SRSCR Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations
SSS Site Safety Supervisor
SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest
ST (MEL) Short Term (Maximum) Exposure Limit)
ST (OES) (Recommended) Short Term (Occupational Exposure Limit)
SWL Safe Working Load
SWMP Site Management Waste Pan
TAU Temporary Accommodation Units
TIG (arc welding) Tungsten Inert Gas (arc welding)
TIN Technical Information Note
TOWS Train Operated Warning System
TRS Tough Rubber Sheath (cabling)
TU Transformer Unit
TWA Time Weighted Average
TWC Temporary Works Co-ordinator
TWD Temporary Works Department
UKATA United Kingdom Abestos Training Association
UV Ultra Violet
VCB Vertical Concrete Barrier
VDU Visual Display Unit
VWF Vibration White Finger
WIA Water Industry Act
WEL Workplace Exposure Limit
WPC Working Platform Certificate
WRA Water Resources Act
WSA Workers Safety Advisors

(xii) June 2009

June 1999 (13)