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Bricks Testing Procedure - Physical Properties Testing

The document describes procedures for testing ceramic tiles and refractory bricks, including three key tests: 1. Shrinkage tests measure the linear shrinkage of test specimens after drying and firing to determine proper mold sizes. 2. Water absorption, bulk density, and apparent porosity tests involve measuring weights before and after boiling and soaking specimens to calculate porosity, absorption, and density. 3. Flexural strength or modulus of rupture testing uses a universal testing machine to apply load to specimens at a set span until breaking to calculate breaking strength. Proper placement and distances are important for accurate flexibility measurements.

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Haries Bugarin Garcia
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41 views

Bricks Testing Procedure - Physical Properties Testing

The document describes procedures for testing ceramic tiles and refractory bricks, including three key tests: 1. Shrinkage tests measure the linear shrinkage of test specimens after drying and firing to determine proper mold sizes. 2. Water absorption, bulk density, and apparent porosity tests involve measuring weights before and after boiling and soaking specimens to calculate porosity, absorption, and density. 3. Flexural strength or modulus of rupture testing uses a universal testing machine to apply load to specimens at a set span until breaking to calculate breaking strength. Proper placement and distances are important for accurate flexibility measurements.

Uploaded by

Haries Bugarin Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CERAMIC TILES AND REFRACTORY BRICKS TESTING AND PROCEDURES

A. Shrinkage Tests
(The purpose of this test method is to obtain values of shrinkage after drying and firing of
clays or bodies or both, under various processing conditions to enable designers to determine
the proper size of mold or die or as to produce a predetermined size of fired ware.)
1. Determine the percent linear shrinkage (dry, fired, and total) of the formed test specimen.
2. Make sure to perform the determination accordingly.
3. Record all measurements obtained in Data
4. Calculate accordingly the resulting shrinkages of the specimens using the following
formula and record in Data.

𝐿𝑝−𝐿𝑑
1 Sl, = x 100
𝐿𝑝
𝐿𝑑−𝐿𝑓
2 Sf = x 100
𝐿𝑑
𝐿𝑝−𝐿𝑓
3 St = x 100
𝐿𝑝

Where: Sl, = linear drying shrinkage, %


Sf, = linear fired shrinkage, %
St, = linear total shrinkage, %
Lp = plastic length of the specimen, mm
Ld = dry length of the specimen, mm
Lf = fired length of the specimen, mm

B. Water Absorption, Bulk Density and Apparent Porosity of


Fired tile or refractory Products test.
(This test methods covers procedures for determining the water absorption, bulk density and
apparent porosity of fired tile or refractory products.)
1. From the previous activity, make a visual inspection by determining the color fired of
the specimen. Perform also sound checking to the test samples by hitting a hard object to
the specimen slowly of moderate impact and observe the sound tone.
2. Perform the Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density and Apparent
Porosity of Fired tile or Refractory Products.
a. Dry Weight. The test specimens were dried to constant mass by heating in an oven at
110C. Let the specimens cool in a desiccator and take the mass to the nearest 0.01 gram.
b. Boiling. Boil the specimen for 2 hours taking care that the specimen are covered with
water all throughout boiling and let the specimens soaked for an additional 24 hours.
c. Soaked Weight. Take out the specimen from water and wipe the specimen with damp
cloth taking care that only adsorbed water was removed then weigh and record the mass.
d. Immersed Weight. The specimens were hang into the digital balance directed toward
the water using string then record the mass.
3. Record the obtained weights in Data.
4. Make calculations of the resulting properties using the following formula.

Formulas:
4 V= L*W*H
SW - FW
5 AP = x 100
SW - Iwt
SW−FW
6 WA = x 100
FW
FW
7 B=
V
Where: V = exterior volume, cm3
AP = apparent porosity, %
WA = water absorption, %
B = bulk density, g/ cm3
FW = fired weight, g
SW = soaked weight, g
Iwt = specimen mass while suspended in water, g (Immersed weight)

C. Flexural strength or Modulus of Rupture test.


Flexural strength also known as Modulus of Rupture or bend strength or transverse rupture
strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexural test.
when an object formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or a steel rod is bent. it experiences
a range of stresses across its depth. at the edge of the object on the inside of the bend the stress will
be its maximum compressive stress value. at the outside of the bend the stress will be at its maximum
tensile value.
Modulus Of Rupture- is a testing that measures the strength of a tile or refractory brick sample per
unit area. as the machine applies load, it immediately records the results per second and simultaneously
display the graph until the tile sample breaks. MOR plays an important role to any ceramic products
either technical or conventional, since it is one of the checkpoints that is strictly monitored especially
in any ceramic manufacturing industry.

Universal testing machine (hydraulic UTM Tensile Tester) is being used in the laboratory to determine
the MOR of a tile or refractory brick sample. the mechanical instrument itself comprises mainly plate-head,
based, and Hand-Held manual controller. the two-point parallel plates serves as bed where the tile or brick
sample should be placed equidistantly (distance = 205mm). attached to the plate head is the third point
which can be controlled either manually or automatically. when using UTM, it is important to always set
the home position to zero before start the test.

1. Measure the length, width and thickness of the fired tile or brick through a digital caliper.
2. After setting the required parameters, start the testing by placing the sample tile or refractory brick on top of two rods
(205mm distance).

205mm

3. Using the hand-Held manual controller, rotate the stepper button to move up or down the cross head
of the UTM; make sure that the plate head is at minimum distance from the surface of the sample to minimize
the displacement upon testing.
4. Set the initial position of the plate head to zero. then press the start button to begin the load application
wait until the sample tile breaks, UTM will automatically stop.
5. save the result to either pdf or excel type.
Calculate the breaking strength of each specimen using the following equation.

Formulas: 8 F= mg
3FL
9 MOR =
2WT^2

Where: F = Load at which the specimen broke in (Newton)


B = Breaking strength in (Newton)

L = span between the support rod in mm (205mm)


W = width
T = thickness
m = mass(Kg)
g = gravity = 9.81m/s^2
Kg.m
Newton Unit =
S^2

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