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Binomial Theorem Notes For JEE Main - pdf-18

The document discusses various properties and applications of the binomial theorem: 1. It defines the binomial theorem for positive integral indices and gives the general term. 2. It discusses the middle term(s) in expansions, which depend on whether the index is even or odd. 3. The greatest term in expansions of (1+x)n is identified. 4. Relationships between binomial coefficients are explored, along with their use in series summation. 5. The multinomial theorem is defined for expanding expressions with multiple terms. 6. Applications to negative and fractional indices are covered. 7. Differentiation and integration are discussed as useful tools when binomial coefficients appear

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435 views5 pages

Binomial Theorem Notes For JEE Main - pdf-18

The document discusses various properties and applications of the binomial theorem: 1. It defines the binomial theorem for positive integral indices and gives the general term. 2. It discusses the middle term(s) in expansions, which depend on whether the index is even or odd. 3. The greatest term in expansions of (1+x)n is identified. 4. Relationships between binomial coefficients are explored, along with their use in series summation. 5. The multinomial theorem is defined for expanding expressions with multiple terms. 6. Applications to negative and fractional indices are covered. 7. Differentiation and integration are discussed as useful tools when binomial coefficients appear

Uploaded by

Kamaraj Pandian
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1. Binomial Theorem for positive integral index
If n is a positive integer and x, y is real or imaginary then
(x + y)n =n C0 x n−0 y 0 +n C1 x n−1 y1 + ⋯ +n Cr x n−r y r + ⋯ +n Cn x 0 y n
i.e (x + y)n = ∑nr=0 nCr x n−r y r

General term is t r+1 =n Cr x n−r y r


Here .n C0 ,n C1 ,n C2 … are called the binomial coefficients

Replacing y by -y the general term of (x − y)n is obtained as


t r+1 = (−1)r .n Cr . x n−r y r

Similarly, the general term of (1 + x)n and (1 − x)n can be obtained by replacing x by 1 and
x by 1 and y by -x respectively

• .n Cr =n C(n−r)
• .n Cr +n Cr−1 =n+1 Cr
n−r+1
• .n Cr /n Cr−1 = r
• r.n Cr = n.(n−1) Cr−1
1 n 1 n+1
• Cr = n+1 Cr+1
r+1

2. Middle Term

The middle term depends upon the even or odd nature of n

Case 1: When n is even


Total number of terms in the expansion of (x + y)n is n+1 (odd)
n th
So there is only 1 middle term i.e (2 + 1) term is the middle term
n n
This is given by t n+1 =n C x y n 2 2
2 2

Case 2: When n is odd


Total number of terms in the expansion of (x + y)n is n+1(even)
n+1th n+3th
So there are 2 middle terms i.e and terms are both middle terms
2 2
They are given by
n+1 n−1 n−1 n+1
t n+1 , t n+3 =n Cn−1 x 2 . y 2 ,n Cn+1 x 2 . y 2
2 2 2 2
3. Greatest Term

If t r and t r+1 br the r th and (r + 1)th terms in the expansion, (1 + x)n then
t r+1 n − r + 1
= .x
tr r
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Let t r+1 be the numerically greatest term in the above expression
Then t r+1 ≥ t r
n−r+1
Or r x ≥ 1

Greatest Coefficient:
• If n is even, the greatest coefficient =n Cn
2
• If n is odd, then greatest coefficients are .n Cn−1 and .n C(n+1)
2 2
4. Binomial Coefficients

In the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n let us denote the coefficients by C0 , C1 , … . Cn


respectively

Since (1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ⋯ + Cn x n
Put x=1
C0 + C1 + C2 + ⋯ Cn = 2n
Put x=-1
C0 + C2 + C4 + ⋯ = C1 + C3 + C5 + ⋯

Sum of odd terms coefficients=Sum of even terms coefficients= 2n−1

5. Series Summation

• C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + ⋯ + Cn = 2n
• C0 − C1 + C2 − C3 + ⋯ + (−1)n Cn = 0
• C0 + C2 + C4 +. . = C1 + C3 + C5 +. . = 2n−1
(2n)!
• C02 + C12 + C22 + ⋯ Cn2 = (n!)2

6. Multinomial Expansion

If n is a positive integer and a1 , a2 , a3 ….. am are real or imaginary then


n! n n n
(a1 + a2 + a3 + ⋯ am )n = ∑ a 1 a 2 … amm
n1 ! n2 ! n3 ! … nm ! 1 2
Where n1 , n2 , n3 , …nm are non-negative integers such that n1 + n2 + n3 + ⋯ nm = n

n n n n!
• The coefficients of a1 1 a22 … amm in the expansion of (a1 + a2 + ⋯ am )n is n
1 !n2 !…nm !
• The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
(a1 + a2 + ⋯ am )n =n+m−1 Cm−1

7. Binomial theorem for negative or fractional index


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When n is negative and/or fraction and |x|<1 then

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3


(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x +⋯
2! 3!
n−r+1 r
+ n(n − 1)(n − 2). . x + ⋯ infinite terms
r!

n(n−1)(n−2)…(n−r+1) r
The general term is t r+1 = x
r!

For example, if |x|<1 then,


• (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 − ⋯
• (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 +..
• (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x 3 − 4x 3 + ⋯.
• (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ( −1) ( −1)( −2)
• (1 + x)2 = 1 + x + 2 2
x2 + 2 2 2
x 3 + ⋯.
2 2! 3!
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ( +1) ( +1)( +2)
• (1 + x)−2 = 1 − x + 2 2
x2 − 2 2 2
x 3 + ⋯ ….
2 2! 3!

8. Using Differentiation and Integration in Binomial Theorem

(a) Whenever the numerical occur as a product of binomial coefficients, differentiation is


useful.
(b) Whenever the numerical occur as a fraction of binomial coefficients, integration is useful

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