The trigonometric formulas are listed in the box:

𝑑 𝑑
1). sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 2). cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
3). tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 4). sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5). cosec 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 6). cot 𝑥 = − cosec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The chain rule can be used to derive the generalization of the power rule and the rules for
differentiating the trigonometric functions, as summarized in the box:

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1). sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 2). cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3). tan 𝑢 = sec 2 𝑢 4). sec 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5). cosec 𝑢 = − cosec 𝑢 cot 𝑢 6). cot 𝑢 = − cosec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Exercise 2.6
𝑑𝑦
Q.1 Use any suitable rule of differentiation to perform 𝑑𝑥 for the following functions:

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒂. 𝒚 = √
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution: Given that

1
1 − cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 2
𝑦=√ =( ) (1)
1 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:

1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 − cos 𝑥 2
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
Using General Power Rule,
1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 − cos 𝑥 2−1 𝑑 1 − cos 𝑥
= ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 1 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 1
Using Quotient Rule,
1 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 1 − cos 𝑥 −2 (1 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥) − (1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥)
= ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 1 + cos 𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2

1
(1 − cos 𝑥)−2 (1 + cos 𝑥) (0 − (− sin 𝑥)) − (1 − cos 𝑥)(0 + (− sin 𝑥))
= 1( )
− (1 + cos 𝑥)2
2(1 + cos 𝑥) 2
1
(1 − cos 𝑥)−2
= 1 ((1 + cos 𝑥) (sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥))
− +2
2(1 + cos 𝑥) 2

1
(1 − cos 𝑥)−2 2 sin 𝑥
= 3
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) = 1 3
(1 + cos 𝑥)2 (1 − cos 𝑥)2 (1 + cos 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
∴ = 1 3
𝑑𝑥
(1 + cos 𝑥)2 (1 − cos 𝑥)2
𝝅
𝒃. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙 + )
𝟐
Solution: Given that
𝜋
𝑦 = cos (𝑥 + ) (1)
2
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑 𝜋 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝜋
= cos (𝑥 + ) = − sin (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 + ) ∵ cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢 , ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
= − sin (𝑥 + ) (1 + 0) = − sin (𝑥 + )
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
∴ = − sin (𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 2
𝒄. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
Solution: Given that
𝑑𝑦
= sin(sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= (sin(sin 𝑥)) = cos(sin 𝑥) (sin 𝑥) ∵ sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 2
 = cos(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
𝒅. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Solution: Given that
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= sin 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ∵ cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒆. 𝒚 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Solution: Given that
sin 𝑥
𝑦= (1)
cos 𝑥
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 sin 𝑥
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
Using Quotient Rule,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)2
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑
= ∵ cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 1
= = = sec 2 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒇. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 (𝝅𝒙𝟐 )

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 3
Solution: Given that
𝑦 = sin3 (𝜋𝑥 2 ) = (sin(𝜋𝑥 2 ))3 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin(𝜋𝑥 2 ))3 = 3(sin(𝜋𝑥 2 ))3−1 sin(𝜋𝑥 2 ) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 3 sin2(𝜋𝑥 2 ) cos(𝜋𝑥 2 ) (𝜋𝑥 2 ) ∵ sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝜋𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3 sin2(𝜋𝑥 2 ) cos(𝜋𝑥 2 ) 𝜋(2𝑥) = 6𝜋𝑥 sin2 (𝜋𝑥 2 ) cos(𝜋𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦
Q.2 Use any suitable rule of differentiation to perform for the following functions:
𝑑𝑥

𝒂. 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝒙

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = 2 cot 3𝑥 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 2 cot 3𝑥 = 2 (− cos2 3𝑥 (3𝑥)) ∵ cot 𝑢 = − cosec2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −2 cos 2 3𝑥 3(1) = −6 cos 2 3𝑥

𝒃. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝝅𝒙)

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = sec(𝜋𝑥) (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= sec(𝜋𝑥) = sec(𝜋𝑥) tan(𝜋𝑥) (𝜋𝑥) ∵ sec 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec(𝜋𝑥) tan(𝜋𝑥) (𝜋(1)) = 𝜋 sec(𝜋𝑥) tan(𝜋𝑥)

𝒄. 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝒙

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = 4 cosec 2𝑥 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
=4 cosec 2𝑥 = 4 (− cosec 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥) (2𝑥) ∵ cosec 𝑢 = cosec 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −4 cosec 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 2(1) = −8 cosec 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 4
𝒅. 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = 2 tan(𝑥 + 3)2 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 2 tan(𝑥 + 3)2 = 2 sec2(𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 + 3)2 ∵ tan 𝑢 = sec2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 2 sec 2(𝑥 + 3)2 2(𝑥 + 3)2−1 (𝑥 + 3) = 4 sec 2(𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 + 3)(1 + 0)
𝑑𝑥
= 4(𝑥 + 3) sec 2 (𝑥 + 3)2

𝒆. 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐭 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

Solution: Given that

1
𝑦 = 4 cot √𝑥2 − 1 = 4 cot(𝑥2 − 1)2 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 4 cot(𝑥2 − 1)2 = 4 (− cos2(𝑥2 − 1)2 (𝑥2 − 1)2 ) ∵ cot 𝑢 = − cosec2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11 1 𝑑 2
= −4 cos 2(𝑥 2 − 1)2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2−1 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
2 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1 4𝑥 cos 2(𝑥 2 − 1)2 4𝑥 cos 2 √𝑥 2 − 1
= −2 cos 2(𝑥 2 − 1)2 (𝑥 2 − 1)−2 (2𝑥) =− 1 =−
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝒇. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙𝟑

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 3 = (sec 𝑥 3 )2 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sec 𝑥 3 )2 = 2(sec 𝑥 3 )2−1 (sec 𝑥 3 ) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 2(sec 𝑥 3 )1 sec 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 3 (𝑥 ) ∵ sec 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 sec 2 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 3 (3𝑥 2 ) = 6𝑥 2 sec 2 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 3

𝑔. 𝑦 = 2 cosec 3 (𝑥 + 2)

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = 2 cosec3(𝑥 + 2) = 2(cosec (𝑥 + 2))3 (1)

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 5
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 2 (cosec (𝑥 + 2))3 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 2 (3(cosec (𝑥 + 2))3−1 cosec (𝑥 + 2) )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 6(cosec (𝑥 + 2))2 (− cosec (𝑥 + 2) cot (𝑥 + 2)) ∵ cosec 𝑢 = − cosec 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= −6(cosec (𝑥 + 2))3 cot (𝑥 + 2) = − cosec3 (𝑥 + 2) cot (𝑥 + 2)
1 + tan 2𝑥
ℎ. 𝑦 =
cosec 3𝑥
Solution: Given that
1 + tan 2𝑥
𝑦= (1)
cosec 3𝑥
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 + tan 2𝑥
= ( ) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cosec 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
cosec 3𝑥 (1 + tan 2𝑥) − (1 + tan 2𝑥) (cosec 3𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(cosec 3𝑥)2

𝑑 𝑑
cosec 3𝑥 (0 + sec 2 2𝑥 (2𝑥)) − (1 + tan 2𝑥) (− cosec 3𝑥 cot 3𝑥 (3𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
(cosec 3𝑥)2

cosec 3𝑥 (sec 2 2𝑥 . 2(1)) − (1 + tan 2𝑥)(− cosec 3𝑥 cot 3𝑥 . 3(1))

=
(cosec 3𝑥)2
2 cosec 3𝑥 sec 2 2𝑥 + 3 cosec 3𝑥 cot 3𝑥 (1 + tan 2𝑥)
=
cosec 2 3𝑥

The inverse trigonometric formulas are listed in the box:

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
1. sin−1 𝑥 = 2. cos−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
3. tan−1 𝑥 = 4. cot−1 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
5. sec−1 𝑥 = 6. cosec −1 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√ 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 6
The chain rule can be used to derive the generalization of the power rule and
the rules for differentiating the inverse trigonometric functions, as
summarized in the box:
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
1. sin−1 𝑢 = 2. cos−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
3. tan−1 𝑢 = 4. cot−1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
5. sec−1 𝑢 = 6. cosec −1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√ 𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Q.3 Use any suitable rule of differentiation to perform for the following functions:
𝑑𝑥

𝑎. 𝑦 = cos−1(𝑥 + 4)

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = cos−1 (𝑥 + 4) (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −1 𝑑 𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
= cos−1 (𝑥 + 4) = (𝑥 + 4) ∵ cos−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − (𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
= (1 + 0) =
√1 − (𝑥 + 4)2 √1 − (𝑥 + 4)2

𝑏. 𝑦 = tan−1 (11𝑥)

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = tan−1(11𝑥) (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
= tan−1 (11𝑥) = (11𝑥) ∵ tan−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + (11𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
1 11
= 2 (11(1)) =
1 + (11𝑥) 1 + (11𝑥)2
𝑐. 𝑦 = (sin−1 𝑥 )2

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = (sin−1 𝑥 )2 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 7
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin−1 𝑥 )2 = 2(sin−1 𝑥 )2−1 sin−1 𝑥 ∵ 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 ∵ sin−1 𝑥 =
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
2 sin−1 𝑥
=
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 sin−1 2𝑥

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = 𝑥3 sin−1 2𝑥 (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 −1 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 sin 2𝑥) = 𝑥3 (sin−1 2𝑥) + sin−1 2𝑥 (𝑥3 ) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥3 (2𝑥) + sin−1 2𝑥 (3𝑥 2 ) ∵ sin−1 𝑢 =
√1 − (2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 2𝑥 3
= 2(1) + 3𝑥 2 sin−1 2𝑥 = + 3𝑥 2 sin−1 2𝑥
√1 − 4𝑥 2 √1 − 4𝑥 2
𝑒. 𝑦 = cosec −1(𝑥 + 3)

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = cosec −1 (𝑥 + 3) (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
= cosec −1(𝑥 + 3) = − (𝑥 + 3) ∵ cos−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)√(𝑥 + 3)2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1 1
=− (1 + 0) = −
(𝑥 + 3)√(𝑥 + 3)2 − 1 (𝑥 + 3)√(𝑥 + 3)2 − 1

𝑓. 𝑦 = (1 + cot −1 3𝑥)3

Solution: Given that

𝑦 = (1 + cot−1 3𝑥) (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (1 + cot−1 3𝑥)3 = 3(1 + cot−1 3𝑥)3−1 (1 + cot−1 3𝑥) ∵ 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑 −1 −9(1 + cot −1 3𝑥)2
= 3(1 + cot −1 3𝑥)2 (0 + (3𝑥)) = 3(1 + cot −1
3𝑥)2
3(1) =
1 + (3𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 9𝑥 2 1 + 9𝑥 2

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 8
Q.4 see statement in book.
Solution: Given profit function is:
𝜋𝑡
𝑃(𝑡) = 5 − 5 cos 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 104 (1)
26
a. Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑡 we have:

𝑑 𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡 𝑑 𝜋𝑡 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑃′ (𝑡) = (5 − 5 cos ) = 0 − 5 (− sin ( )) ∵ cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑡 26 26 𝑑𝑡 26 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋𝑡 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋𝑡
= 5 sin ( (1)) = sin (1)
26 26 26 26

b. The rate of change of profit 8 weeks after the first of the year.
5𝜋 𝜋(8)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 8 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 𝑝′ (8) = sin = 0.497 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠/𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘.
26 26
𝑝′ (8) = 49.7$
Use calculator in
The rate of change of profit 26 weeks after the first of the year. radian mode
5𝜋 𝜋(26)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 26 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 𝑝′ (26) = sin = 0 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠/𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘.
26 26
𝑝′ (26) = 0$
The rate of change of profit 50 weeks after the first of the year.
5𝜋 𝜋(50)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 50 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 𝑝′ (50) = sin = −0.14 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠/𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘.
26 26
= −14$
Q.5 see statement in book.
Solution: Given equation is:
𝜋𝑡
𝑉(𝑡) = 0.45 − 0.35 cos , 0≤𝑡≤8 (1)
2
a. Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑡 we have:

𝑑 𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡 𝑑 𝜋𝑡 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑉 ′ (𝑡) = (0.45 − 0.35 cos ) = 0 − 0.35 (− sin ( )) ∵ cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑡 2 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
= 0.35 sin . = 0.35 sin
2 2 2 2
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
𝑉 ′ (𝑡) = 0.35 sin (1)
2 2
The rate of flow of air 4 seconds after exhaling.

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 9
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 4 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
𝜋(4) 𝜋(4) 3.1416(4) 4(3.1416)
𝑉 ′ (4) = 0.35 sin = 0.35 sin = 0.00𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 2 2 2
the rate of flow of air 5 seconds after exhaling.
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 5 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
𝜋(5) 𝜋(5) 3.1416(5) 5(3.1416)
𝑉 ′ (5) = 0.35 sin = 0.35 sin = 0.55𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 2 2 2

Hamid Nawab lecturer in mathematics The Quaid -e- Azam College Mardan (0301-4601215) 10