LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully.  If you do not understand a direction or
part of a procedure, ASK YOUR INSTRUCTOR BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE
ACTIVITY.
3. Never work alone in the laboratory.  No student may work in the laboratory without the
presence of the instructors.
4. When first entering a laboratory, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials
in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your instructor. Carefully follow all
instructions, both written and oral.  Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory.  Do not use laboratory
glassware as containers for food or beverages.
7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory.  Read all procedures thoroughly before entering
the laboratory.  Never fool around in the laboratory.  Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks
are dangerous and prohibited. 
8. Always work in a well-ventilated area. 
9. Observe good housekeeping practices.  Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all
times. 
10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory.  Notify the instructor
immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.
11. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use.  Set up and use the
equipment as directed by your instructor.
12. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times.  Do not wander around the room,
distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of
others.
13. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including: first aid
kit(s), and fire extinguisher.  Know where the fire alarm and the exits are located.
14. Dress properly during a laboratory activity.  Long hair, dangling jewelery, and loose or baggy
clothing are a hazard in the laboratory.  Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry
and baggy clothing must be secured.  Shoes must completely cover the foot.  No sandals
allowed on lab days.
15. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the lecturer or
instructor immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic.
 MECHANICS OF MACHINES
1.0 EXPERIMENT 4

TITLE FRICTION ON INCLINED PLANE

DURATION 2 HOURS

EXPERIMENT OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment student should be able:

1. To determine the friction coefficient (μ) between various materials (copper,

aluminum, plastic, steel)
2. To study the relationship between friction coefficient (μ) with force (F) by practical
and theoretically method.

2.0 THEORY

Friction is the resistive forces that obstruct the motion of a body when one tries to slide
the object along a surface. The friction force acts parallel to the surfaces in contact,
opposes the relative velocity of the body with respect to the surface, and its magnitude
depends on the nature of the particular materials that are rubbing together, but not on
other variables, such as the area of contact.

Figure 1.1: Friction on horizontal plane

Where:
 F = Force ƒ = Friction
T = Tension (rope) ∴ƒ =μ∙N, where: μ = Coefficient of Friction
W = Weight (w=m·g) N = Normal reaction

The coefficient of friction is a value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between
two bodies and the force pressing them together. The coefficient of friction depends on the
materials used and if the bodies are moving or not. In equilibrium, the applied force will
increase or decrease gradually until the system starts to move. This condition is called static
friction.

Tension on rope
y Block
x N
Pulley

m2
ƒ m1
W
θ
Weight
N T

Figure 1.2: Friction on inclined plane

Where:

ƒ W cos θ
θ
W = mg
W sin θ
θ
r sin φ
θ W = mg cos θ

W = mg

W = mg sin θ
 r sin φ

Upward motion

+ ∑Fx = 0

T – W sin θ – ƒ = 0

T = W sin θ + ƒ

Figure 1.3: Upward motion

Downward motion

+T ∑Fx = 0
N
T – W sin θ + ƒ = 0
ƒ
T = W sin θ - ƒ

W cos θ
θ
W = mg
Figure 1.4: Downwardθmotion W sin θ

r sin φ
3.0 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

1. Inclined plane
2. String
3. Hook
4. Block:
i. Copper iii. Steel
ii. Aluminum iv. Plastic
4.0 PROCEDURES

Figure 1.5: Inclined plane apparatus

a) Setup the inclined plane as in Figure 1.5

b) Move the position of inclined plane to 30°.

c) Positioned a Copper block on an inclined plane and attach the rope found on the
block. Connect to the pulley.

d) Attach the hook on a rope

e) Add 1N weight to the hook gradually until the Copper block moved downward,
records the total weight obtained on upward column data (Table 1.1).

f) Repeat the operation and calculate the average value. Weights represent the
tension force (T).

g) At the same arrangement, reduce the weight gradually until the block starts to slip
down on the plane, records the total weight obtained on downward column data
(Table 1.1).

h) Repeat the step (b) for Aluminum block, Steel block and Plastic block. Calculate the
average value.
5.0 DATA COLLECTION AND RESULTS

i. Inclined plane angle= 30°

ii. Block weight = 10 N
Tension Force (N) – Practical Friction coefficient
MATERIAL
TYPES μ
Upward Average Downward Average
Upward Downward
Perlu kira Perlu kira ikut
8.0 7.0 8.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.3 ikut formula
Copper formula

Perlu kira Perlu kira ikut

9.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 1.0 3.0 2.5 2.2
Aluminum ikut formula formula

Perlu kira Perlu kira ikut

7.0 6.5 7.0 6.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Steel ikut formula formula

Plastic Perlu kira Perlu kira ikut

8.0 7.5 7.5 7.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0
ikut formula formula
(Polypropylene)

Table 1.1: Friction Coefficient (μ)

Tension Force (N) – Theory

MATERIAL TYPES Upward Downward
Perlu kira ikut formula Perlu kira ikut formula
Copper
μ = 0.20
Perlu kira ikut formula Perlu kira ikut formula
Aluminum
μ =0.25
Perlu kira ikut formula Perlu kira ikut formula
Steel
μ =0.15
Perlu kira ikut formula Perlu kira ikut formula
Plastic (Polypropylene)
μ =0.30

Table 1.2: Tension Force

1. Find the friction coefficient (μ) for upward and downward data by used the appropriate
formula (Table 1.1)
2. Find the Tension (T) force value through theoretically method and fill up on the Table
1.2. (Shown example of the calculation)
7.0 DISCUSSION

1. Compare the results of the tension force for the different types of material used. It is
different? Why?
2. Discuss the relationship between the frictions coefficients with tension force obtained.
3. Evaluate the tension force between practical and theory result. Give the comment.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Write the conclusion according to this experiment

EXPERIMENT 3 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

TITLE SLIDER CRANK

DURATION 2 HOURS
1.0 EXPERIMENT OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment student should be able:

1. To determine the relationship between crank angle and stroke

2.0 THEORY

One of the most important and common mechanisms is the slider-crank. It is found in
pumps, compressors, steam engines, feeders, crushers, punches and injectors. Furthermore,
the slider-crank mechanism is central to diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines, which
play an indispensable role in modern living.

Figure 1.1: Slider Crank

The slider crank mechanism is a kinematic mechanism. The piston displacement from top dead
centre, x, can be determined from the geometry of the mechanism, in terms of the lengths of
the conrod, L, and crank, r, and the crank angle, θ.

c
os

φ α
r sin φ s
 r cos φ

b
Figure 1.2: Slider crank diagram

Hence:

L = √ (r sin φ) ² + (b – r cos φ) ²

Where:
Where n is the ratio of the connecting rod length to crank radius (n = L/R).

3.0 APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT

1. Crank and Connecting Rod Apparatus KI 110

 Figure 1.3: Crank and Connecting Rod Apparatus KI 110

4.0 PROCEDURES

a) Set the crank at radius of 25mm

b) Impose the crank indicator at 0° and record the slide reading at Table 1.1.
c) Move the crank indicator to 10° and record the slide reading.
d) Repeat the same procedures until the crank indicator move one round (350°), at
each step record the slide reading.
e) Adjust the radius to 37.5 mm and 50mm.
f) Repeat step (b) until (d) for different radius.
g) Record the data on appropriate table.

5.0 DATA COLLECTION AND RESULTS

No. Crank angle READING SCALE (stroke s)
(°) Radius (mm)
25 mm 37.5 mm 50 mm
1. 0 94 95 94
2. 10 98 101 103
3. 20 103 107 112
4. 30 107 113 119
5. 40 110 118 127
6. 50 113 123 134
7. 60 116 127 138
8. 70 118 129 141
9. 80 119 131 143
10. 90 119 131 144
11. 100 119 131 143
12. 110 118 129 141
13. 120 116 127 137
14 130 114 123 132
15. 140 110 117 125
16. 150 107 112 118
17. 160 103 107 110
18. 170 98 100 102
19. 180 94 94 93
20. 190 90 87 85
21. 200 86 81 77
22. 210 82 75 69
23. 220 78 70 61
24. 230 75 66 56
25. 240 72 61 51
26. 250 70 59 48
27. 260 69 57 45
28. 270 69 57 44
29. 280 69 57 44
30. 290 70 58 47
31. 300 72 61 50
32. 310 74 65 55
33. 320 76 69 61
34. 330 81 75 69
35. 340 85 81 77
36. 350 89 87 85
 Table 1.1: Crank angle against different reading scale

From the data collection, plot a graph of stroke s (mm) against angle (°).
* Draw your own table if inadequate

6.0 DISCUSSION

1. Determine the maximum and minimum values of graphs.

2. Based on the graphs of stroke s (mm) against angle (°), indicate at which point the
fastest crank movement. Why?
3. Discuss the graphs shape and give the comment.

7.0 CONCLUSION

Write the conclusion according to this experiment

1.0
EXPERIMENT 1 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

TITLE SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (COMPOUND PENDULUM)

DURATION 2 HOURS

EXPERIMENT OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment student should be able:

1. To investigate the oscillation of pendulums
2. To differentiate the oscillation period between thin homogeneous rod with thin
rod with additional bob

2.0 THEORY

A particle is said to move with Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) when the acceleration of the
particle about a fixed point is proportional to its displacement but opposite in direction. An
object is said to be in simple harmonic motion if the following occurs:
a) It moves in a straight line.
b) A variable force acts on it.

c) The magnitude of force is proportional to the displacement of the mass.

d) The force is always opposite in direction to the displacement direction.

e) The motion is repetitive and a round trip, back and forth, is always made in equal time
periods.

There are two basic examples of simple harmonic motion: springs and pendulums. Examples of
simple harmonic oscillators include: a mass attached to a spring, a molecule inside a solid, a car
stuck in a ditch being ``rocked out'' and a pendulum. A rigid body which can swing in a vertical
plane about some axis passing through it is called a compound or physical pendulum.
i. Thin homogeneous rod

O
L/2 L

s
Φ

Figure 1.1: Thin homogeneous rod

ii. Thin rod with additional bob

O
r1 r2

S rod
Φ

S bob
D

Figure 1.2: Thin rod with additional bob

Where:

μ = m bob / m rod
 Thin homogeneous rod Thin rod with additional bob
Natural frequency
ω= √ (r1 + r2 ∙ μ) ∙g

ω = √ 3g / 2L (L²/12 + r1²) + μ(D²/4 + r2²)

Periodic time
T = 2 ∙ π √ (L²/12 + r1²) + μ(D²/4 + r2²)

T = 2π / ω (r1 + r2 ∙ μ) ∙g

3.0 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

1. Compound Pendulum Apparatus TM161

i. Thin homogeneous rod
ii. Thin rod with additional bob
2. Stop watch
3. Protractor
4. Ruler
5. Allen key

Knife-edge bearing

Base plate

Rod

Additional bob

Figure 1.1: Compound Pendulum Apparatus TM161

4.0 PROCEDURES
 i. Thin homogeneous rod
a) Measure the rod length, l.
b) Place the thin homogeneous rod on compound pendulum apparatus.
c) Measure the angle for 10° and move the thin homogeneous rod.
d) Swing the thin homogeneous rod for 10 times of oscillations.
e) Record the time on Table 1.1
f) Repeat step (d) at least 3 times with different value of angles.
g) Record the average value obtained.
ii. Thin rod with additional bob
a) Attach the pendulum bob to rod
b) Repeat step (b) until (g). Record the time on Table 1.2.

5.0 RESULTS / DATA

Constant parameters:
i. Rod mass: 0.395 kg
ii. Bob mass: 0.492 kg
iii. Rod length: 1000 mm
iv. Bob diameter: 50 mm

Rod length Angle

(mm) (°) Oscillation period, T (s) Average

10° 15.97 16.03 16.03 16.01

1000 mm
20° 16.09 16.35 16.35 16.26

30° 16.47 16.53 16.53 16.51

Table 1.1: Thin homogeneous rod data

Rod length Angle

(mm) (°) Oscillation period, T (s) Average
 10° 18.31 18.25 18.25 18.27
1000 mm
20° 18.53 18.57 18.57 18.56

30° 18.59 18.75 18.75 18.69

Table 1.2: Thin rod with additional bob

Get the value for natural frequency (ω) and periodic time (T) for thin homogeneous rod
and thin rod with additional bob.

6.0 DISCUSSION

1. Does the period of a pendulum depend upon the mass? Explain.

2. Discuss the motion of thin homogeneous rod between thin rods with additional
bob. It is different?
3. Elaborate the ω and T value obtained and compare the results.

7.0 CONCLUSION

Write the conclusion according to this experiment

LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS
1.0 Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
2.0 Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully.  If you do not understand a direction or
part of a procedure, ASK YOUR INSTRUCTOR BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE
ACTIVITY.
3.0 Never work alone in the laboratory.  No student may work in the laboratory without the
presence of the instructors.
4.0 When first entering a laboratory, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials
in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
5.0 Perform only those experiments authorized by your instructor. Carefully follow all
instructions, both written and oral.  Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
6.0 Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory.  Do not use laboratory
glassware as containers for food or beverages.
7.0 Be prepared for your work in the laboratory.  Read all procedures thoroughly before entering
the laboratory.  Never fool around in the laboratory.  Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks
are dangerous and prohibited. 

8.0 Always work in a well-ventilated area. 

9.0 Observe good housekeeping practices.  Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all
times. 
10.0 Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory.  Notify the instructor
immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.
11.0 Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use.  Set up and use
the equipment as directed by your instructor.
12.0 Experiments must be personally monitored at all times.  Do not wander around the room,
distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of
others.

13.0 Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including: first aid
kit(s), and fire extinguisher.  Know where the fire alarm and the exits are located.

14.0 Dress properly during a laboratory activity.  Long hair, dangling jewelery, and loose or
baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory.  Long hair must be tied back, and dangling
jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured.  Shoes must completely cover the foot.  No
sandals allowed on lab days.
15.0 Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the lecturer or
instructor immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic.

EXPERIMENT 2 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

5.0
TITLE SLOTTED LINK

DURATION 2 HOURS

EXPERIMENT OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment student should be able:

To investigate the motion of a slotted link and to see if the piston rod moves with Simple
Harmonics Motion

6.0 THEORY
Simple Harmonic Motion is defined as when a mass or point moves in such a way that its
accelerations is proportional to its displacement from a fixed point in its path and is
directed to that point, the motion is said to be simple harmonic.

A slotted link crank mechanism generates a purely harmonic stroke. One of the most
important mechanism is used to transform steady rotary motion into reciprocating
motion. Areas of application include pumps and packaging machines, for example

The piston travel function can be derived from the diagram:

x = r cos ϕ
Allowance for the scale offset ∆s = 145 mm and the length L of the connecting rod
results in the formula:
S = ∆s – L – x = ∆s - L- r cos ϕ
7.0 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT
1. Slotted link mechanism k1 120

Figure 2 : slotted link apparatus k1 120

8.0 PROCEDURES

h) Set the crank at radius of 25mm

i) Impose the crank indicator at 0° and record the slide reading at Table 1.1.
j) Move the crank indicator to 10° and record the slide reading.
k) Repeat the same procedures until the crank indicator move one round (350°), at each
step record the slide reading.
l) Adjust the radius to 37.5 mm and 50mm.
m) Repeat step (b) until (d) for different radius.
n) Record the data on appropriate table.
5.0 DATA COLLECTION AND RESULTS

No. Crank angle READING SCALE (stroke s)

(°) Radius (mm)
25 mm 37.5 mm 50 mm
1. 0 90 87 84
2. 10 94 94 93
3. 20 98 101 102
4. 30 103 108 111
5. 40 107 114 120
6. 50 108 119 127
7. 60 113 123 133
8. 70 115 127 138
9. 80 116 128 141
10. 90 116 129 142
11. 100 116 126 138
12. 110 116 123 132
13. 120 114 117 125
14 130 110 112 118
15. 140 105 106 110
16. 150 98 99 100
17. 160 94 93 91
18. 170 89 86 82
19. 180 85 80 74
20. 190 81 74 66
21. 200 77 69 60
22. 210 74 64 55
23. 220 71 61 53
24. 230 69 58 45
25. 240 67 55 43
26. 250 60 54 41
27. 260 66 54 41
28. 270 66 54 42
29. 280 67 55 43
30. 290 69 58 46
31. 300 71 61 40
32. 310 71 61 44
33. 320 77 65 54
34. 330 78 70 60
35. 340 82 75 67
36. 350 86 81 75
9.0 DISCUSSION

1. Plot a graph of the experimental piston rod displacement versus crank angle.
2. What is the motion produced by the Slotted Link mechanism? Explain your
answer.
3. Where do maximum displacement, velocity and acceleration on the slide occur?
Explain your answer

10.0 CONCLUSION

Write the conclusion according to this experiment