Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

Introduction to Safety Precautions & Lab Equipment

Objective

1. Safety instructions of the lab

2. To familiarize the lab equipment

Safety Information

• CAUTION: Risk of electric shock. Do not attempt to open or disassemble the meter while
• taking measurements
• CAUTION: Do not attempt to measure Voltage or Current that exceeds specified limits •
Remove the test leads from the meter before opening the battery compartment cover
• Safety Symbols:
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

Lab Safety Rules and Guidelines

In this lab, with an aim to prevent any unforeseen accidents during conduct of lab experiments,
following preventive measures and safe practices shall be adopted:

• Remember that the voltage of the electricity and the available electrical current in this lab
has enough power to cause death/injury by electrocution. It is around 50V/10 mA that the
“Cannot let go” level is reached. “The key to survival is to decrease your exposure to
energized circuits.”
• Each circuit must be protected by a fuse or circuit breaker that will blow or «trip» when
its safe carrying capacity is surpassed. If a fuse blows or circuit breaker trips repeatedly
while in normal use , check for shorts and other faults in the line or devices.
• If wires are exposed, this may break the wire or insulation. Short circuits are usually
caused by bare wires touching due to breakdown of insulation. Electrical tape or any
other kind of tape is not adequate for insulation!.
• Pull the plug not the cord. Pulling the cord could break a wire, causing a short circuit.
• Plug your heavy current consuming or any other large appliances into an outlet that is not
shared with other appliances. Do not tamper with fuses as this is a potential fire hazard.
Do not overload circuits as this may cause the wires to heat and ignite insulation or other
combustibles.
• Keep lab equipment properly cleaned and maintained.
• Be aware of the odor of burning plastic or wire.
• Be aware of missing ground prong and outlet cover, pinched wires, damaged casings on
electrical outlets.
• Inform Lab engineer / Lab assistant of any failure of safety preventive measures and safe
practices as soon you notice it. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the
laboratory.
• Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction
or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR LAB ENGINEER / LAB ASSISTANT BEFORE
PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
• Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in EE Labs without the
presence of the Lab engineer / Lab assistant.
• Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all
instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.

Be prepared for your work in the lab. Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the
laboratory. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are
dangerous and prohibited.
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

• Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room,
distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments
of others.
• Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy
clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Shoes must completely cover the foot.
• Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including fire
extinguisher. Know what to do if there is a fire during a lab period; “Turn off equipment,
if possible and exit EE lab immediately.”
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

Details of Equipment

In Power Transmission and Distribution lab, there are the trainers designed according to
the design of the whole power system. Means Firstly the generation of electricity and
then step-up transformer then distribution of high voltage to the substation/grid station
and after that to the consumer side means load side.
Motor-Generator Set:
As the name suggest this system contains a motor and a generator that produce electricity
for next transmission level. As we know that generator converts the mechanical energy
into electrical energy. So, for providing the generator with mechanical energy, motors are
used. As motor also needs some electrical power to be driven out so it is provided with
external energy source. They are mechanically coupled to each other, shaft of the motor
rotates the rotor of the generator thus transferring the mechanical power and results in the
production of electricity. Motor generator set used in lab is:
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

AEL-MPSS-04 Transmission block:

Transmission of electric power is the movement of electrical energy form generating side
to the distribution side for example, from Power plant to electrical substation. This
transmission is done through the interconnected lines called Transmission lines. Then
from substation to the local consumers side id called the distribution side as High
voltages are stepped down and distributed to the consumer level. The combined
transmission and distribution network is part of electricity deliver, known as power grid.
The Transmission Block contains following parts:
 N-ERP-PGC01 Generator Protection And Control Relay Module
 N-ALI01 Industrial Power Supply
 N-BUS03 Grid Bus Bar
 N-ASY3PH Three-Phase Automatic Syncroscope
 N-EALDC/G DC generator Analyzer
 N-VVCA5K 5KW Motor Speed Controller
 N-AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
 N-EALD Network Analyzer
 N-BUS01 Generation Bus Bar
 N-BUS02 Coupling Bus Bar
 N-EALD Network Analyzer
 N-TRANSS3/- Three Phase Step-up Transformer
 N-PLC05 PLC control module
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

1) Generator Protection and control Relay module:

Generators are designed to run at a high load factor for many years and are permitted
to work under restricted abnormal conditions. Generators working in abnormal
conditions cause many damage to the system as generators are highly expensive. Thus
they are supervised using the monitoring devices. But sometimes even after
monitoring some mechanical or electrical faults may occur. So in order to prevent the
machinery from heavy damage relays are used which usually cut off all system from
the generator (faulty device) to prevent other machinery. Thus for any faulty
condition this module is used.

2) Industrial Power Supply and Grid Bus Bar:

Power supply is the source of the electrical (or any other) power that supply power to
different systems. In this case Industrial Power Supply is the module representing the
supply as we get from any industry or power plant that is transmitted with the help of
transmission lines.
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

3) 3-Phase automatic voltage regulator and DC generator Analyzer:

Syncroscope is a devise which is used to measure the synchronization of three phase
supplies of the generators so that that power is distributed to the far end to the
distribution corner. Condition for synchronizing are:
 Terminal Voltage of the supply and the bus bar should be same.
 Frequency of all the supplies and also the bus bar should be the same.
 Phase should also be the same as the load requirement.
Thus Syncroscope check all 3these conditions.
Dc generator analyzer is the digital display of current, power and voltages.

4) Automatic Voltage Regulator and Motor Speed Controller:

For limiting or increasing the power production it is necessary to control speed of the
generator which is controlled by the motor. So, for limiting the power production
Motor speed controller is used.
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

5) Network Analyzer:
Network Analyzer is a unit which is used to measure the electrical network
parameter. It usually measures the s-parameters as electrical network parameters are
easy to measure. There are also other parameters which cannot be measured easily. It
measures the parameter at high frequency.

6) 3-Phase Step-up Transformer:

Generation of electricity is usually at faraway places so it has to be transmitted over
long distances resulting in power loses. So the Voltages are step up by the transformer
and thus currents are reduced thus reducing the I2R losses.
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

1. AEL-MPSS-04 Distribution Block:

Distribution is the last part of the power system. It is mainly done through Grid stations.
In this level, the High voltages of 132kV, 220kV etc. to low voltages of 11kV or 33kV.
Then it is distributed to the consumers. There are two distribution levels one is primary
and second is secondary. The customers which need higher supply than 33kV take supply
from primary distribution line while 33kV and below are secondary distribution lines.

It contains following parts:

 N-ALI01 Industrial Power Supply
 N-BUS04 Emitter transport Bus bar
 N-EAID Network Analyzer
 N-PLC02 PLC02 control module
 N-AVG Tap Regulator Module
 N-BUS05 Receptor Transport Bus bar
 N-AE1CD Transmission lines Simulation Digital unit
The transition from transmission to distribution happens in a power substation, which has the
following functions:
 Circuit Breakers and switches enable the substation to be disconnected from the
transmission grid or for distribution lines to be disconnected.
 Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35kV or more, down to primary
distribution voltages. These are medium voltage circuits, usually 600-35000V.
 From the transformer, power goes to the bus bar that can split the distribution power
off in multiple directions. The bus bar distributes power to distribution lines, which
fan out to customers.
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

1. PLC Control Module:

PLC control module is the Program Logic Controller that can control the instruments or
module through programming logics and commands. Thus this the main brain of the trainers
as they control them according to the set logic.

2. Load Block:
An electrical load is and electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes
electric power. This is opposed to a power source, such as a battery or generator, which
produces power. In electric power circuits examples of load are appliances and lights. It
also refer to the power consumed by a circuit.

1) Resistive Load:
It is a type of load that draws current in the same proportion with apply voltage. They are
typically used to convert current in to form of energy such as heat. That is the voltage and
current are of same phase. These kind of electrical load converts electrical energy to heat.
Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

2) Capacitive Load:
Capacitive load include energy stored in materials and devices, such as capacitors, and
cause changes in voltage to lag changes in current. Capacitive loads are less common
than inductive and resistive load but are becoming more common with the deployment of
increasingly complex electronics.

3) Inductive Load:
Inductive loads, also called lagging loads or inductive load banks or Inductive reactive
loads or Power factor loads, are AC loads that are predominantly inductive in nature so
that the alternating current lags behind the alternating voltage when the current flows into
the load.
 Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

3. Protection block:
Protection schemes are provided for distribution systems for quick disconnection of
faulty section from the remaining healthy portion of power system. Main aim of protected
schemes is to restrict the fault speed. Normally distribution lines and feeders are
protected by over current relays.

1) Current transformer:
 Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along with measuring or protective

devices, in which secondary current is proportional to the primary current and differs from it by
an angle that is approximately zero.
Current transformer have following function:
 Current transformer supply the protective relays with currents of magnitude proportional
to those of power circuit by sufficiently reduced in magnitude.
 The measuring devices cannot be directly connected to the high magnitude supplies.
Hence current transformers are used to supply current to the devices of magnitude
proportional to power.
 A current transformer insulates the high voltage circuits and the measuring instruments
from each other.

2) Over Current Relay:

An overcurrent relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the current exceeds the
set limit of the load current.
Instantaneous Overcurrent relay
Instantaneous Overcurrent relay. Definite current relay operates instantaneously when
the current reaches a predetermined value. Operates in a definite time when current exceeds
its Pick-up value. The operating currents are progressively increased for the
other relays when moving towards the source.

3) Earth Leakage Relay:

 Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

The Earth Leakage Current are very low and are sensitive leakage current can be detected
by Earth Leakage Relay and core balance current transformer. ELR detects the Leakage Current
in the circuit and isolate the power supply by switching off the tripping device.

4) Three pole contactors:

3 pole contactors are electrically controlled switches (relays) used for switching an electrical
power circuit. A contactor is typically controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power
level than the switched circuit, such as a 24-volt coil electromagnet controlling a 220-volt
motor switch.
 Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report

5) Fixed resistor
Fixed resistors are the resistors whose resistance does not change with the
change in voltage or temperature. Fixed resistors are available in various shapes and sizes.
An ideal fixed resistor provides a constant resistance under all environments.

Single line Grid Diagram:

Power Transmission and Distribution Lab Lab 1 Report