Module 3

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
 Brainstorming Session….
What does an AMPLIFIER do?
• What is an IC?
OP-Amp is an amplifier IC
 What can you do with Op amps?
• You can make music louder when they are used in stereo
equipment.

• You can amplify the heartbeat by using them in medical

cardiographs.

• You can use them as comparators in heating systems.

• You can use them for Math operations like summing,

integration etc.
 OP-AMP (operational amplifier)
• An OP-AMP is an integrated circuit (IC) used
for amplification of signals.
• It is the most widely used analog IC.
• It is used in control systems, instrumentation,
signal processing etc
 Operational Amplifier
• The Operational Amplifier or "op-amp" is an
amplifier with two inputs and one output.
One input is the inverting input and the other
is a non inverting input.
 OP-AMP BLOCK DIAGRAM
+V
Inverting Input
(- VIN)

Differential Voltage Output

Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Output

Noninverting
Input (+ VIN)

-V
Figure 1 Op Amp Block Diagram
 OP-AMP HAS 3 –STAGE AMPLIFIER
CIRCUITS
• First Stage : Differential Amplifier -it gives the
OP-AMP high input impedance (resistance)
• Second Stage: Voltage Amplifier – it gives high
gain
• Third Stage : Output Amplifier (Emitter
Follower) – gives low output impedance
(resistance)
 OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
1. Very high input impedance
2. Very high gain
3. Very low output impedance

OP-AMP is a differential, voltage amplifier with

high gain.
OP-AMP is a differential, voltage amplifier
with high gain. Why????
• Differential Amplifier: Because it amplifies the
difference between 2 voltages
• Voltage Amplifier: Because input and output
are voltages
• High Gain Amplifier: Because the voltage gain
is very high (> 100,000)
 The 741 Op-amp
The most common op-amp is the 741 IC.
 Packaging Types

(b) OPA547FKTWT (c)

TO-5 metal can
8-Leads package
(a) Op Amp 741 DIP SMT package
8-pins DIP package
Figure : Op Amp packages
 OP-AMP pins identification

741
1 8 1 8
+VCC +VCC

2 - 7 2 - 7

3 + 6 3 + 6

-VEE -VEE
4 5 4 5

a) Dot marked Package b) Notched Package

Figure 3 Op Amp pins Identification

 What are these pins?

1. Offset
1 8
Null 8. N / C
741

2. Inverting Input –VIN

2 7 7. +VCC

3. Noninverting Input 3 6 6.Output

+VIN

- VEE 4 5
5.Offset Null

Figure 4 Op Amp pins Description

http://www.quia.com/pp/200743.html
 What are these pins?
• Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to remove the
Offset voltage.
• Pin 2: Inverting input (-VIN), signals at this pin will be inverted
at output Pin 6.
• Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+VIN), signals at pin 3 will be
processed without inversion.
• Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE).
• Pin 6: Output (VOUT) of the Op-Amp
• Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC)
• Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to make it a
standard 8-pin
 Symbol of OP-AMP

+VS

-VIN -VIN

- -
VOUT VOUT

+VIN +VIN

+ +

-VS

(a) Without power connection (b) With power connection

Figure 5 Op Amp Schematic Symbols

Most Op Amps require dual power supply
with common ground
Positive Supply (+15V) to pin7
Negative Supply (-15V) to pin4

+VS

-VIN
-
7
VOUT
+VIN
+ 4

Common Ground

-VS

Figure 6 Dual Supply Voltages connection

Some Op Amps work on single supply also

+VS

-VIN -VIN

- -
7 VOUT 7 VOUT

+VIN +VIN
4
+
4 +

-VS

(a) Single Positive Voltage (b) Single Negative Voltage

Figure 7 Single Supply Voltages connection

 OP-AMP CONFIGURATIONS

(a) No Feedback (b) Negative (c) Positive Feedback

(open loop Feedback
comparator circuit) Figure Types of Feedback
 Feedback
• No feedback : Open loop (used in
comparators)
• Negative feedback : Feedback to the inverting
input (Used in amplifiers)
• Positive feedback : Feedback to the non
inverting input (Used in oscillators)
 OP AMP as a Comparator (compares 2
voltages and produces a signal to indicate
which is greater)

VO
+VS
+VS

+VIN > –VIN

–VIN
VO
0 +VIN = –VIN

+VIN
+VIN < –VIN

–VS
–VS

(a) Comparator Circuit (b) Comparator Output

 Applications of Comparators

• Analog to digital converters (ADC)

• Counters (e.g. count pulses that exceed a
certain voltage level).
• Cross Over Detectors
 OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
The two basic amplifier circuits with negative
feedback are:
• The non-inverting Amplifier.
• The inverting Amplifier
(Note: Negative feedback is used to limit the
gain)
 NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
• The input signal is applied to the non-inverting input (+VIN).
The output is fed back to the inverting input through resistor
RF.

 R + RF 
VO =  IN  VF
 R IN  R1 RF

V R
A NI = O = 1 + F
VF R IN
Where; VIN VO
VO = Output voltage
Vin= Input voltage= Vf
ANI = Noninverting Gain

Figure 11 Closed-Loop Noninverting Amplifier Circuit

 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
• The input signal is applied through a series input resistor RI to
the inverting input. Also, the output is fed back through RF to
the same input. The noninverting input is grounded.

R 
VO = −  F  VIN
 R IN  RIN RF

V R 
A I = O = -  F 
VF  R IN  VIN

Where; VO
VO = Output voltage
VIN = Input voltage
AI = Inverting Gain
 Examples of Negative Feedback
Applications:
A) Inverting Amplifiers
1.Summing Amplifier
2.Differentiator
3.Integrator
B) Non Inverting Amplifiers
1. Voltage Follower
Summing Amplifier (Adder) : the inputs are added
and the sum is inverted . If all resistors are of equal
value, then
Vo = -(V1 + V2+ V3)

R1 RF

V1

R2
V2
VO
R3

V3

0V

Figure 14 Summing Amplifier

Integrator (the input is integrated with respect
to time)

VIN VO

Figure 15 Inverting Op-Amp as Integrator

Differentiator (the input is differentiated
with respect to time)

VIN VO

Figure 16 Inverting Op-Amp as Differentiator

 Voltage Follower (Non Inverting)
• It is a non inverting amplifier with gain=1
• So the output is the same as input.

VO

VIN

Figure 17 Voltage Follower

Positive Feedback is used in oscillators
• Astable Multivibrator (Relaxation Oscillator)

C1 R1

VO

R2

R3

Figure 13 Astable Multivibrator

 Offset Null Adjustment (practical)
• VO V
+VS

N/C

8 7 6 5

µA741

1 2 3 4

-VS

VIN = 0

Figure 22 Offset Null adjustment

• offset voltage can be defined as the slight
amount of voltage that appears at the output
when the voltage differential (ΔVIN) between
the input pins is 0 V.
Practical-Summing Amplifier
 Results Table

Vo = - (V1 + V2 )