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Chapter 2 Hydrology

This document discusses hydrology and precipitation measurement. It defines different types of precipitation like snow, hail, sleet and rain. It also describes different precipitation types including convective, orographic and cyclonic precipitation. The document outlines methods to measure precipitation including depth, intensity, duration and frequency. It discusses types of rain gauges and dealing with missing data. Finally, it covers calculating mean areal precipitation using different methods.

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170 views14 pages

Chapter 2 Hydrology

This document discusses hydrology and precipitation measurement. It defines different types of precipitation like snow, hail, sleet and rain. It also describes different precipitation types including convective, orographic and cyclonic precipitation. The document outlines methods to measure precipitation including depth, intensity, duration and frequency. It discusses types of rain gauges and dealing with missing data. Finally, it covers calculating mean areal precipitation using different methods.

Uploaded by

Sky Fire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYDROLOGY

BFC 3092
MADAM SITI NAZAHIYAH BTE RAHMAT
ROOM NO. : D1-105
PHONE NO. (O) : 07-4537404 (o)
012 – 6485098 (m)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.,


FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,
UTHM
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
CLASSIFICATION OF PRECIPITATION
(1) Snow – Complex ice crystals. A snowflake consists of agglomerated
ice crystals. The average water content of snow is assumed
to be about 10% of an equal volume of water.
(2) Hail – Balls of ice that are about 5 to over 125 mm in diameter.
Their specific gravity is about 0.7 to 0.9. Thus, hailstones
have the potential for agricultural and other property
damage.
(3) Sleet – Results from the freezing of raindrops and is usually a
combination of snow and rain.
(4) Rain – Consists of liquid water drops of a size 0.5 mm to about 7
mm in diameter.
(5) Drizzle – Very small, numerous and uniformly dispersed water drops
that appear to float while following air currents. Drizzle drops
are considered to be less than 0.5 millimeter diameter. The
settling velocity is slow, with the intensity rarely exceeding 1
mm / hr (0.04 in./hr). It is also known as warm precipitation.
PRECIPITATION TYPES
CONVECTIVE (PEROLAKAN) PRECIPITATION
• typical of the tropics such as in South East Asia.

• brought about by heating of the air at the interface


with the ground.

• This heated air expands with a resultant reduction in


weight. During this period, increasing quantities of
water vapor are taken up, the warm moisture – laden
air becomes unstable and pronounced vertical
currents are developed.

• Dynamic cooling takes place, causing condensation


and precipitation. Convective precipitation maybe in
the form of light showers or storms of extremely high
intensity (thunderstorms).
OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION

• results from the mechanical lifting of moist


horizontal air currents over natural barriers
such as mountain ranges.

• very common on the West Coast of the


United States where moisture laden air from
the Pacific Ocean is intercepted by coastal
hills and mountains.
CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION

• Cyclonic precipitation is associated with


the movement of air masses from high
pressure regions to low pressure
regions.
• These pressure differences are created
by the unequal heating of the earth’s
surface. This precipitation may be
classified as frontal or nonfrontal.
MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION
(1) Depth (d), is the sum of rainfall
(2) Intensity (i), or depth of rainfall per unit
time, is commonly reported in the units of
millimeters per hours.
(3) Duration (t) is the duration of a storm
(4) Frequency, is the frequency of rain, it is
usually called as return period (T),
(5) Area (A), is the area of rainfall geographic
EXAMPLE 2.1
TYPES OF RAIN GAUGES

• Non recording gauges

• Recording gauges
There are at least three types of gauges
commonly in use to record depth:
i) Weighing gauge (penimbang)
ii) Tipping bucket (jongket)
iii) Float type (sifon)
MISSING DATA

POINT PRECIPITATION

2.5.1.1 Arithmatic Mean Method


(Purata kira-kira)
2.5.1.2 Normal Ratio Method
(Nisbah normal)
2.5.1.3 Quadrant Method
(Empat sukuan)
GAGE CONSISTENCY
MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION

2.7.1 Arithmatic - mean Method


(Purata kira – kira)
2.7.2 Thiessen Polygon Method
(Segibanyak Thiessen)
2.7.3 Isohyetal Method
(Isohiet)

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