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Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of The Republic of Moldova

This laboratory report summarizes a student's work on errors and evaluating values in mathematics. The student analyzed absolute and relative error, calculating limits of error. Exercises had the student approximate a value using significant digits, find errors in the form of ±, and express the answer as an interval using upper and lower error boundaries. Conclusions noted that relative error was under 10% but not sufficient, and that rounding after each operation would improve later approximations and precision.

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Istrate Nicolae
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26 views

Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of The Republic of Moldova

This laboratory report summarizes a student's work on errors and evaluating values in mathematics. The student analyzed absolute and relative error, calculating limits of error. Exercises had the student approximate a value using significant digits, find errors in the form of ±, and express the answer as an interval using upper and lower error boundaries. Conclusions noted that relative error was under 10% but not sufficient, and that rounding after each operation would improve later approximations and precision.

Uploaded by

Istrate Nicolae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of

the Republic of Moldova


Technical University of Moldova

ISA Department

REPORT
Laboratory Work No.1
at Special Mathematics

Student: D.Cebotaru
(FAF-171)
Professor: E.Cojuhari

Chișinău 2018
Subject: “Number Analysis. Errors. Methods of Evaluating Values”

In mathematics, error analysis is the study of kind and quantity of error, or


uncertainty, that may be present in the solution to a problem. This issue is
particularly prominent in applied areas such as numerical analysis and statistics.
 So, let A be an exact number, and let a be an approximation of A. Then the
absolute error of a is the absolute value of the difference between A and a:
Δ(a)=|A-a|
 The relative error of a, however, is the result of dividing the absolute error
of a, Δ(a), by the absolute value a. Furthermore, the result we get after
dividing the absolute error of a by the absolute value of A, is called the
relative error of A in a.
Δ (a)
Rel(a)=
¿ a∨¿ ¿
Δ(a)
Rel(A) in a =
¿ A∨¿ ¿

Thus, below there are presented the properties of absolute error and relative error:
Δ(a)=|A-a| Δa ≥ Δ(a)

Δ(a) δa ≥ δ(a)
δ(a)=
¿ a∨¿ ¿
Δa and δa are the called the limits of the absolute error
and, respectively, the relative error of a.

Δ(a+b) = Δa + Δb Δa+ Δb
δ(a+b) = ¿ a+b∨¿ ¿
Δ(a-b) = Δa + Δb
Δ(ab) = aΔb + bΔa
a aΔ b+ b Δa Δa+ Δb
Δ( b ) = δ(a-b) = ¿ a−b∨¿ ¿
b2
a
δ(ab) = δ( b )= δ(a)+ δ(b)
δ(ak) = kδ(a)
Exercises:
1. Let X be a given number. Let X1 be the approximation of X, which
has 3 significant digits. Find the limits of absolute and relative
error of X1 (ΔX1 and δX1).
2. Let Z be a function which has as variables a, b and c, whose values
are given.
1) Evaluate Z. Approximate (≈) using counting digits.
2) Find the errors. Write it in the form of □±□.
3) Rewrite as an interval, in the form of [□≤□≤□] using the
upper and the lower boundaries.
Variant 13.
X Z a b c
0.10834 c+ sin b 0.3107 13.27 4.711
c−a2
a b c sin b c +sin b a2 c−a2 Z
0.3107 13.27 4.711

a 0.3107 ∆a 0.00005
b 13.27 ∆b 0.005
c 4.711 ∆c 0.0005
sin b ∆ (sin b)
c +sin b ∆ (c +sin b)
a2 ∆ (a2 )
c−a2 ∆ (c−a2)
Z ∆Z
a=0.3107 b=13.27 c=4.711
∆ a=0.000 0 5 ∆ b=0.0 05 ∆ c=0.0 005

LB UB
a
b
c
sin b
c +sin b
a2
c−a2
Z
Conclusions:
 The obtained relative error in exercise 1, is less then 10%, this shows that
the quality of computation is pretty good, but not sufficient and this is why
we need to optimize our initial data or precision of rounding.
 The obtained approximation of Z is not the best approximation. Errors added
up with each prior operation with a, b and c.
 The additional digit which we round up to after every operation is useful in
later algebraic manipulations. It elevates the level of precision by which we
approximate later values.

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