Flowchart

for
Control Structure
By Dr Goh Wan Inn
 Control Structures
• Describe the flow of execution
• Basic types of control structure:
1. Sequential
2. Selection
3. Repetition
 Sequential Structure
• A series of steps or statements that are executed in the
order they are written in an algorithm.
• Pseudo code - Mark the beginning & end of a block of
statements.

1. Start
2. Statement_1
3. Statement_2
4. Statement_3
n. Statement_n+1
N+1.End
 Sequential Structure – flow chart
• Multiple statements considered as one
statement

Statement simply means

command or instruction
statement


statement
statement
 Sequential Structure -
Start
trace
Read
Length,
Input:
Width Length <- 5
Width <- 3

Calculate Area Process:

Area=Length * Width Area = 5 * 3 = 15

Calculate Perimeter Process:

Perimeter= Perimeter =
2 * (Width+Length) 2* (5+3) = 16
Output

Area: 15
Print
Area, Perimeter: 16
Perimeter

Stop
 Selection Structure
Selection allows you to choose between two or more
alternatives; that is it allows you to make decision.

Decisions made by a computer must be very simple

since everything in the computer ultimately reduces to
either true (1) or false (0).

If complex decisions are required, it is the

programmer’s job to reduce them to a series of simple
decisions that the computer can handle.
 Selection Structure
– Problem Examples
Problem 1: Determine whether profit, return capital or loss.

Problem 2: Determine whether a number is even or odd.

Problem 3: Determine whether the marks is less than 60%. If it is less

than 60, then print “fail”, otherwise print “pass”.

Problem 4: Determine whether the speed limit exceeds 110 km per

hour. If the speed exceeds 110, then fine = 300, otherwise fine = 0.
Display fine.

Problem 5: Determine whether the age is above 12 years old. If the age
is above 12, then ticket = 20, otherwise ticket = 10. Display ticket.
 Selection Structure(cont..)
• Pseudo code – requires the use of the
keywords if.

Algorithm: one choice selection

:
n. if condition
n.1 statement
n+1. end_if
:
 Selection Structure
(cont..)
If
“do or don’t”
(one-choice)

TRUE
condition
condition

FALSE

statement
 statement

°
If set condition is true, execute the
statement, else do nothing
 Selection Structure (cont..)
• Pseudo code – requires the use of the
keywords if and else.
Algorithm: two choices selection
:
n. if condition
n.1 statement
:
n+1. else
n+1.1 statement
:
n+2. end_if
:
 Selection Structure (cont..)
If-else
(two-choices) “do this or do that”

TRUE FALSE
condition

Statement 1 Statement 2  statement

If set condition is true, execute the first

statement, else execute second statement
 Selection Structure (cont..)
• Pseudo code – nested if.

Algorithm: nested if
:
n. if condition
:
n.m if condition
n.m.1 statement
:
n+1. end_if
:
 Selection Structure (cont..)
Nested if
(if within if)

FALSE
test1 FALSE
test1
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE

TRUE
test2 °
 °

statement

Considered as °
one statement
°

it is an “one-choice” if
 Selection Structure (cont..)
• Pseudo code – nested if using if-else if.
Algorithm: if-else if
:
n. if condition
n.m if condition
n.m.1 statement
:
n+1 else
n+1.m.1 statement
:
n+2. end_if
:
 Selection Structure (cont..)
Complex if-else & if Statements
x

FALSE
condition
TRUE

statement

statement TRUE
condition

FALSE
statement

°
°
Considered as one statement
 Selection Structure - trace
Start
Enter a Number >> 10

Category A
Input:
Read Num
Num <- 10
Num = 10
10 > 0 ? => YES

Num>0? No

Print
"Category B"
Yes

Print
Output:
"Category A"
“Category A” What is the Output of the
following flowchart when the input
Num= 10
Stop
Selection Structure – trace (cont..)
Start
Enter a Number >> 0

Category B
Read Num Input: Category A
Num <- 0
Num = 0 Output:
0 > 0 ? => NO “Category B”

Num>0? No

Print
"Category B"
Yes

Print
Output:
"Category A"
“Category A” What is the Output of the
following flowchart when the
input is Num= 0
Stop
 Repetition Structure
• Specifies a block of one or more statements
that are repeatedly executed until a condition
is satisfied.
• Usually the loop has two important parts:
1. An expression that is tested for a
true/false,
2. A statement or block that is repeated as
long as the expression is true
 Repetition Structure (cont..)
• Pseudo code – requires the use of the
keywords while for pre-test loop.

Algorithm: one choice selection

:
n. While condition
n.1 statement
:
n+1. end_while
:
 Repetition Structure (cont..)
while Loop
(pre-test loop)

°
FALSE
condition
condition


TRUE
statement
body of loop

While a set condition is true, repeat statement (body of loop)

 Repetition Structure (cont..)
• Pseudo code – requires the use of the
keywords repeat..until for post-
test loop.
Algorithm: one choice selection
:
n. Repeat
n.1 statement
:
n+1. until condition
:
 Repetition Structure - Counters
• Counter: Can be used to control execution of the
loop (loop control variable)

• It will increment or decrement each time a loop

repeats

• Must be initialized before entering loop

 Repetition Structure (cont..)
x
Start

initialization
cnt=0
°
°
FALSE
condition FALSE
cnt<5 End
TRUE
TRUE
body of loop
Print “dayang”

increment
cnt=cnt+1
y
 Repetition Structure (cont..)
What is the Output of the following flowchart when the input is Num= 4
Start
Variables
Variables
Variables (in
(in
(in memory):
memory):
memory):
Num
Num
Num [[[ 444 ]]]
Input: Result
Result
Read Num
Num <- 4
Result [[[ 4
0710]
9 ]]] 049
7 +++ 431
2
Count
Count [[[ 4
Count 320
1 ]]] 431
2 --- 111

Initialize

Result=0
Count=Num

Enter a Number => 4

Count
Count
Count=
Count ===4
132
0
Print Count Count: 4
4
132>
>>>0
000?? ??=>
=>
=>YES
YES
YES
0 => YES
NO Count: 3
Count: 2
Result=Result + Count
Count>0? Yes Count: 1
Count=Count - 1
Count: 0
No
Result: 10

Print
Result

Stop
 Repetition Structure –
Letting the User Control a Loop
❑ Program can be written so that user input
determines loop repetition

❑ Used when program processes a list of

items, and user knows the number of items

❑ User is prompted before loop. Their input is

used to control number of repetitions
Repetition Structure (cont..)
Start

cnt=0

Get limit

°
FALSE
cnt<limit End

TRUE
Print “dayang”

cnt=cnt+1
 Repetition Structure - Sentinels
Algorithm 3.3: Loop control by sentinel
value
1. Start
2. Set repeat = 1
3. while (repeat = 1)
3.1 Read no1
3.2 Read no2
3.4 Print no1 + no2
3.5 Read repeat
4. end_while
5. End
THANK YOU