BFC 20802 COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
DR. GOH WAN INN
Room: M157 North east tower level 1, FKAAB
[email protected] 1
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What Is Computer?
• An electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
• Two major components
Computer
Hardware Software
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Why Program?
Computer – programmable machine designed to follow
instructions
Program – instructions in computer memory to make it do
something
Programmer – person who writes instructions (programs) to
make computer perform a task
SO, without programmers, no programs; without programs, a
computer cannot do anything
Types of Computer
Personal computers
Mobile computers & mobile devices
Game consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded computers 6
Computer’s Component
Main Component (Hardware) of computer;
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Computer’s Component (cont…)
• The architecture of a typical computer, usually consists of;
– System Unit (CPU)
• power of the computers. Consist of ALU and control unit.
– Main Memory (RAM & ROM)
• stores information to be processed or instructions on how to process
information.+ 2nd Storage (mass storage - tapes, optical discs, magnetic
disc, etc.)
– Peripherals devices
• 2 types;
1. Input Devices – keyboards, mouse, laser pointer, digital pen, etc.
2. Output Devices – monitors, LCD screen, printers, speakers, etc.
– Communication Devices
• Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information
Note:
Some references books show the basic components of typical computer system is CPU, Main
memory, secondary memory/storage devices, input devices and output devices.
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Computer Architecture (Cont…)
• Basic Hardware Components
System unit
Communication
devices
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Computer Architecture
• The Organization of CPU
CPU
Instruction ALU – Arithmetic
(Input) Logic Unit
Control
Unit
Result
(Output)
Communication
devices
Input Devices
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Computer Architecture (cont…)
System Unit (CPU)
• Comprised of:
• Control Unit
• Retrieves and decodes program instructions
• Coordinates activities of all other parts of computer
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit
• Hardware optimized for high-speed numeric calculation
• Hardware designed for true/false, yes/no decisions
Computer Architecture (cont…)
Main Memory
• It is volatile. Main memory is erased when program terminates
or computer is turned off
• Also called Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Organized as follows:
• bit: smallest piece of memory. Has values 0 (off, false) or 1
(on, true)
• byte: 8 consecutive bits. Bytes have addresses.
Computer Architecture (cont…)
Main Memory
• Addresses – Each byte in memory is identified by a unique
number known as an address.
In Figure 1-3, the number 149 is stored in the byte with the address 16, and the
number 72 is stored at address 23.
Computer Architecture (cont…)
Secondary storage
• Non-volatile: data retained when program is not running or
computer is turned off
• Comes in a variety of media:
• magnetic: floppy disk, zip disk, hard drive
• optical: CD-ROM
• Flash drives, connected to the USB port
Computer Architecture (cont…)
Input devices
• Devices that send information to the computer from
outside
• Many devices can provide input:
• Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, microphone
• Disk drives and CD-ROM
Computer Architecture (cont…)
Output devices
• Output is information sent from a computer program to
the outside world.
• The output is sent to an output device
• Many devices can be used for output:
• Computer monitor and printer
• Floppy, zip disk drives
• Writable CD drives
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Computer Software
• Software is divided into 2 categories
Software
System Application
Software Software
Computer Software (Cont..)
SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE
•Normally supplied by the •Designed to perform a specific task
manufacturer of the computer such as course registration or
banking and a general-purpose such
•Consists of utility programs and
as processor (eg. Ms Word)
operating aids that facilitate the use
and performance of the computer •May be acquired by purchasing off-
the-shelf or by designing for own
•Includes the computer’s operating
purpose (customer made)
system
•Off-the-shelf : prewritten and
•Related software that manages the
ready to use
system’s resources and control the
operations of the hardware. •Custom made : written by in-
house, consulting firm or software
house
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Computer Software (Cont..)
Where are the application and system software?
Application Software
• users can directly understand and
use the software.
• communicate in human language
• eg. Micr. Office, notepad, prog.
lang. such C, C++, VB,Python etc.
Interpreter
• use to interpret high-level
language to low level lang.
and so on. System Software
• user will communicate with • operating system
system easily. • manage and control by
machine language
• eg. i-Mac, windows, Unix,
Linux,machine lang.
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Programs & Programming
Languages
• A program is a set of instructions that the computer follows to
perform a task
• We start with an algorithm, which is a set of well-defined
steps.
Example Algorithm for
Calculating Area of Rectangle
Machine Language
• Although the previous algorithm defines the steps for
calculating the area of a rectangle, it is not ready to be
executed on the computer.
• The computer only executes machine language instructions.
Machine Language
• Machine language instructions are binary numbers, such as
1011010000000101
• Rather than writing programs in machine language,
programmers use programming languages.
Programs and
Programming Languages
• Types of languages:
• Low-level: used for communication
with computer hardware directly.
Often written in binary machine
code (0’s/1’s) directly.
• High-level: closer to human
language
Some Well-Known High Level
Programming Languages
From a High-level Program to an Executable File
1. Create file containing the program with a text editor.
2. Run preprocessor to convert source file directives to source
code program statements.
3. Run compiler to convert source program into machine
instructions.
4. Run linker to connect hardware-specific code to machine
instructions, producing an executable file.
• Steps 1 - 4 are often performed by a single command or button
click.
• Errors detected at any step will prevent execution of following
steps.
From a High-level Program to an Executable File
Source Code Object Code
Preprocessor Linker
Modified Executable Code
Source Code
Compiler
