Mathematics

1. LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

n Linear equation

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l Equation : A statement of equality which involves in number (s) is called an equation.

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4x = 12, 4 + x = 10, 7 – 2x = 5 etc.

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The literal numbers involved in each equation are called its variables (unknowns). Usually the variables are
denoted by letters towards the end of English alphabet, e.g., x,y,z,u,v,w, etc.

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l Linear equation : An equation in which the highest value of the variables involved is one, is called a linear

a
x

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equation. eg., x + y = 10, 7x = 21, =8
3

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l Linear equation in one variables : An equation only one variable (literal) with highest power 1 is called a

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linear equation in one variable. e.g., 17x = 51, 17x – 30, 5 y = 30, etc.

l Linear equation in two variables : An equation of the form ax + by = c, where a, b, c are real numbers is

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called a linear equation in two variables x and y.
} The graph of a linear equation ax + by = c is a straight line.

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3x + 2y = 18, is an example of a linear equation in two tables.
} The value of the variables that satisfy the equation is called the solution (or solution set) of the equation.

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l Important points about linear equation in two variables

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(i) The graph of an equation of the type x = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line parallel to the y-axis

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at a distance of k units from the y-axis.

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(ii) The graph of an equation of the type y = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line parallel to the x-axis

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at a distance of k units from the x-axis.
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(iii) The points of intersection of the two lines gives the solution of the two equations.

(iv) A single linear equation in two variables has infinite no. of solutions.

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n Pair of linear equations in two variables
Two or more linear equations in two variables form a system of linear simultaneous equations.

e.g., a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2.

where a1, a2, b1, b2 , c1, c2 are real numbers. Such that a12 + b12 ¹ 0,a22 + b22 ¹ 0

Clearly a pair of linear equations in two variables is said to be form a system of simultaneous linear equations.

Ex. x + y – 3 = 0 and 2x + 3y – 7 = 0

l Consistent system : A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equation is said to be consistent, if it has at
least one solution.

l Inconsistent system : A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it
has no solution.

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Class X
Conditions for simultaneous equations

Pair of linear equations Graphical Algebraic

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Algebraic conditions representation interpretation

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a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

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Consistent a1 b1
¹ Intersecting lines Exactly one solution
(Independent) a 2 b2 (unique solution)

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Consistent a 1 b1 c1 Coincident lines Infinitely many
= =
(Dependent) a 2 b2 c 2 solutions

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a 1 b1 c1
In-consistent = ¹ Pair of parallel No solution
a 2 b2 c 2
lines

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a1 b1

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l The homogeneous system has a non-zero solution only when = and in this case, the system has an infinite
a 2 b2

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number of solution.
l A system of equations has unique solution, when only one variable satisfies the equation.
l For a system of equations a unique solution is possible only when the number of variables is equal to or less than

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number of independent and consistent equations.

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e.g., 2x + 3y = 5 and 7x + 5y = 20
and 2x + 3y = 5, 7x + 5y = 12, 5x + 8y = 13

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l The equation of the type ax + by = c and kax + kby = kc are known as dependent equations.

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e.g., 2x + y = 11 ....... (i)
6x + 3y = 33 ....... (ii)

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Here equation (ii) is the multiple of equation (i). Thus, there are basically both the equations same, i.e., equation
(ii) is dependent on equation (i). In this case there are infinite number of solutions.

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l The equation of the type ax + by = c and kax + kby = lc are known as inconsistent equations.

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e.g., 3x + 2y = 8 ....... (i)

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6x + 4y = 6 ....... (ii)
Properties of graphs of a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2
(i) intersecting, if the system has a unique solution.

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(ii) coincident, if the system has infinte number of solution.
(iii) parallel, if the system has no solution.
l Graphical representation of simultaneous equations :
(i) intersecting lines (unique solution)
e.g., x+y=4 ....... (i)
and 3x + 2y = 11 ....... (ii)
\ 3(x + y) = 3 × 4 Þ 3x + 3y = 12

\ 3x + 3y = 12
3x + 2y = 11
– – –
y=1

\ x +y =4 Þx+ 1=4Þx= 3
\ x = 3 and y = 1

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 Mathematics
Thus two given lines intersect at x = 3, y = 1.

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4
3

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2 (3,1)
1

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1 2 3 4
0

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–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1 5 6
–2 (x + y = 4)

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(3x + 2y = 11)

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(ii) Coincident lines (infinite number of solutions)
e.g., x+y=4 ....... (i)

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2x + 2y = 8 ........ (ii)

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The two equations are dependent, therefore the graph of two lines will coincide.

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5

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(0, 4) 4 x+y=4
3 and 2x + 2y = 8

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2

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1 (4, 0)

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1 2 3 4 5

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(iii) Parallel lines (no solution)
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e.g., x+y=4

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2x + 2y = 12
Since the system of equations is inconsistent then there is no any solution and in this case we obtain two

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distinct parallel lines.

6 (0, 6)
5
4 (0, 4)
3
2
1 (4, 0) (6, 0)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2x + 2y = 12

(x+ y = 4)

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Class X
n Algebraic methods of solving simultaneous equations in two variables
Substitution method
Elimination

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method
Elimination method or Addition

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Subtraction of Equations

Cross multiplication method (Cramer's rule)

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l Substitution method

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To solve a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y by substitution method, we follow the following steps:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)

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and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)

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Step-1: Choose one of the two equations and express y in terms of x (or x in terms of y), i.e., express, one
variable in terms of the other.

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Step-2 : Substitute this value of y obtained in step-I, in the other equation to get a linear equation in x.
Step-3 : Solve the linear equation obtained in step-II and get the value of x.

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Step-4 : Substitute this value of x in the relation obtained in step-I and find the value of y.

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Ex. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
2x + 3y = 0 and 3x – 8y = 0
Sol. We have,

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2x + 3y = 0 ...(1) and 3x – 8y = 0 ...(2)

– 2x

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From (1), we get y = ...(3)
3

y
– 2x
Substituting y = in (2), we get
3

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æ – 2x ö
3x – 8 ç =0
ç 3 ÷÷

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è ø

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4x
Þ 3x + = 0 Þ 3x + 4x = 0 Þ 7x = 0

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3

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Þ x=0

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– 2 ´0
Substituting x = 0 in (3), we get y = =0
3

Hence, the solution is x = 0 and y = 0.

l Elimination method
To solve a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y by elimination method, we follow the following steps:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
Step-1 : Multiply the given equations by suitable numbers so that the coefficient of one of the variables are
numerically equal.
Step-2 : If the numerically equal coefficients are opposite in sign, then add the new equations otherwise
subtract.
Step-3 : Solve the linear equations in one variable obtained in step-II and get the value of one variable.
Step-4 : Substitute this value of the variable obtained in step-III in any of the two equations and find the value
of the other variable.
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 Mathematics
Ex. Solve the following pair of equation by the elimination method.

x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4

Sol. Solution By Elimination Method:

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x+y=5 ...(i)

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2x – 3y = 4 ...(ii)

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Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 1 and adding we get 3(x + y) + 1 (2x – 3y) = 3 × 5 + 1 × 4

Þ 3x + 3y + 2x – 3y = 19

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19

a
Þ 5x = 19 Þ x =
5
19

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From (i), substituting x = , we get
5

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19 19 6
+y=5Þy=5– Þy=
5 5 5

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19 6
Hence, x = ,y=

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5 5
l Cross-multiplication method

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Consider the system of linear equations

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a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1) ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
To solve it by cross multiplication method, we follow the following steps :

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Step-1 : Write the coefficients as follows :

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x y 1

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x y l
= = or
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1 b1 c1 a1 b1

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b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 b2

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x y 1
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= =

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b1c2 - b2 c1 c1a2 - c2 a1 a1 b2 - a2 b1

b1 c 2 - b2 c1 c1 a 2 - c2 a1

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Þ x = a b –a b and y= a b –a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Case-1 : If a1b2 – a2b1 ¹ 0 Þ x and y have some finite values, with unique solution for the system of equations.
a1 b1
Case-2 : If a1b2 – a2b1 = 0 Þ =
a 2 b2
Here two cases arise :

a1 b1 c1
(a) If a = b = c = l (l ¹ 0). Then a1 = a2l, b1 = b2l, c1 = c2l
2 2 2

Put these values in equation a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)

Þ a2lx + b2l y + c2l = 0 Þ l (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 but l ¹ 0

Þ a2x + b2y + c2 =0 ...(ii)

So (i) and (ii) are dependent, so there are infinite number of solutions.

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a1 b1 c1
(b) If a = b ¹ c Þ a1b2 – b1a2 = 0
2 2 2

b1 c 2 - b2 c1 c1 a 2 - c2 a1

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But x = a b – a b and y = a b – a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

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Finite value Finite value
Þ x= = does not exist and y = = does not exist
0 0

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So system of equations is inconsistent.

Ex. Solve 3x + 2y = – 25, – 2x – y = 10.

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Sol. The two equations are

a
3x + 2y = – 25

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–2x – y = 10.

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The solution is given by

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x y -1
= =
2 ´ 10 - ( -1) ´ ( -25) (-25) ´ ( -2) – 3 ´ 10 3 ´ ( -1) - ( -2) ´ 2

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x y -1
or = =

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-5 20 1

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or x = 5, y = –20.

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u d
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 Mathematics
LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES EXERCISE
1. 2 men and 3 boys together can do a piece of work 9. If (3k+1)x + 3y – 2 = 0
in 8 days. The same work is done in 6 days by and (k2+1) x + (k – 2)y – 5 = 0

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3 men and 2 boys together. How long would 1 boy then the value of ‘k’ for the given equations having

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alone and 1 man alone take to complete the work no solution is
independently. (1) 1 (2) 0

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(1) 40 days, 120 days (2) 120 days, 40 days (3) –2 (4) – 1
(3) 20 days, 120 days (4) 120 days, 20 days 10. In a fraction if the numerator is multiplied by 3 and

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2. A sailor goes 12 km downstream in 2 hours and 18
the denominator is reduced by 3, is equal to ,
return to the starting point in 3 hours. Find the speed 11

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of the sailor in still water and the speed of the but if the numerator is increased by 8 and the de-
2
current.

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nominator is doubled then it is equal to . So the
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(1) 5 km/hr, 1 km/hr (2) 1 km/hr, 5 km/hr fraction is

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(3) 4 km/hr, 1 km/hr (4) 3 km/hr, 1 km/hr 12 13 8 7
3. 5 pens and 6 pencils together cost Rs. 9 and 3 pens (1) (2) (3) (4)
25 12 5 19

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and 2 pencils cost Rs. 5. Find the cost of 1 pen and 11. The length of the sides of a triangle are 3x + 2y,
1 pencil.

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4 3
4x + y and 3(x + 1) + (y – 1). If the triangle is
(1) Rs. 2, Rs. 0.50 (2) Rs.1.50, Rs.0.25 3 2
(3) Rs.1.50, Rs.0.50 (4) Rs.2, Rs.0.25 equilateral, then its side is

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4. A half-ticket issued by railway costs half the full fare (1) 8 (2) 10

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but the reservation charge is the same on half ticket (3) 12 (4) 16
as on full-ticket. One full reserved first class ticket 12. The solution of the equations :

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for a journey between two stations costs Rs. 362 x y z
= = , 7x + 8y + 5z = 62 is :
and one full and one half reserved first class ticket 4 3 2

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costs Rs. 554. The reservation charge is. (1) (4,3,2) (2) (2,3,4)
(1) Rs.18 (2) Rs.22 (3) Rs.38 (4) None (3) (3,4,2) (4) (4,2,3)

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5. A test has 50 questions. A student scores 1 mark 13. If (p,p) is the solution of system of equations

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for a correct answer, – 1/3 for a wrong answer and ax + by + (t – s) = 0 and bx + ay + (s – r) = 0,

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– 1/6 for not attempting a question. If the net score (a ¹ b), then which of the following must be true ?
of a student is 32, the number of questions answered (1) 2r = s + t (2) 2t = r + s
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wrongly by that student cannot be less than (3) 2s = r + t (4) r + s + t = 0
(1) 6 (2) 12 (3) 3 (4) 9 14. If 173x + 197y = 149 and 197x + 173y = 221,
6. A three digits number abc is 459 more than the sum then find (x,y).

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of its digits. What is the sum of the 2 digit number (1) (3, – 2) (2) (2,1)
ab and the 1-digit number a ? (3) (1, – 2) (4) (2,–1)
(1) 71 (2) 61 15. Mallesh has some cows and some hens in his shed.
(3) 51 (4) Cannot be determine The total number of legs is 92 and the total number
7. For what value of ‘k’ will the equations x + 2y + 7 = 0 of heads is 29. Find the number of cows in his shed.
and 2x + ky + 14 = 0 represent coincident lines ? (1) 12 (2) 14
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 3 (3) 17 (4) 19
8. If 2x + 3y = 7 and (p + q) x + 2 (p – q) y = 21, then 16. A mother said to her son, “the sum of our present
the values of p and q are (given that the system has ages is twice my age 12 years ago and nine years
infinite solutions). hence, the sum of our ages will be thrice my age
(1) p = 10, q = 3 (2) p = 5, q = 2 14 years ago”. What is her son’s present age ? (in
years)
21 3
(3) p = ,q= (4) p = 10, q = 2 (1) 8 (2) 12
4 4
(3) 15 (4) 10

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Class X
17. A told B, “when I was as old as you are now, then 24. In a zoo, there are rabbits and pigeons. If their heads
your age was four years less than half of my present are counted, there are 90 while their legs are 224.
age”. If the sum of the present ages of A and B is Find the number of pigeons in the zoo.
61 years, what is B’s present age? (in years). (1) 70 (2) 68

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(1) 9 (2) 25 (3) 43 (4) 36
(3) 72 (4) 22

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18. Dheeraj has twice as many sisters as he has
25. Shyam had 85 currency notes in all, some of which
brothers. If Deepa, Dheeraj’s sister has the same
were of Rs.100 denomination and the remaining

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number of brothers as she has sisters, then Deepa
has how many brothers ? of Rs.50 denomination. The total amount of all

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these currency notes was Rs.5000. How much
(1) 2
amount in rupees did he have in the denomination
(2) 3

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of Rs.50 ?
(3) 4
(1) 3500 (2) 70

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(4) Cannot be determined
19. Swati starts her job with certain monthly salary and (3) 15 (4) 1500

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earns a fixed increment every year. If her salary was 26. A florist was asked to make a bouquet with exactly
Rs. 22500 per month after 6 years of service and Rs.1000 with 100 sticks of roses of three colours-

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Rs.30000 per month after 11 years of service. find Pink, Yellow and Red. While Pink roses cost
her salary after 8 years of service (in Rs.). Rs. 0.50 per stick, Red roses cost Rs.10.00 per

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(1) 24000 (2) 25500 stick and Yellow roses cost Rs. 50.00 per stick. How
(3) 26000 (4) 24500 many Red roses did the florist use in the bouquet ?

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20. If the demand for fertilizer product is given by (1) 1

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p + 5q = 21 and the supply is determined by
(2) 5
p – 2q = 7, where p and q denote the price of the
(3) 80

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commodity and q is the number of units of fertilizer
product supplied. If a man wants to buy q units of (4) Several combinations are possible

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fertilizer product, then the amount paid by him is
27. A student was asked to divide a number by 17/8.
(1) Rs.22 (2) Rs.30 (3) Rs.32 (4) Rs.24

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Instead, he actually multiplied it by 17/8 and hence
21. The quantity of fat in a kilogram of food A plus the got 225 more than the expected answer. What was
quantity of protein in a kilogram of food A is 100 g.

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the expected answer ?
The quantity of protein in a kilogram of food A minus

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twice the quantity of fat in a kilogram of food A is (1) 126 (2) 136

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10 g. How many grams of protein are there in a (3) 64 (4) None of these
kilogram of food A ?
28. A woman sells to the first customer half her stock
(1) 30 (2) 45 (3) 50 (4) 70
and half an apple, to the second customer she sells

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22. Ram and Mohan are friends. Each has some money.
half her remaining stock and half an apple, and so
If Ram gives Rs.30 to Mohan, then Mohan will have
on to the third, and to a fourth customer. She finds
twice the money left with Ram. But, If Mohan gives
Rs.10 to Ram, then Ram will have thrice as much that she has now 15 apples left. How many apples
as is left with Mohan. How much money does each did she have before she started selling ?
have ? (1) 63 (2) 127
(1) Rs.62, Rs.34 (2) Rs.6, Rs.2
(3) 240 (4) None of these
(3) Rs.170, Rs.124 (4) Rs.43, Rs.26
29. The equations 3x – 4y = 5 and 12x – 16y = 20
23. In a examination, a student attempted 15 questions
have
correctly and secured 40 marks. If there were two
types of questions (2 marks and 4 marks question), (1) No common solution
how many questions of 2 marks did he attempt
(2) Exactly one common solution
correctly ?
(1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 20 (4) 40 (3) Exactly two common solutions
(4) More than two common solutions

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 Mathematics
30. To a proper fraction, when six is added to the 35. A lending library has a fixed charge for the first
numerator and the denominator is increased by it’s three days and an additional charge for each day
1 thereafter. Sanchit paid Rs.45 for a book kept for
50%, the ratio becomes and when the

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2 7 days, while Karan paid Rs.25 for the book he
numerator is multiplied by 4 and denominator is kept for 5 days. The fixed charge and the charge

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reduced by 8, then the fraction becomes 3. The for each extra day is

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fraction (simplified) is (1) Rs.5 and Rs.10

1 (2) Rs.10 and Rs.5

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(1)
3 (3) Rs.15 and Rs.5

a
(4) Rs.5 and Rs.15
15
36.

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(2) How can the relationship between x and y be best
28
defined, if values of x and y are as follows ?

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33 x 2 3 4 5 6
(3)

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52 y 0 2 6 12 20
(1) y = 2x – 4 (2) y = x2 – 3x + 2

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(4) Cannot be determined
31. At the first stop on his route, a driver unloaded (3) y = x2 – 4x (4) y = x2 – 4
2/5 of the packages in his van. After be unloaded 37. There were 35 students in a hostel. If the number

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another three pakages at his next stop, 1/2 of the of students increases by 7, the expenses of the

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original number of packages remained. How many mess increase by Rs.42 per day while the average
packages were in the van before the first delivery ?

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expenditure per head diminished by Rs 1. Find the
(1) 25 (2) 10 original expenditure of the mess.

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(3) 30 (4) 36 (1) Rs.480 (2) Rs.520

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32. The pair of equations 3x+y = 81 ; 81x–y = 3 has (3) Rs.420 (4) Rs.460
(1) no solution
38. In a DABC, ÐA = x°, ÐB = y° and ÐC = (y + 20)°.

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If 4x – y = 10, then the triangle is

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1 7
(2) the solution x = 2 ,y = 1
2 8 (1) right angled (2) obstuse angled
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(3) the solution x = 2, y = 2 (3) equilateral (4) None of these

1 7 39. The sum of the two digits of a number is 15. If 9

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(4) the solution x = 2 , y = 1
8 8 be added to the number, then the digits are re-
versed. The number is
5x 7y
33. Find the value of x and y, if + = 6 and (1) 96 (2) 87 (3) 78 (4) 69
8 18
40. There are two examination rooms A and B. If 10
2(x – y) = –10.
candiates are sent from room A to room B, the
(1) 4,9 (2) 5,7 (3) 3,12 (4) 10,4
number of candiates in each room is the same,
34. If the numerator and the denominator of a fraction while if 20 are sent from room B to room A, the
are each increased by 4, the fraction becomes 2
number in room A becomes double the number in
and when numerator and denominator of the same
room B. The number of candidates in each room
fraction are each decreased by 6, the fraction
becomes 12. The sum of the numerator and the are respectively
denominator is (1) 80 and 100 (2) 100 and 80
(1) 11 (2) –11 (3) 25 (4) –25 (3) 80 and 120 (4) 100 and 60

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Class X
41. Consider the system of linear equations 43. Which one of the following conditions must a, b and c
satisfy so that the following system of linear
2x + 3y + 4z = 16
simultaneous equations has at least one solution,
4x + 4y + 5z = 26 such that

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ax + by + cz = r a+b+c¹0

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m + 2n – 3r = a
For r = 5 and a = 1 the system of linear
2m + 6n – 11 r = b

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equation will have infinite number of solutions, if c =
m – 2n + 7r = c
(1) 3/2 (2) 1

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(1) 5a + 2b + c = 0 (2) 5a + 2b – c = 0
(3) 1/2 (4) 0 (3) 5a – 2b – c = 0 (4) 5a – 2b + c = 0

a
42. In an examination there are 30 questions. 1 mark 44. If 2x + 3y = 78 and 3x + 2y = 72, what is the value
is given for each correct answer and 0.25 is of x + y ?

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deducted for every incorrect answer. Ankur (1) 36

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attempted all the questions and scored 13.75. How (2) 32
many incorrect answers did he have ? (3) 30

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(1) 10 (4) Cannot be determined

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(2) 11 28X 140
45. If 3Y + 9X = 54 and = then what is the
13Y 39
(3) 12

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value of Y – X ?
(4) None of these

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(1) –1 (2) –2 (3) 2 (4) 1

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u d
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@ ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 1 3 1 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 4 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 2
Que. 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 3 4 3 3 2

10