DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT CODE: ME8781

SUBJECT NAME: MECHATRONICS LABORATORY

SEVENTH SEMESTER

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHATRONICS LABORATORY
GENERAL LABORATORY RULES
1. BE PREPARED. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in the lab manual
before you begin any experiment. If you do not understand the procedure, see your instructor/TA.
2. THINK SAFETY. Work deliberately and carefully. No horseplay
3. KNOW EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. Know location of all exits, evacuation route, first aid
kit, eye wash, fire extinguisher, and safety shower.
4. ALL LABORATORY STUDENTS MUST BE SUPERVISED. Never work alone

5. KNOW THE HAZARDS OF ANY MATERIALS OR MACHINERY YOU ARE

WORKING WITH. The laboratory manual and/or instructor will review specific safety issues on
individual experiments before you perform any tests.
6. ALL STUDENTS MUST WEAR APPROPRIATE SAFETY EQUIPMENT. Safety goggles
must be worn anytime any laboratory experiment is being performed. Additional safety equipment
must be utilized based on specific experiment requirements.
7. ALL STUDENTS MUST WEAR APPROPRIATE LABORATORY ATTIRE. No open toed
shoes, Shoes must completely cover the foot. No sandals or crocs are allowed; no loose fitting
clothing; Jewellery should be removed; long hair should be tied back
8. NO FOOD OR BEVERAGE ALLOWED INSIDE THE LABORATORY.
9. REPORT ANY PERCEIVED SAFETY HAZARDS. Immediately report any spills, equipment
malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety hazards to your Instructor / LA/ staff member.

10. KEEP YOUR WORK AREA CLEAN.

11. ANY UNSAFE OR DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR MUST BE REPORTED TO THE LAB
TECHNICIAN.
12. FAILURE TO CONFIRM WITH ANY OF THE ABOVE RULES MAY RESULT IN NOT
BEING ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LABORATORY EXPERMENT.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (PSO):

Graduates of the program will achieve optimized design by utilizing their

PSO1: knowledge in thermal engineering, material science, manufacturing, fluid
power and computer integrated manufacturing.

Graduates will be able to analyze and interpret by using modern tools and
PSO2:
provide solutions to real time mechanical engineering and related problems.

Graduates will learn managerial skills to work effectively in a team and are
aware of the impact of professional engineering solutions in human
PSO3:
community, environmental context, ethics and be able to communicate
effectively.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):

Course Outcomes

Make use of assembly language programming of 8085 , stepper motor interface

Analyze the basic hydraulic and pneumatic circuits using software

Compare the Basic hydraulic and Pneumatic Trainer Kit with manual and electrical Controls
and PLC Control
Understand the Image processing system with hardware & software
Understand the traffic light control system
Exhibit ethical principles in engineering practices

Perform task as individual and /or team member to manage the task in time

Express the engineering activities with effective presentation and report

Interpret the finding with appropriate technological /research citation

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Page
Expt Name of the Experiment No.
.No.
1. Assembly language programming of 8085–Addition
2. Assembly language programming of 8085–8 bit subtraction
3. Assembly language programming of 8085–8 bit multiplication
4. Assembly language programming of 8085–8 bit division
5. Assembly language programming of 8085–Sorting in ascending order
6. Assembly language programming of 8085–Sorting in descending order
7. Assembly language programming of 8085–BCD to HEX conversion
8. Stepper motor interface with 8051– Microcontroller
9. Microcontroller based traffic light system
10. Speed measurement of DC motor using optical sensor
11. Strain measurement system
Experimentation on the characteristics of LVDT position sensor with
12. respect to the differential voltage
Experimentation on the characteristics of the pressure cell with
13. respect to the bridge voltage
14. Temperature measurement system
15. Actuation of single acting cylinder using a two way pressure valve
Actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in
16. meter-in circuit
Actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in
17. meter- out circuit
Actuation of rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in
18. meter-out circuit
19. Actuation of rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in manual
mode
20. Continuous reciprocation of single acting cylinder
21. Continuous reciprocation of double acting cylinder
22. Actuation of double acting cylinder using 5/2single pilot valve
23. Actuation of double acting cylinder using 5/2double pilot valve
Actuation of single acting cylinder using 3/2 single solenoid valve
24. (electro- pneumatic)
25. Actuation of single acting cylinder using ON- delay timer
26. Actuation of single acting cylinder using OFF- delay timer
27. Design and testing of logical control of double acting cylinder
28. Simulation of double acting cylinder with time delay
29. Simulation of double acting cylinder in the sequence of A+B+B-A-
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Design and testing of pneumatic circuit for single cycle

30. automation of multi cylinder in the sequence of A+B+A-B-
Design and testing of pneumatic circuit for single cycle
31. automation of multi cylinder in the sequence of A+B+B-A-
Design and testing of the operation of double acting cylinder
32. using electro pneumatic circuit
Design and testing of multi cycle operation of double acting cylinder
33. using electro pneumatic circuit
Design and testing of electro pneumatic circuit for single cycle
34. automation of multi cylinder in the sequence of A+B+B-A-
35. Actuation of single acting cylinder with PLC using AND gate

36. Actuation of single acting cylinder with PLC using OR gate

37. Actuation of single acting cylinder with PLC using ON delay timer

38. Simulate the actuation of single acting cylinder with plc

39. Actuation of double acting cylinder with PLC using

40. Automatic actuation of single acting cylinder using PLC

41. Automatic actuation of double acting cylinder using PLC

42. Study of image processing technique

43. Study of PID controller

44. Speed control of servo motor using PID controller

45. Real time temperature controller using PID

46. Study of Performance characteristics of pressure controllers

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PROGRAMMING THE 8085 TRAINER KIT:

Note: There are two ways to enter the program

1) Mnemonics method
2) Opcodemethod

PROCEDURE 1:
TO ENTER THE MNEMONICS
 Initially connect the 5V adaptor to J8connector
 Switch ON the SAS – 85 kit using slide SwitchSW1
 “SAS -- 85 ” will be displayed on theLCD
 Connect the Keyboard in PS/2connector
 Depress “A” starting address of the program for Ex:A8100
For ex: A8100 enter key
Type the mnemonics MVI A,12press Enter key
Type the mnemonics MVI B, 12 press Enter key and continue the same procedure till the
end of the program

ADDRESS OPCODES MNEMONICS

8100 3E 12 MVI A,12H
8102 06 12 MVI B,12H
8104 80 ADD B
8105 32 00 82 STA 8200
8108 76 HLT

To verify the code depress D starting address and depress space bar to see next memory
location
For Ex: D8100 and press spacebar till the end of the program
 To execute the program Depress “G staring address for Ex:G8100.
 To see the result depress “M result address” for Ex:M8200.
 To view the output in the Register depress „R‟ and press enter key inkeyboard.

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PROCEDURE 2:
TO ENTER THE OPCODE
 Follow the same procedure till step4
 Depress “M” starting address of the program for Ex: M8100

Forex: M8100 press enter

Typethe opcode 3E spacebar

Type the opcode 12 space bar and continue the same till the end of the program

ADDRESS OPCODES MNEMONICS

8100 3E 12 MVI A,12
8102 06 12 MVI B,12
8104 80 ADD B
8105 32 00 82 STA 8200
8108 76 HLT

 To view the code depress D starting address and depress space bar to see next memory
location
For Ex: D8100 and press spacebar till the end of the program
 To execute the program Depress “G staring address for Ex:G8100.
 To see the result depress “M result address” for Ex: M8200.
 To view the output in the Register depress „R‟ and press enter key inkeyboard

Note: 1) “M” is used for displaying the result, for Ex: M8100
2) “M” is used to entering theOpcode.
3) “M” is used for entering thedata.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 1
Date:

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF 8085 –

ADDITION

Aim:
To perform the 8 - bit addition using 8085 Microprocessor
Apparatus required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Start theprogram.
2. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data andresult.
3. Load the data into A B.
4. Add the two data of A and Bregisters.
5. Store the result into Memory from Aregisters.
6. Stop theprogram.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
8100 3A 00 85 LDA 8500 Load 8100 address into Accumulator
8103 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into B register
8104 3A 01 85 LDA 8501 Load 8101 address into Accumulator
8107 80 ADD B Add B register with Accumulator
8108 32 02 85 STA 8502 Store the content of Accumulator into
810B CF RST 1 Break point( ACC VALUE DISPLAY)
INPUT:
8500 13H
8501 14H

OUTPUT:
850227H

Result:
Thus the program for adding two 8 - bit numbers was executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 2
Date:
Aim:
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF 8085 – 8
BITSUBTRACTION

To perform the 8 - bit subtraction using 8085 Microprocessor

Apparatus required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Start theprogram.
2. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data andresult.
3. Load the data into A B.
4. Subtract the two data of A and Bregisters.
5. Store the result into Memory from Aregisters.
6. Stop theprogram.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
8100 21 00 85 LXI H,8500 Load 8100 address into Accumulator
8103 7E MOV A,M Move Accumulator value into A register
8104 23 INX H Increment H register value
8105 96 SUB M Subtract acc value
8106 23 INX H Increment H register value
8107 77 MOV M,A Second value move acc
8108 CF RST 1 Break point( ACC VALUE DISPLAY)
INPUT:
8500 45H
8501 13H
OUTPUT:
8502 32H.

Result:
Thus the program for subtracting two 8 - bit numbers was executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 3
Date:
Aim:
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF 8085 – 8
BITMULTIPLICATION

To multiply two 8 - bit hexadecimal numbers using memory pointer with 8085
microprocessor
Apparatus required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data andresult.
2. Load the data into A and Bregister
3. Multiplication the two data of A and Bregisters.
4. Store the result into Memory from Aregisters.
5. Stop or halt the programexecution.
Program:
ADDRE OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
SS
8100 3A 00 85 LDA 8500 Load 8100 address into Accumulator
8103 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into B register
8104 3A 01 85 LDA 8501 Load 8101 address into Accumulator
8107 4F MOV C,A Move Accumulator value into C register
8108 FE 00 CPI 00 If X2=0 then result is 0 and exit
810A CA 16 81 JZ LOOP If carry is zero then jump into 8116
810D AF XRA A Clear ACC and flags add the B as many as the C
810E 80 LOOP1: ADD B Add B register with Accumulator
810F OD DCR C Decrement C register
8110 CA 16 81 JZ LOOP Store the result and exit
8113 C3 0E 81 JMP LOOP1 Multiply start address = 810E
8116 32 02 85 LOOP: STA8502 Store the content of Accumulator into 8502
8119 CF RST 1 Break point( ACC VALUE DISPLAY)
INPUT:
8500 06H
8501 02H
OUTPUT:
85020CH.
Result:
Thus the program to multiply two 8 - bit hexadecimal numbers using 8085 was executed.

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Exp. No: 4
Date:
Aim:
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF 8085 – 8
BITDIVISION

To divide two 8 - bit hexadecimal numbers using 8085 microprocessor

Apparatus required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data andresult.
2. Load the data into A and Bregister
3. Divided the two data of A and Bregisters.
4. Store the result into Memory from Aregisters.
5. Stop or halt the programexecution.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
8100 3A 01 85 LDA 8501 Load 8101 value into Accumulator
8103 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into Register B
8104 3A 00 85 LDA 8500 Load 8100 value into Accumulator
8107 0E 00 MVI C,00 Count for quotient
8109 B8 LOOP: CMP B Check for A < B
810A DA 12 81 JC LOOP1 If A < B then go to store
810D 90 SUB B Subtract the Register B with Accumulator
810E 0C INR C Increment the C register
810F C3 09 81 JMP LOOP Jump into 8109
8112 32 03 85 LOOP1: STA 8503 Store Reminder value into 8103
8115 79 MOV A,C Move Register C value into Accumulator
8116 32 02 85 STA 8502 Store the Quotient value into 8102
8119 CF RST 1 Break point
INPUT:
85000AH
8501 02H
OUTPUT:
8502 05H (Quotient).
8503 00H (Reminder).

Result:
Thus the program for dividing two 8 - bit hexadecimal numbers using 8085 Microprocessor
was executed.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 5
Date: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF
8085 – SORTING IN ASCENDINGORDER
Aim:
To sort an array of „n‟ element in ascending order using 8085 microprocessor
Apparatus Required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.
2. Load the data into M and C register
3. Store the result into Memory from A registers.
4. Stop the program.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
START: MVI
8100 06 00 B,00 Initialize 00 into B register
8102 21 00 85 LXI H,8500 Load 8100 value into H register
8105 4E MOV C,M Load the count value into the C register
8106 0D DCR C If C=1 no process
8107 CA 20 81 JZ LOOP2 Jump into 8120(program end)
810A 23 INX H Increment the H register by one
LOOP: MOV
810B 7E A,M Get the byte pointed by m pointer
810C 23 INX H Move the m pointer to next byte
810D BE CMP M Compare with ACC
810E DA 18 81 JC LOOP1 If Acc< m then no swapping
8111 56 MOV D,M Else swap the bytes
8112 77 MOV M,A Load Accumulator value into M
8113 2B DCX H Decrement H value by one
8114 72 MOV M,D Load D register value into pointer
8115 23 INX H Now move m pointer to the next byte
8116 06 01 MVI B,01 Set the swap flag
8118 0D LOOP1: DCR C Decrement the count
8119 C2 0B 81 JNZ LOOP If C is not equal 0 then jump 810B
811C 5 DCR B After C=0 check the swap flag.
811D CA 00 81 JZ START Jump zero again call start
8120 76 LOOP2: HLT End

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INPUT:
8500 05H (COUNTVALUE)
8501 08H, 04H, 03H, 07H,01H
OUTPUT:
8500 05H (COUNTVALUE)
8501 01H, 03H, 04H, 07H, 08H

Result:
Thus the program to sort an array of „n‟ element in ascending order using 8085
microprocessor was executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 6
Date: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF 8085 –
SORTING IN DESCENDING ORDER
Aim:
To sort an array of „n‟ element in descending order using 8085 microprocessor
Apparatus Required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.
2. Load the data into M and C register
3. Store the result into Memory from A registers.
4. Stop the program.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
START: MVI
8100 06 00 B,00 Initialize 00 into B register
8102 21 00 85 LXI H,8500 Load 8100 value into H register
8105 4E MOV C,M Load the count value into the C register
8106 0D DCR C If C=1 no process
8107 CA 20 81 JZ LOOP2 Jump into 8120(program end)
810A 23 INX H Increment the H register by one
LOOP: MOV
810B 7E A,M Get the byte pointed by m pointer
810C 23 INX H Move the m pointer to next byte
810D BE CMP M Compare with ACC
810E D2 18 81 JNC LOOP1 If Acc> m then no swapping
8111 56 MOV D,M Else swap the bytes
8112 77 MOV M,A Load Accumulator value into M
8113 2B DCX H Decrement H value by one
8114 72 MOV M,D Load D register value into pointer
8115 23 INX H Now move m pointer to the next byte
8116 06 01 MVI B,01 Set the swap flag
8118 0D LOOP1: DCR C Decrement the count
8119 C2 0B 81 JNZ LOOP If C is not equal 0 then jump 810B
811C 05 DCR B After C=0 check the swap flag.
811D CA 00 81 JZ START Jump zero again call start
8120 76 LOOP2: HLT End

INPUT:
8500 05H (COUNTVALUE)
8501 01H, 03H, 04H, 07H,08H
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OUTPUT:
8500 05H (COUNT VALUE)
8501 08H, 07H, 04H, 03H, 01H

Result:
Thus the program to sort an array of „n‟ element in descending order using 8085
microprocessor was executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 7
Date: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING OF 8085 –
BCD TO HEX CONVERSION
Aim:
To write an assembly language program to convert 8 - bit two digit BCD number system into
hexadecimal number system
Apparatus Required:
8085 Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Start the program.
2. Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.
3. BCD to Binary values the two data of A and Bregisters.
4. Store the result into Memory from Aregisters.
5. Stop the program.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
8100 3A 00 85 LDA 8500 Load 8100 value into Accumulator
8103 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into B register
8104 E6 0F ANI 0F Mask upper nibbles & store it into Accumulator
8106 4F MOV C,A Move Accumulator value into C register
8107 78 MOV A,B Load Register B value into Accumulator
8108 E6 F0 LOOP: ANI F0 Mask lower nibbles & store it into Accumulator
810A 0F RRC Convert MSB into unpacked B register
810B 0F RRC
810C 0F RRC
810D 0F RRC
810E 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into B register
The content of ACC X-OR with the content of
810F AF XRA A register
8110 16 0A MVI D,0A Store multiplier 10 value into D register
8112 82 ADD D Add the 10 value with Accumulator
8113 05 DCR B Decrement the B register by one
8114 C2 12 81 JNZ LOOP If multiplication is not complete jump into 8108
8117 81 ADD C Else Add with C register
8118 32 10 85 STA 8510 Store Accumulator value into 8510
811B CF RST 1 Break point
INPUT:
8500 15H ( 0 to 09 value)
OUTPUT:
85100FH

Result:
Thus the assembly language program was written to verify the Boolean equation and
executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 8
Date: STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACE
WITH 8051– MICROCONTROLLER

Aim:
To run a stepper motor at different speeds and different directions using 8051 assembly
language
Apparatus required:
1. Stepper motor
2. Interface board
Procedure:
1. Switch 'ON' the microcontroller.
2. Initialize the starting address.
3. Enter the mnemonics code in the microcontroller.
4. Reset the microcontroller.
5. Execute the program.
Program:
ORG 4100H
START
MOV DPTR, #4500H
MOV R0, #04
MOVX A, @DPTR
PUSHDPH
PUSHDPL
MOV DPTR, #FFCOH
MOV R2, #04H
MOV R1, #FFH
MOV R3, #FFH
DJNZ R3, DLY
DJNZ R1, DLY1
DJNZ R2, DLY1
MOV @DPTR, A
POP DPL
POP DPH
INC DPTR
DJNC R0,J0
SJMP START
END

Result:
Thus the program to run the stepper motor at different speeds and different directions was
written using 8051 assembly language and executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 9
Date:
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM
Aim:
To control a traffic light system by using 8051 microcontroller
Apparatus required:
1. Traffic light control system
2. Interface board
Procedure:
1. Switch 'ON' the microcontroller.
2. Initialize the starting address.
3. Enter the mnemonics code in the microcontroller.
4. Reset the microcontroller.
5. Execute the program.
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS
9100 90 92 00 START: MOV DPTR,#9200
9103 7A 08 MOV R2,#08
9105 E0 MOVX @DPTR,A
9106 C0 83 PUSH DPH
9108 C0 82 PUSH DPL
910A 90 40 03 MOV DPTR,#4003
910D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
910E D0 82 POP DPL
9110 D0 83 POP DPH
9112 A3 INC DPTR
9113 E0 LOOP1: MOVX A,DPTR
9114 C0 83 PUSH DPH
9116 C0 82 PUSH DPL
9118 90 40 00 MOV DPTR,#4000
911B F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
911C D0 82 POP DPL
911E D0 83 POP DPH
9120 A3 INC DPTR
9121 E0 MOVX A,DPTR
9122 C0 83 PUSH DPH
9124 C0 82 PUSH DPL
9126 90 40 01 MOV DPTR,#4001
9129 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
912A 12 91 36 LCALL DELAY
912D D0 82 POP DPL
912F D0 83 POP DPH
9131 A3 INC DPTR
9132 DA DF DJNZ R2,LOOP1
9134 80 CA SJMP START
9136 7F 10 DELAY: MOV R7,#10H
9138 7D FF LOOP4 : MOV R5,#0FFH
913A 7E FF LOOP3: MOV R6,#0FFH
913C 00 LOOP2:NOP
913D 00 NOP
913E DE FC DJNZ R6, LOOP2
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9140 DD F8 DJNZ R5, LOOP3

9142 DF F4 DJNZ R7, LOOP4
9144 22 RET
ORG 9200H
9200 80 DB 80H
9201 21 09 31 09 DB 21H,09H,31H,09H
9205 0C 09 8C 09 DB 0CH,09H,8CH,09H
9209 64 08 64 0C DB 64H,08H,64H,0CH
920D 24 03 26 03 DB 24H,03H,26H,03H
END

Result:
Thus the program to control traffic light control system was written using 8051 assembly
language and executed.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 10
Date: SPEED MEASUREMENT OF DC MOTOR USING OPTICAL SENSOR

Aim:
To measure the speed of DC motor using optical sensor
Apparatus required:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. DC servomotor
3. Patch chords
Procedure:
1. Interface the DC motor with VTT-01 trainer (Back Panel).
2. Switch 'ON' the trainer and select the speed transducer using pushbutton.
3. Connect the multi meter across O/P 5 and T13 in "DC - Volt"mode.
4. Vary the control voltage from 0 - 5V in stepwise manner.
5. Measure the output voltage and the speed displayed.
6. Plot the graph between speed and output voltage.

Tabulation:

Sl.No. Speed (rpm) Output Voltage (mV)

Result:
Thus the speed of DC motor is measured using optical sensor.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 11
Date: STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSDUCERSSTRAIN
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Aim:
To study the characteristics between the strains applied to the cantilever beam strain sensor
and the bridge voltage
Apparatus required:
1. Strain gauge trainer kit
2. Multimeter(mV)
3. Cantilever beam strain sensor setup
4. Weight (100-gram x 10Nos.)
5. Power chord
Formula to be used:

Theoretical Strain:

Where,
Applied load to the beam (P) = 1 kg
Thickness of the beam (t) = 0.25 cm
Breath of the beam (B) = 2.8 cm
Length of the beam (L) = 21.58 cm
Young's modulus (Y) of the beam = 2 × 106 kg /cm2
Procedure:
1. Install the cantilever beam strain sensor setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with
Strain gauge trainer kit
2. Connect the multimeter in millivolt mode across T2 and T3 for bridge voltage
measurement.
3. Switch 'ON' the module and select the strain transducer by switching the select button.
4. Initially, unload the beam and nullify the bridge voltage using a fine adjustment POT.
5. On applying the load to the beam, strain will develop on the beam. Then measure
the bridge voltage(mV) across T2 andT3.
6. Gradually increase the load on the beam and note down applied load and the bridge voltage
(mV).
7. Tabulate the values of applied load, theoretical strain and the bridge voltage(mV).
8. Plot a graph between theoretical strain versus bridge voltage(mV)

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Tabulation:

Result:
Thus the characteristics between the strain applied to the cantilever beam strain sensor and
the bridge voltage was studied and the graph was plotted.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 12 EXPERIMENTATION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LVDT

Date: POSITION
SENSOR WITH RESPECT TO THE DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE
Aim:
To study the characteristics of LVDT position sensor with respect to the differential voltage
Apparatus required:
1. LVDT trainer kit.
2. LVDTsensor
3. Multimeter(CRO)
4. Power chord
Procedure:
1. 1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D connector with LVDT trainer
kit. (Back panel).
2. Switch 'ON' the trainer and select the displacement transducer using "select “button.
3. Connect the multimeter (in AC - mV mode) CRO across the T6 and T7 for the differential
voltage measurement.
4. Adjust the micrometer to 0 mm displacement and tune the fine adjustment POT to 0 mm
displacement on display.
5. Adjust the micrometer to 20 mm displacement and tune the span adjustment POT to 20
mm on the display. The voltage across the O/P 2 and T7 should be5V.
6. Repeat the fine and span calibration until the core displacement is 0 for 0mm displacement
in micrometer and 20 for 20 mm displacement in micrometer.
7. After completion of the calibration, give the displacement from the micrometer to the core
of the LVDTsensor.
8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 0 mm to 20 mm and note down the
forward core displacement on the display and differential voltage(mV).
9. Similarly, decrease the micrometer displacement from 20 mm to 0 mm and note down the
reverse core displacement on the display and differential voltage (mV) across O/P 2 andT7.
10. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, micrometer displacement and differential
voltage (mV).
11. Plot the graph between core displacement (mm) and differential voltage(mV).
Tabulation:

Result:
Thus the characteristics of the LVDT position sensor with respect to the differential voltage
were studied.
28
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 13 EXPERIMENTATION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

Date: PRESSURE CELL WITH RESPECT TO THE BRIDGE VOLTAGE
Aim:
To study the characteristics of the pressure cell with respect to the bridge voltage
Apparatus required:
1. Pressure measurement trainer kit.
2. Multimeter (in Vmode).
3. Pressure tank setup.
4. Foot pump.
FORMULA:
1. Error =Measured value – Actual value
2. %Error = Measured value – Actual value ×100
Actual value
Procedure:
1. Connect the pressure cell sensor to the trainer kit.
2. Switch ON the unit.
3. Connect the multimeter (in V mode) at T5 &T6.
4. Close the hand valve in the cylindrical tank and increase the pressure in the tank till it
reaches 75 Psi (Shown in pressure gauge).
5. Adjust the span pot meter to get output voltage as 5 V at multimeter and display value as
75 Psi.
6. Open the hand valve and release the pressure in the tank.
7. Close the hand valve and increase the pressure in the tank by pumping the foot pump till
it reaches 10 Psi (at pressure gauge) and measure the pressure cell signal conditioner output
in volts (V).
8. Repeat the above procedure for different pressure valves (till 75 Psi) and note down the
corresponding output voltage.
9. Tabulate the readings.
10. Release the pressure in the tank by opening the hand valve and switch OFFtheunit.
Tabulation:

Result:
Thus the characteristics of the pressure cell with respect to bridge voltage were studied.

29
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 14
Date:
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Aim:
To study the characteristics of temperature measurement system and the accuracy of signal
conditioning board
Apparatus required:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. Water bath
3. Thermometer
4. Multimeter
5. Power chord
Formula:

Procedure:
1. Patch the wires of RTD to the VTT-01 trainer (Back panel).
2. Switch 'ON' the VTT-01 trainer. Select the temperature transducer by "select “button.
3. Now adjust the fine potentiometer to read 30°C at the display. This is done for initial setup
of the trainer and this adjustment should not be disturbed.
4. Insert the RTD into the water bath and note the temperature without any heating at ambient
condition.
5. Place the multimeter in "voltage mode" across the O/P 4 and T14terminals.
6. Gradually start heating the water bath and note down the actual temperature, output voltage
and the displayed temperature of the trainer simultaneously.
7. Plot the graph for temperature Vsvoltage.
8. Calculate the % error and plot the graph for temperature Vs %error
Tabulation:

Result:
Thus the study of temperature measurement system and the accuracy of signal conditioning
board were done and the graph is drawn.

30
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 15
Date:

STUDY OF HYDRAULIC, PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS

ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING A TWO WAY PRESSURE VALVE

Aim:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to actuate the single acting cylinder using a two-way
pressure valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. Two-way pressure valve
4. Single acting cylinder
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the compressed air supply to FRLunit.
3. The output of FRL unit is directly connected to both the 3/2 push button valves.
4. The output of the 3/2 push button valve is connected to the AND gate input.
5. When both the push buttons are pressed, the cylinder gets activated.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the pneumatic circuit using a two-way pressure valve was constructed and executed

31
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 16
Date:

ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON

SWITCH IN METER - IN CIRCUIT

Aim:
To study the actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in meter -
in circuit
Apparatus required:
1. Pump unit
2. 4/3 hand lever valve
3. Double acting cylinder
4. One way flow control valve
5. Push button
6. Valve solenoid
7. Electrical connection 24V
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit.
2. Switch 'ON' the single phase motor.
3. When the push button in the LHS is pressed, the solenoid valve S1 gets actuated.
4. Then the oil will flow through the one-way flow control valve, the piston moves on the
forward direction.
5. When the push button on the RHS is pressed the solenoid valve (S2) will get activated.
6. Then the oil will flow through the one-way flow control valve to push the piston in reverse
direction.

32
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in meter - in
circuit was experimentally studied.

33
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 17
Date:

ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON

SWITCH IN METER - OUT CIRCUIT

Aim:
To study the actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in meter -
out circuit
Apparatus required:
1. Pump unit
2. 4/3 hand lever valve
3. Double acting cylinder
4. One way flow control valve
5. Push button
6. Valve solenoid
7. Electrical connection24V
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit.
2. Switch 'ON' the single phase motor.
3. When the push button in the LHS is pressed, the solenoid valve S1 gets actuated.
4. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve, the piston moves on the
reverse direction.
5. When the push button on the RHS is pressed the solenoid valve (S2) will get activated.
6. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve to push the piston in forward
direction.

34
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of the double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in meter -
out circuit was experimentally studied.

35
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 18
Date:
ACTUATION OF ROTARY ACTUATOR USING ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON
SWITCH IN METER-OUT CIRCUIT
Aim:
To study the actuation of the rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in meter -out
circuit
Apparatus required:
1. Pump unit
2. 4/3 hand lever valve
3. Push button
4. Valve solenoid
5. Semi-rotary actuator
6. One way flow control valve
7. Electrical connection24V
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit.
2. Switch on the single phase motor.
3. When the push button in the LHS is pressed, the solenoid valve S1 gets actuated.
4. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve, the rotary actuator rotates
on the forward direction.
5. When the push button on the RHS is pressed the solenoid valve (S2) will get activated.
6. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve to rotate the rotary actuator
on the reverse direction.
Circuit diagram:

36
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Result:
Thus the actuation of the rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in meter - out
circuit was experimentally studied.

37
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 19
Date:
ACTUATION OF ROTARY ACTUATOR USING ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON
SWITCH IN MANUAL MODE
Aim:
To study the actuation of the rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in manual
mode
Apparatus required:
1. Pump unit
2. 4/3 hand lever valve
3. Semi-rotary actuator
4. One way flow control valve
5. Push button
6. Valve solenoid
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit.
2. Switch on the single phase motor.
3. When the push button in the LHS is pressed, the solenoid valve S1 gets actuated.
4. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve, the rotary actuator rotates
on the reverse direction.
5. When the push button on the RHS is pressed the solenoid valve (S2) will get activated.
6. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve to rotate the rotary actuator
on the forward direction.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of the rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in manual mode
was experimentally studied.

38
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 20
Date:

CONTINUOUS RECIPROCATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

Aim:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to actuate the single acting cylinder using a pilot operated
valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2 Roller lever valve
4. Single acting cylinder
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the compressor air supply to FRLunit.
3. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
4. Observe the continuous reciprocation of single acting cylinder.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the continuous reciprocation of single acting cylinder was achieved using a pilot
operated valve.
39
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Exp. No: 21
.
Date:

CONTINUOUS RECIPROCATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 5/2

DOUBLE PILOT VALVE
Aim:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to control the continuous actuation of a double acting
cylinder using 5/2 double pilot valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. Double acting cylinder
3. 3/2 roller lever valve
4. 5/2 double pilot valve
5. Flow control valve
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Connect compressor air supply to FRLunit.
3. One of the output of FRL unit is connected to 5/2 direction control unit (port1).
4. The port 4 of DCV is connected to blank end of the double acting cylinder.
5. Another output of FRL unit is connected to the input of 3/2 roller lever valve to give pilot
pressure for 5/2 double pilot valve.
6. The output of the roller lever valves are connected to both sides of the 5/2 double pilot
valve.
7. When the FRL unit is opened, the high pressure air enters the blank end of the cylinder
through the DCV and the piston moves forward.
8. At the end of the forward stroke, the piston rod gives pressure to the roller lever valve. The
output of roller lever valve is sent to the double acting cylinder to change the position.
9. Now the high pressure air from the FRL unit is sent to the rod end of the double acting
cylinder through the second position of the DCV and the piston retracts.
10. At the end of the return stroke, the roller valve is pressed. The output of the roller valve is
sent to the DCV to change the position. This will be repeated until the FRL unit is closed.
Circuit diagram:

40
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Result:
Thus the continuous reciprocation of double acting cylinder was achieved.

41
Exp. No: 22
Date: ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
5/2 SINGLE PILOT VALVE
Aim:
To construct an electro - pneumatic circuit to control the double acting cylinder using 5/2
single pilot valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 5/2 Single pilot valve
4. Electrical trainer
5. Double acting cylinder
6. Batch card
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram and connect the air supply to FRLunit.
2. Connect the electrical circuit from 24V DC source to ON/OFF switch.
3. Solenoids are connected to the push button switch.
4. When the solenoid is given the signal by a push button switch, the DCV is activated
to actuate the double acting cylinder.
5. When the OFF button is pressed, the signal to the solenoid is cut and the solenoids are de-
energized and the DCV comes to the original position to retract the cylinder.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the double acting cylinder was controlled electrically using a 5/2 single pilot valve.
40
Exp. No: 23
Date: ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
5/2 DOUBLE PILOT VALVE
Aim:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to actuate the double acting cylinder using 5/2 double pilot
valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. 3/2 push button valve
3. 5/2 double pilot valve
4. FRLunit
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the compressor air supply to FRLunit.
3. The outputs of FRL unit are directly connected to 3/2 push button valves inlet. The outputs
of 3/2 push button valves are connected to 5/2 double pilot valve.
4. 5/2 double pilot valve outputs are connected to double acting cylinder.
5. Observe the actuation of double acting cylinder.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the direction control of a double acting cylinder using 5/2 double pilot valve was
achieved.

41
Exp. No: 24
Date: ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 3/2
Aim: SINGLE SOLENOID VALVE (ELECTRO - PNEUMATIC)

To construct an electro - pneumatic circuit to actuate the single acting cylinder using 3/2
single solenoid valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2 Single solenoid valve
4. Electrical trainer
5. Single acting cylinder
6. Batch card
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. The electrical trainer gives voltage to pneumatic panel.
3. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
4. The output of FRL unit is connected to the 3/2 single solenoid valve which is activated by
the electrical trainer.
5. The output of the 3/2 single solenoid valve is connected to the single acting cylinder.
6. Observe the actuation of the single acting cylinder using 3/2 single solenoid valve.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder was carried out using 3/2 single solenoid valve.
42
Exp. No: 25
Date:
ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING „ON‟
DELAY TIMER
Aim:
To construct an electro pneumatic circuit for the actuation of single acting cylinder using ON
delay timer
Apparatus Required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. Time delay valve
4. Electrical controller
5. Single acting cylinder
6. 3/2 Single solenoid valve
7. Batch card
Procedure:
1. The power supply is provided to electrical controller by interfacing the +ve to +ve and -ve
to-ve.
2. The power supply is provided to pneumatic trainer from electrical controller by interfacing
24 +ve to +ve and -ve to-ve.
3. Using the SPDT switch energize the corresponding solenoid to get the desired movement
of the cylinder.
4. Actuate the time delay circuit.
5. From the time delay, give connection to single acting cylinder according to the time set.
6. Design and draw the pneumatic circuit.
7. Test the circuit.
8. Observe the working of the cylinder.

43
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder was carried out using ON delay timer.
44
Exp. No: 26
ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING „OFF‟
Date:
DELAY TIMER
Aim:
To construct an electro pneumatic circuit for the actuation of single acting cylinder using
OFF delay timer
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2 Single acting cylinder
4. Electrical controller
5. Single acting cylinder
6. OFF delay timer
7. Batch card
Procedure:
1. Provide power supply to pneumatic trainer from electrical controller by inter facing 24+
and24-.
2. Provide 24V power supply to timer.
3. Any one of the output of FRL unit direct connect to 3/2 single solenoid valve.
4. Single solenoid valve output is connecting to single acting cylinder.
5. Give +24V and -24V in Timer.
6. Output of Timer connected to solenoid coil.
7. Check the all circuit.
8. Observe the working of cylinder.
9. Observe the working circuit.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the movement of single acting cylinder was carried out using OFF delay timer.
45
Exp. No: 27 DESIGN AND TESTING OF LOGICAL CONTROL OF DOUBLE
Date:
ACTING CYLINDER USING „OR‟ GATE
Aim:
To construct the pneumatic circuit to actuate a double acting cylinder using two identical
push button operated valves and a shuttle valve
Apparatus required:
1. Double acting cylinder
2. 3/2 way valves
3. 5/2 way valve
4. Compressor
5. Shuttle valve (OR gate)
Procedure:
1. The circuit is constructed as per the diagram.
2. The compressor is connected to the FRLunit.
3. The two 3/2 way valves are connected to the shuttle valve which is pilot operated.
4. When both of the push buttons are pressed or any one of the push button is pressed, the
piston extends and retracts upon release.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the circuit is constructed and tested as per the given application.
45
Exp. No: 28
Date:

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF BASIC HYDRAULIC, PNEUMATIC AND

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS USING PNEUMOSIM SOFTWARE
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING TIME DELAY VALVE
Aim:
To design a pneumatic circuit to actuate a double acting cylinder using time delay valve and
simulate the circuit in Pneumosim software
Apparatus required:
1. Flow control valve
2. Time delay valve
3. 3/2 way spring operated valve
4. 5/2 way valve
5. Pneumosimsoftware
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given experiment.
2. Open a new file from the pull down menu bar.
3. Select and drag the required components from the components library.
4. Connect the components as per the circuit connection.
5. Simulate the circuit to check the actuation.
6. Observe the actuation of double acting cylinder using time delay valve.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the circuit is designed and simulated by using Pneumosim software for the given
application.
46
Exp. No: 29
Date:
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS IN THE SEQUENCE
OF A+ B+ B- A-
Aim:
To simulate double acting cylinders in the sequence of A+ B+ B- A- using Pneumosim
software
Apparatus required:
1. Double acting cylinders
2. 5/2 double solenoid valve
3. Compressor
4. Limit Switches
5. Push button valves
6. PneumosimSoftware
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given experiment.
2. Open a new file from the pull down menu bar.
3. Select and drag the required components from the components library.
4. Connect the components as per the circuit connection.
5. Simulate the circuit to check the actuation.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the simulation of double acting cylinders in the sequence of A+ B+ B- A- was achieved
using Pneumosim software.
47
Exp. No: 30
Date:
DESIGN AND TESTING OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE CYCLE
AUTOMATION OF MULTICYLINDERS IN THE SEQUENCE OF A+ B+ A- B
Aim:
To design and test a pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multi cylinders in the
sequence of A+ B+ A- B-
Apparatus required:
1. Double Acting Cylinder
2. 5/2 way pilot operated valve
3. 3/2 way pilot operated valve
4. Roller operated valves
5. Pneumosimsoftware
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given application.
2. The compressor is connected to FRL unit.
3. The cylinder A extends when the roller operated valve R2 is actuated, which initiates the
extension of cylinder B.
4. This actuates the roller operated valve R4 which retracts the cylinderA.
5. The retracted cylinder A actuates the roller operated valve R1 which results in the
retraction of cylinderB.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the pneumatic circuit for the given application is designed and tested.
48
Exp. No: 31
Date:
DESIGN AND TESTING OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE
CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTICYLINDERS IN
THE SEQUENCE OF A+ B+ B- A-
Aim:
To design and test a pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multicylinder in the
sequence of A+ B+ B- A- using cascading method
Apparatus required:
1. Double Acting Cylinder
2. 5/2 way pilot operated valve
3. 3/2 way pilot operated valve
4. Roller operated valves
5. Pneumosimsoftware
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given application.
2. The compressor is connected to FRLunit.
3. The cylinder A extends when the roller operated valve R2 is actuated which initiates the
extension of cylinder B.
4. This actuates the roller operated valve R4 which retracts the cylinderA.
5. The retracted cylinder A actuates the roller operated valve R1 which results in retraction of
cylinderB.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the pneumatic circuit for the given application is designed and tested.
49
Exp. No: 32
Date: DESIGN AND TESTING OF THE ACTUATION OFDOUBLE
ACTING CYLINDER USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
Aim:
To actuate a double acting cylinder using electrically operated solenoid valve
Apparatus required:
1. Double acting cylinder
2. 5/2 double solenoid valve
3. Compressor
4. Pneumosim software
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given application.
2. The 5/2 double solenoid valve is operated by the switches S1 andS2.
3. When the start button is pressed, solenoid valve 1 gets energized and the cylinder moves in
forward direction.
4. At the end of the forward stroke, the switch s1 gets closed and it closes relay coilRL2,
then the solenoid valve 2 gets energized and the cylinder moves in reverse direction.
5. This process is repeated.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the electro pneumatic circuit for given application is designed and simulated.

50
Exp. No: 33
Date:
DESIGN AND TESTING OF MULTI CYCLE OPERATION OF DOUBLE
ACTING CYLINDER USING ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
Aim:
To actuate a double acting cylinder in multi cyclic continuous reciprocation using electrically
operated solenoid valve
Apparatus required:
1. Double acting cylinder
2. 5/2 double solenoid valve
3. Compressor
4. Pneumosimsoftware
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given application.
2. The 5/2 double solenoid valve is operated by switches S1 andS2.
3. When the start button is pressed, it closes the relay coil RL1 and solenoid valve 1gets
energized which moves the cylinder forward direction.
4. At the end of the forward stroke, the switch S1 gets closed and it closes the relay coil RL2,
then the solenoid valve S2 gets energized and the cylinder moves in reverse direction.
5. At the end of the return stroke, the switch S2 gets closed and it closes relay coil RL2. Then
the solenoid valve 1 gets energized and the cylinder moves in forward direction.
6. This process is repeated.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the electro pneumatic circuit for given application is designed and simulated.
51
Exp. No: 34
Date:
DESIGN AND TESTING OF ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE CYCLE
AUTOMATION OF MULTICYLINDERS IN THE SEQUENCE OF A+ B+ B- A-
Aim:
To design and test a electro pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multi cylinders
in the sequence of A+ B+ B- A-
Apparatus required:
1. Double acting cylinders
2. 5/2 double solenoid valve
3. Compressor
4. Pneumosimsoftware
Procedure:
1. The circuit is designed as per the given application.
2. The compressor is connected to FRL unit.
3. The cylinder A extends when the solenoid valve S1 is actuated which further initiates the
extension of cylinder B.
4. This actuates the magnetic switch S1and the solenoid valve S4 which results in the
retraction of cylinderB.
5. The retracted cylinder B actuates the solenoid valve which results in retraction of cylinder
A.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the pneumatic circuit for the given application is designed and tested.

52
Exp. No: 35
Date: STUDY OF PLC AND ITS APPLICATIONS

ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH PLC USING „AND‟ GATE

Aim:
To actuate the single acting cylinder using AND gate with PLC ladder diagram
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. Single acting cylinder
4. PLC
5. Versa Prosoftware
6. 3/2 single solenoid valve
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and -24 V from PLC trainer to electro pneumatic panel.
3. The output of the PLC (Q1) is connected to the input of 3/2 single solenoid valve.
4. Then open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
5. Interface the PLC with the system using RS232cable.
6. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
7. The output of FRL unit is connected to the 3/2 single solenoid valve.
8. Check the Ladder diagram.
9. Run the PLC. When two inputs (1i, 2i) are high, then output also will be high.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with PLC using AND Gate was done.

53
Exp. No: 36
Date: ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH PLC
USING „OR‟ GATE
Aim:
To actuate the single acting cylinder using OR Gate with PLC ladder diagram
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. Versa Prosoftware
4. 3/2 single solenoid valve
5. PLC
6. Single acting cylinder
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and –24 V from PLC trainer to Electro pneumatic panel kit.
3. Open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
4. Interface the PLC with the system using RS232cable.
5. Draw ladder diagram.
6. The output of PLC (q1) is connected to the input of solenoid valve.
7. Check the ladder diagram.
8. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
9. Run the PLC. When any one input is high, then the output will be high.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with OR Gate was done using PLC.
54
Exp. No: 37
Date: ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH PLC U
SING 'ON' DELAY TIMER
Aim:
To actuate the single acting cylinder with PLC using ON delay timer
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2 single solenoid valve
4. PLC
5. single acting cylinder
6. Versa Prosoftware
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and –24 V from PLC trainer to pneumatic panel kit.
3. Open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
4. Interface the PLC with PC using RS232cable.
5. Draw a ladder diagram.
6. The output of PLC (q1) is connected to the input of solenoid valve.
7. Check the ladder diagram.
8. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
9. Run the PLC upon the delay, the cylinder should be activated.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with PLC using ON delay timer was done.

55
Exp. No: 38
Date:

SIMULATE THE ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITHPLC USING 'OFF' DELAY TIMER
Aim:
To actuate the single acting cylinder with PLC using OFF delay timer
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2 single solenoid valve
4. PLC
5. single acting cylinder
6. Versa Prosoftware
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and –24 V from PLC trainer to pneumatic panel kit.
3. Open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
4. Interface the PLC with PC using RS232cable.
5. Draw the ladder diagram.
6. The output of PLC (q1) is direct connected to the input of solenoid valve.
7. Check the ladder diagram.
8. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
9. Run the PLC. Observe the working of single acting cylinder.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the single acting cylinder is actuated with PLC using OFF delay timer.
56
Exp. No: 39
Date:
ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH PLC USING
5/2 SINGLE SOLENOID VALVE
Aim:
To actuate the double acting cylinder with PLC using 5/2 single solenoid valve
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 5/2 single solenoid valve
4. PLC
5. Double acting cylinder
6. Versa Prosoftware
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and –24 V from PLC trainer to pneumatic panel kit.
3. Open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
4. Interface the PLC with PC using RS232cable.
5. Draw the ladder diagram.
6. The output of PLC (q1) is connected to the input of solenoid valve.
7. Check the ladder diagram.
8. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
9. Run the PLC input (1i), switch continuously ON and OFF. When it reaches the preset
value (pv), the cylinder gets actuated.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the double acting cylinder is actuated with 5/2 single solenoid valve using PLC.
57
Exp. No: 40
AUTOMATIC ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
Date:
USING PLC
Aim:
To simulate the automatic sequence of single acting cylinder by using PLC
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2 single solenoid valve
4. PLC
5. Single acting cylinder
6. Versa Prosoftware
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and –24 V from PLC trainer to pneumatic panel kit.
3. Open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
4. Interface the PLC with PC using RS232cable.
5. Draw the ladder diagram.
6. The output of PLC (q1) is connected to the input of solenoid valve.
7. Check the ladder diagram.
8. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
9. Run the PLC. Observe the automatic reciprocation of single acting cylinder.
Circuit diagram:

Result:
Thus the ladder diagram for the automatic running of single acting cylinder is drawn and
executed.
58
Exp. No: 41
Date: AUTOMATIC ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING PLC
Aim:
To simulate the automatic sequence of double acting cylinder using PLC
Apparatus required:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 5/2 double solenoid valve
4. PLC
5. Double acting cylinder
6. Versa Prosoftware
7. Flow control valve
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Provide +24 V and –24 V from PLC trainer to pneumatic panel kit.
3. Open the Versa Pro software in desktop.
4. Interface the PLC with PC using RS232cable.
5. Draw the ladder diagram.
6. Both the outputs of PLC (q1 and q2) are directly connected to the inputs of solenoid
valves.
7. Check the ladder diagram.
8. Connect the air supply to FRLunit.
9. Run the PLC. Observe the automatic reciprocation of double acting cylinder.
Circuit diagram:

59
Result:
Thus the ladder diagram for the automatic running of double acting cylinder is drawn and
executed.

60
Exp. No: 42
Date:
STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE
Introduction:
We use photography as a way of recording and presenting information visually in everyday
life to create a permanent record of our visual experiences. There are two major areas of application
of digital image processing techniques: 1) improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation and 2) processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception. In machine
perception, interest focuses on procedures for extracting image information in a form suitable for
computer processing.
Segmented images are formed from the generalized image by gathering its elements into sets that are
likely to be associated with meaningful objects in the scene.
In producing the segmented image, knowledge about the particular domain is important to
save computation and also to overcome problems of noise and inadequate data.
Geometric representations are used to capture the all-important data of two-dimensional and
three dimensional shape. These geometric representations must be powerful enough to support
complex and general processing, such as 'simulation' of the effects of lighting and motion.
Relational models are complex assemblages of representations that are used to support
sophisticated high-level processing.
Image Formation:
Image formation occurs when a sensor registers radiation that has interacted with physical
objects. Both human vision and photography require a light source to illuminate a scene. The light
interacts with the objects in the scene and some of it reaches the observer, whereupon it is detected
by the eyes or by a camera.
Information about the objects in the scene is recorded as variations in the intensity and colour
of the detected light.
There are other forms of energy, besides light, that can be used to create images. Light is
merely the visible portion of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. EM radiation is produced by the
oscillation of electrically charged material, and has wave-like properties. EM radiation can interact
with matter in different ways, depending on its wavelength. Images acquired at different wavelengths
may have very different properties.
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum:

Electromagnetic Radiation:
Energy emitted in the form of waves (light) or particles (photons). All the devices make use
of electromagnetic waves. Radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x rays are all examples of
electromagnetic waves that differ from each other inwavelength.

61
 The full range of wavelengths (and photon energies) is called the "electromagnetic spectrum."
The ALS generates light in the far ultraviolet and soft x-ray regions, which span the wavelengths
suited to studying molecules and atoms.
The visible part of the spectrum may be further subdivided according to color, with red at the
long wavelength end and violet at the short wavelength end, as illustrated (schematically) in the
following figure.

Image /Video Processing – Examples

Image processing is a general term for the wide range of techniques that exist for
manipulating and modifying images in various ways.
 Image Enhancement
 Image Restoration
 Image Reconstruction
 Feature Extraction and Recognition
 Compression

Result:
Thus the various techniques of Image processing were studied.

62
 Exp. No: 43
Date:
CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

Expt. No.43 STUDY OF PID CONTROLLER

Aim:
To study and verify different control actions such as On-Off control, Proportional control,
Derivative control, Integral control, Proportional + Derivative control, Proportional + Integral,
Proportional + Integral + Derivative control with a temperature controller
Introduction to PID controller:
A controller is a device which compares the output of a system with the required conditions
and converts the error signal into control action, designated to reduce the error in a closed loop
control the system. The error might arrive due to changes in the conditions being controlled or due to
change in set value.
Types of control actions:
1. On –off/two step mode control
In a two step mode, the controller is just a switch which is activated by the error signal and
supplies just an on-off correcting signal. It is a discontinuous control action. A consequence of this is
that oscillations of the controlled variable occur about the required condition. Two step control action
is used where changes are taking place very slowly i.e. with a process with a large capacitance. On-
off controllers are not restricted to mechanical switches such as bimetallic strips. Thyristor circuits
can also be employed for rapid switching. This control mode is not precise as it involves oscillations
with long periodic times.
2. Proportional control
With the proportional mode, the size of the controller output is proportional to the size of the
error signal. It means that correction element receives a signal which is equal to the size of the
correction required.
Fig. shows how the output of such a controller varies with the size and sign of the error. The
linear relationship between controller output and error tends to exist for a specific portion of the
graph, which is known as proportional band. Within the proportional band the equation of the
straight line is represented as
Change in controller output from set point = Kp e
Where e is the error and Kp is a constant known as proportional constant. Kp is thus the gradient of
the straight line. The controller output is generally expressed in terms of percentage of the full range
of possible outputs within the proportional band. Generally a 50% controller output is specified for
zero error. It is not possible to achieve the change in the percent output of controller with the change
in set value with zero error setting. It requires a permanent error setting called 'offset'. The size of the
offset is proportional to the size of load changes and inversely proportional to Kp, so a higher value
of Kp gives more steeper graph. This mode is utilized in processes where the value of transfer
function can be increased large enough so as to reduce the offset to an acceptable level.

63
Block diagram of PID trainer system:

3. Derivative control
With the derivative mode of control the change in controller output from set point is
proportional to the rate of change with respect to time of error signal. This can be represented by the
equation
Iout - IO = KD de/dt
Where IO is the set point output value and Iout is the output value that will occur when the
error is 'e' changes at the rate of de/dt.It is usual to express these controller outputs as percentage of
the full range of the output and the error as the percentage of full range. With the derivative mode,
the error signal begins to change there can be quite a large output since it is proportional to the rate
of change of error signal and not the value of error signal. The controller output is constant as the
rate of change is also constant and occurs immediately as the deviation occurs. Derivative mode is
not suitable for steady state error signals.
4. Integral control
The integral mode of control is one where the rate of change of the control output I is
proportional to the error signal e.
dI/dt = KI e
Precautions:
1. Ensure the PID trainer is connected to 230 V ACmains.
2. Ensure no any error detected while self-diagnostic check during power ON.
3. Ensure the proper mode of control action is selected.
4. Ensure the proper PID constants are programmed.
5. Ensure the proper set point is programmed.
Result:
Thus the various types of PID controller were studied.

64
 Exp. No: 44
Date: SPEED CONTROL OF SERVO MOTOR USING
PID CONTROLLER
Aim:
To control the speed of servo motor (PMDC motor)
Requirements:
1. Speed control unit
2. Micro controllerPLC/PC
3. Servo motor
4. Optical sensor
5. PC power cord and cable
Procedure:
1. The servo motor PC power cord and optical sensor are connected to the speed control unit
and PIDcontroller.
2. The power from PID controller controls the voltage required for the set speed.
3. Now connect PID controller and servo motor by a power cord.
4. Switch on the PIDcontroller.
5. Select INC for auto mode after giving the maximum range of speed of motor as 1000rpm.
6. Enter the set point as 50 and the value as Kp =1000, Ki =000.010 and Kd=0.
7. Select the enter key.
8. After the few records, the servo motor runs with the given 1000rpm.
9. The experiment can be repeated and checked for different speeds.

Result:
Thus the speed control of servo motor using PID is studied and the experiment was done.

65
 Exp. No: 45
Date:
REAL TIME TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER USING PID
Aim:
To control the temperature of the process using PID
Requirements:
1. VRITCOL Unit (Versatile and highly reliable standard real time temperature controller)
2. Microcontroller/PLC
3. Heater setup
4. RTD
5. PC power cord and cable
Procedure:
1. The heater, power supply and sensor are connected to thePID.
2. The switch is provided to control the heater supply voltage either manually or in auto
mode.
3. If the switch is selected as “int mode” potentiometer is provided to control the heater
supply voltage.
4. If the switch is selected as "ext mode" the heat supply voltage is controlled by any mode of
the controller.
5. Interfacing should be followed as 1st pin to grid 2nd pin to ADC (negative),3rd pin to
ADC(Positive).
6. PAL output is fed on to the 4th, 5th pin and 9th pin Dconnector.
7. Now switch on VRTTC -01 unit and heater setup.
8. Enter the control parameter as
a. Maximum range >600C
b. Set point>500C
c. Kp>5
d. Ki > 0.001
e. Kd> 0
9. Based on optimum parameter the temperature reaches to the desired level of600C.
10. For the given set point, process response varies by temperature change and reaches the
desired temperature of 600C after a few minutes.

Result:
Thus the real time temperature controller is studied and the required is achieved.
66
Exp. No: 46
Date:
STUDY OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRESSURE CONTROLLERS
Aim:

To study the performance of ON-OFF/P/PI/PD/PID controller on pressure process

Introduction:
VMPA – 62 is a multi process station which controls flow, pressure and temperature.
Here PC acts as an error detector and controller. Set point is given manually to the computer.
It gets process variables from the process and accordingly it generates error. According to
instantaneous error controller output is developed and again feedback is sent to the process for
controlling.
Water is in the reservoir tank is pumped either directly to rotameter or through overhead tank
using pump and with the help of some hand valves.
Pressure control:
In pressure control, pressure is developed in the head level of the process tank using the
height of the fluid in it. This bottom pressure is taken and transmitted by a piezo resistive pressure
transmitter and the output is generated. This is feed to the pneumatic control valve through current to
pressure (I to P) converter by opening and closing of valve gets controlled by the amount of flow into
the process tank is adjusted. It controls the height of the fluid in the pressure tank and thus the
bottom pressure.
Apparatus required:
1. VMPA –62
2. Data Acquisition card / Digital controller with cable
3. PC with process control software
4. Patch chords
Hand valve settings:
HV1 – Partially closed
HV2 – Fully opened
HV3 – Fully closed
HV4 – Fully closed
HV5 – Fully opened
HV6 – Fully closed
HV7 – Partially opened
Pressure range:
Input = 0 –500 mm of water column
Output = 4 -20 mA
Procedure:
1. Ensure the availability of Air and water.
2. Interface the Data Acquisition card or Digital controller with the process andPC.
3. Make the connections as required.
4. Maintain the gauge pressure (G2) at 20 psi by using air regulator knob.
5. Ensure the hand valve settings are correct.
6. Switch on the VMPA – 62 unit and Data Acquisition card withPC.

67
7. Invoke process control software.
8. Select "Pressure<<control<<ON-OFF/P/PI/PD/PID".

68
 9. Switch ON the pump and select desired speed of the pump by varying speed control knob.
10. Enter the parameters and observe the responses of various controllers at various set
points.
11. Note down the current readings for various pressure readings.
12. Switch OFF the pump.
13. Save the response and draw the graph between pressure Vs output current and conclude
the behavior of pressure process.
Tabulation:

Model graph:

69
Block diagram:

Result:
Thus the performance of ON-OFF/P/PI/PD/PID controller on pressure process was studied.

70
Expt. No.47 HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS

71
72
Expt.No.48PNEUMATICSYMBOLS

73
74
 VIVA QUESTIONS

1What is a Microprocessor?
2. What are the basic functional blocks of microprocessor?
3. What are the advantages of microprocessor based system?
4. What are the disadvantages of microprocessor based system?
5. What is a bus?
6. Define – Bit, Byte and Word
7. What is meant by an instruction set?
8. What is meant by bandwidth?
9. Define –Mnemonics
10. Define – Op-code and operand
11. What is the difference between the microprocessor and microcontroller?
12. How many interrupts are there in8085?
13. What are the various registers used in8085?
14. What is a flag?
15. What are the various flags used in8085?
16. What is meant by program counter?
17. In 8085 which is called as higher order / low order register?
18. What are the drawbacks of first generation microprocessors?
19. What is the difference between CPU bus and System bus?
20. What is microcontroller?
21. What is meant by baud rate?
22. List the interrupts of 8051 –Microcontroller.
23. What are the four distinct types of memory in8051?
24. What are the register banks in 8051microcontroller?
25. What is the general purpose registers of8051?
26. What is the asynchronous data transmission format of 8051 serial port?
27. What is meant by memory – Mapped I/O?
28. Difference between RET and RET 1 instruction in8051.
29. What is the size of RAM and ROM in8051?
30. List the various flags in the PSWregister.
31. What are the different types of instructions?
32. What are the instructions to access the program memory?
33. What are addressing modes?
34. What is stepper motor?
35. What are the applications of stepper motor in mechatronics system?
36. What is meant by ALU? State its function.
37. What are the interface methods available in stepper motor?
38. State the application of stepper motor and servo motor in mechatronic systems.
39. What is meant by key bounce?
40. What is meant microcontroller?
41. Distinguish between parallel data transfer and serial data transfer.
42. What are the interfacing devices used in8051?
43. What is meant by synthesis?
44. Define –Compiler
75
45. Define –Interpreter
46. Define –Assembler
47. Define – Interrupt Priority
48. Define – Sampling Rate
49. Define – Fetch Cycle
50. How will you interface the I/O devices?
51. What is meant by peripheral mapped I/O?
52. What is the address range of the bit-addressable internal memory of the8051?
53. Why microcontrollers are often called single chip computers?
54. List the bit size for automobile engine control and robot arm.
55. Define – Stock Pointer
56. Define –PSW
57. Distinguish between register and flags.
58. What is meant by sub-routines and nested sub-routines?
59. Distinguish between direct addressing mode and indexed addressing mode.
60. What is a principle of optical encoder?
61. What is the principle of operation of a D.CMotor?
62. What are the various types of D.C.motors?
63. What is the control methods used in D.C.motors?
64. Compare the functions of series wound D.C. motors and shunt wound D.C.motors.
65. What is meant by sensor?
66. What is meant by strain?
67. What is meant by Transducer?
68. Write an example for a transducer and state its transduction principle.
69. Distinguish between a measurement system and a control system.
70. What are the various types of control system?
71. Define –Hysteresis
72. Define –Sensitivity
73. Write two factors that need to be considered in selecting a sensor for a particular application.
74. What is meant by signal conditioning?
75. What is meant by RTD? State its applications.
76. What is meant by see back effect?
77. Distinguish between closed loop system and open loop system.
78. What are the various elements of a closed loop system for controlling the temperature?
79. What are the types of strain gauges?
80. Define -LVDT
81. What is a Hall Effect sensor?
82. Define – Range and Span
83. Define – Accuracy and Precision
84. Define – Non-linearity error

76
85. What is back e.m.f or countere.m.f?
86. How can you reverse the direction of rotation of a D.CMotor?
87. What happens when a D.C motor is connected across an A.Csupply?
88. What are the types of starters used for starting of D.CMotors?
89. What are the factors to be considered in the selection of a motor?
90. What is the role of acommutator?
91. What are the different types of losses in DCMachines?
92. What is meant by embedded systems?
93. What are the two types of position encoders?
94. What is meant by an encoder?
95. What are the various types of encoder?
96. What is meant by an incremental encoder?
97. What is meant by an absolute encoder?
98. What is meant by fluid power?
99. What is a check valve?
100. What is a solenoid valve?
101. Define – FRLunit
102. Define –DCV
103. Differentiate between meter-in and meter-out controls.
104. What is the function of an unloading valve?
105. What is the function of a sequence valve?
106. What is the function of a shuttle valve?
107. What is the function of a spool valve?
108. What is the function of a process control valve?
109. What is the function of a 2-way pressure valve?
110. Why hydraulic power is especially used in heavy works?
111. Where are pneumatic systems preferred?
112. Name the basic components of a hydraulic system.
113. What is the function of a relief valve in a hydraulic system?
114. Draw the symbols for a pressure relief valve and a pressure reducing valve.
115. What is meant by NC and NOcontacts?
116. What is the function of a compressor?
117. What is the function of an accumulator?
118. What is meant by an actuator?
119. What are the types of actuators?
120. What is a control valve?
121. What are the types of control valves?
122. What is a circuit control valve?
123. What is the function of flow control valve?
124. Distinguish between flow control and needle valve.
125. What is the function of time delay valve?
126. What is the function of pilot operated valve?
127. What is a quick exhaust valve?
128. What is the difference between a strainer and a filter?
129. Distinguish between hydraulics and pneumatics?
77
130. What is the purpose of a pressure regulator?
131. Why lubricator is used in pneumatic systems?
132. What are the advantages of hydro-pneumatics?
133. What is meant by logic control?
134. Name the different pneumatic position sensors.
135. How do you rate a compressor?
136. What is the use of a bleed –off circuit?
137. List the importance of Hydrosim and Pneumosimsoftware.
138. What is a programmable logic controller?
139. What are the basic elements of aPLC?
140. What are the various approaches for entering the program forPLC?
141. What is a ladder diagram?
142. What is the purpose of an electrical timer?
143. Draw the general ladder rungs to represent a latch circuit.
144. How does a PLC differ from relay logic?
145. What is the use of JUMP control inPLC?
146. What are the features of aPLC?
147. What is meant by an internal relay inPLC?
148. Define – Logical Rack
149. What is the function of a PLC input module?
150. What is the function of a PLC output module?
151. List the basic sections of an I/Omodule.
152. What is the function of manually operated switch?
153. What is the function of mechanically operated switch?
154. What is the function of proximity switch?
155. Distinguish between a sequential and a combination control process.
156. Distinguish between the timed and instantaneous contacts of a pneumatic timer.
157. What determines the maximum speed of transitions that a PLC can count?
158. What is meant by lighting system?
159. Define –CCD
160. Define –Resolution
161. Define –Pixel
162. List the hardware oriented color model.
163. What is meant by gray level?
164. What is meant by sample seeding?
165. What is meant by image masking?
166. What is meant by image processing?
167. What is meant by image segmentation?
168. What is meant by image formation?
169. What is meant by image extraction?
170. What is meant by image restoration?
171. What is meant by feature extraction?
172. Define – Sampling and Quantization
173. What is meant by reflectance?
174. What is meant by image enhancement?
78
175. What are the different methods of image enhancement?
176. What are the various types of redundancies available in the image?
177. What are the various image compression techniques for reducing the size of images?
178. What are the types of controllers?
179. Define – PIDController
180. Define – Derivative Gain
181. Define – Integral Gain
182. Define – Proportional Gain
183. Define – Reset Rate
184. What is meant by feedback?
185. What is the function of an ON/OFF controller?
186. What is the function of a proportional controller?
187. What is the function of a derivative controller?
188. What is the function of an integral controller?
189. Define –MRAC
190. Define – Proportional Band
191. What is meant by self tuning?
192. What is meant by error?

79