1 0.

BEFORE CALCULUS
2

3 0.1Functions
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5 Definition 0.1.1, Definition 0.1.2

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7 0.1.1 Definition If a variable y depends on a variable x in such

8 a way that each value of x determines exactly one value
9 of y, then we say that y is a function of x.
10

11 0.1.2 Definition A function f is a rule that associates a

12 unique output with each input. If the input is denoted
13 by x, then the output is denoted by f (x) (read “f of x”).
14

15 Independent variable and dependent variable,

16

17 Example 1: Taxi fare: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 50𝑥 + 400

18

19 Example 2: Area of a circle: 𝑎 = 𝑓 (𝑟) = 𝜋𝑟 2

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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

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29 Graph of functions
30
31

𝒚=𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑

𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟏/𝒙 𝒚 = √𝒙 𝒚 = √𝒙
32

33 Figure 0.1.4
34

35

36

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37

38

39 0.1.3 The vertical line test: A curve in the xy-plane is the

40 graph of some function f if and only if no vertical line
41 intersects the curve more than once.
42
43

44

45 Example 3
46

47

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
Figure 0.1.8
48
49

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50
51
52
53 The absolute value function
54
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
55 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 | = {
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
56

57 √𝑥 2 = |𝑥|
58

59 Piecewise-Defined Functions
60
61 Example 4 Sketch the graph of the function defined
62 piecewise by the formula
63
0, 𝑥 ≤ −1
64 𝑓(𝑥 ) = {√1 − 𝑥 2 , − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑥, 𝑥≥1
65

66

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67 Figure 0.1.10
68

69 Domain and Range

70

71 0.1.5 Definition If a real-valued function of a real variable is

72 defined by a formula, and if no domain is stated explicitly,
73 then it is to be understood that the domain consists of all real
74 numbers for which the formula yields a real value. This is
75 called the natural domain of the function.
76
77
78 Example 6 Find the natural domain of the function
79
80 (a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 . 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ = (−∞, +∞)}
81
1
82 (b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥−1)(𝑥−3) . 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{1,3} }
83
84 (c) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = tan 𝑥.
85
(2𝑛 − 1)𝜋
86 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{± , 𝑛 = 1,2, ⋯ }}
2
87

88 (d) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
89
90 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 ≥ 0}
91
92 => 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 2] ∪ [3, +∞)}
93

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 94 Example 7 The natural domain of the function
95

96 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 4)/(𝑥 − 2)
97 is
98 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{2} }
99
100 Example 8 Find the domain and range of the function
101 (a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 + √𝑥 − 1
102 Domain 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 1} = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ [1, +∞)}
103 Range 𝑅𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 2} = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ [2, +∞)}
104
𝑥+1
105 (b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥−1
106 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{1} }
𝑥+1 𝑦+1
107 𝑦= => 𝑥 = => 𝑅𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{1}
𝑥−1 𝑦−1
108 Example 9 An open box is to be made from a 16-inch by 30-
109 inch piece of cardboard by cutting out squares of equal size
110 from the four corners and bending up the sides (Figure
111 0.1.17a)
112 (a) Let V be the volume of the box that results when the
113 squares have sides of length x. Find a formula for V as
114 a function of x.
115 (b) Find the domain of V.
116

117 Solution
118 (a) 𝑉 (𝑥 ) = (30 − 2𝑥 )(16 − 2𝑥 )𝑥
119 (b) 𝐷𝑉 = [0, 8]
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120 Exercises 0.1: 7 – 10, 15 – 18, 27 – 28, 29
121

122 7. Find 𝑓(0), 𝑓(2), 𝑓 (−2), 𝑓(3), 𝑓(√2), and 𝑓 (3𝑡).

123
1/𝑥, 𝑥 > 3
124 (a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 2 (b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
2𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 3
125

126 8. Find 𝑔(3), 𝑔(−1), 𝑔(𝜋), 𝑔(−1,1), and 𝑔(𝑡 2 − 1).

127

(b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = {√𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1

𝑥+1
128 (a) 𝑔(𝑥 ) =
𝑥−1 2𝑥, 𝑥 < 1
129
2
130 Solution 7(a) 𝑓(√2) = 3 ∙ (√2) − 2 = 3 ∙ 2 − 2 = 4 ⋯
131

132 7(b) 𝑓 (0) = 0, 𝑓(2) = 2 ∙ 2 = 4, 𝑓(3) = 6

133

2 𝑡2
134 8(a) 𝑔(𝑡 − 1) = 8(b) 𝑔(3) = √3 + 1 = 2
𝑡 2 −2
135

136 Find the domain and range of the function

1 𝑥
137 9. (a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (b) 𝐹 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥−3 |𝑥|
138 (c) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 3 (d) 𝐺 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥 2 −4
139 (e) ℎ(𝑥 ) = 1/(1 − sin 𝑥) (f) 𝐻 (𝑥 ) = √
𝑥−2
140
141

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142

143 Solution
144 9. (a) 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{3} }
145 𝑅𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞)}
146
𝑥 −1, 𝑥 < 0
147 (b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥| = {
1, 𝑥 ≥ 0
148 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ = (−∞, +∞)}, 𝑅𝑓 = {−1, +1}
149 (c)
150 (d) 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 ≥ 0}
151 => 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ (−∞ + ∞)}
152 => 𝑅𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ [2, +∞)}
153
(2𝑛+1)𝜋
154 (e) sin 𝑥 ≠ 1 = sin , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ⋯
2
(2𝑛+1)𝜋
155 => 𝑥 ≠ , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ⋯
2
156
(2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
157 ∴ 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\{± , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ⋯ }}
2
158
159 −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 => 1 ≥ − sin 𝑥 ≥ −1
1 1
160 => 2 ≥ 1 − sin 𝑥 ≥ 0 => ≤
2 1−sin 𝑥
1
161 ∴ 𝑅𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ [ , +∞)}
2
162
163 (f) 𝐷𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2) ∪ (2, +∞)},
164 𝑅𝑓 = { 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ [0, +∞)\{2} }
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165

166 0.2 New Functions from Old

167
168 Composition of Functions
169
170 0.2.2 DEFINITION The composition of the function 𝑓
171
172 with 𝑔, denoted by 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔, is the function defined by
173
174 (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
175
176

177 Example 3 Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥. Find

178

179 (a) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) (b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 )(𝑥 )

180
181 Solution (a)
182 (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = [𝑔(𝑥 )]2 + 3 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0.
183
184 Since the domain of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is (−∞, +∞) and the domain of
185
186 𝑔(𝑥 ) is [0,+∞), the domain of (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) is [0,+∞).
187
188 Solution (b) H.W.
189
190
191

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192
193 New Functions from Old
194 See Figure 0.2.1
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195 Example 6 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = + √𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥

196
197 Figure 0.2.2
198 Translations
199 Table 0.2.2
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 & 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 & 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟐) 213

𝟐
214

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215 Reflections
216 Table 0.2.3

Reflection about y-axis: 𝒚 = √𝒙 & 𝒚 = √−𝒙 Reflection about x-axis: 𝒚 = √𝒙 & 𝒚 = −√𝒙
217
218

219

220 H.W
221
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222 Example 9 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = √2 − 𝑥
223
224

225 Example 10 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 4 − |𝑥 − 2|

226
227
228 Stretches and Compressions Table 0.2.4,
229

230

231

232

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233 Symmetry:
234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243 Symmetric about y-axis 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

244
245

246 Symmetric about x-axis 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙

247

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249 Symmetric about Origin: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑

250

251 Theorem 0.2.3 (symmetry test)

252 Example 11
253

254 Even and Odd Functions

Even function: 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)

e.g. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 Odd function: 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
=> 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥 )2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥) e.g. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3
=> 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥 )3 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥)
255 Figure 0.2.9, Figure 0.2.10.
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256
257 Exercise 02 5 – 24 (odd), 27 – 29, 31 – 34, 37 – 42.
258 5 – 24 : Sketch the graph of the equation by translating,
259 reflecting, compressing and stressing the graph of 𝑦 =
1 3
260 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = |𝑥 |, or 𝑦 = √𝑥 .
𝑥
261

262 5. 𝑦 = −2(𝑥 + 1)2 − 3

263 7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
264 9. 𝑦 = 3 − √𝑥 + 1
1
265 11. 𝑦 = √𝑥 +1
2
1
266 13. 𝑦 =
𝑥−3
1
267 15. 𝑦 =2−
𝑥+1
268 17. 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 2| − 2
269 19. 𝑦 = |2𝑥 − 1| + 1
3
270 21. 𝑦 = 1 − 2 √𝑥
3
271 23. 𝑦 = 2 + √𝑥 + 1
272

273 31 – 34 Find formulas for 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, and state the

274 domains of the compositions.
275 31. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √1 − 𝑥
276 32. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 + 3
1+𝑥 𝑥
277 33. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑔(𝑥 ) =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑥 1
278 34. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑔(𝑥 ) =
1+𝑥 2 𝑥
279

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280
281

282 0.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

283
284 Figure 0.5.1, Figure 0.5.2

285 Example 1 Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 − 2𝑥 and

286 find its domain and range.
287

288 The Natural Exponential Function

289

290 Logarithmic Functions Algebraic properties

291
292

293 Exercise 05
294 31 – 34 Identify the domain and range of the function and
295 then sketch the graph of the function.
296
1 𝑥−1
297 31. (a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ( ) − 1 (b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = ln|𝑥 |
2
298 32. (a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 + ln(𝑥 − 2) (b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = ln |𝑥|
2
299 33. (a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) == ln(𝑥 2 ) (b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥
3
300 34. (a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥+1 (b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3 ln √𝑥 − 1
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
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