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INTRODUCTION
TO PHILOSOPHY
OF THE HUMAN
PERSON
1st Quarter: Module 6

Rogelio DG. Burce

Marlon Tiña
Module Writers

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates the various ways of doing philosophy.
Performance Standard:
The learner will be able to evaluates truth from opinions.

Most Essential Learning:

Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to truth and wisdom

Learning Competencies:

 Identify biases in reasoning

 Value the significance determining biases in reasoning

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this module the learners will be able to;

Distinguish biases in reasoning

Avoid biases in reasoning

Value the significance of avoiding biases in reasoning

EXPECTATIONS

 This module is intended for you learners of Grade 11 General Academic

Strand classes specifically in your course subject Introduction to
Philosophy of the Human Person.
 The lesson included in your module teaches you distinguished biases in
reasoning
 It also helps you to identify and avoid some biases in reasoning. In this
module there are activities that will guide you to better understand your
lesson.

Are you ready and excited? Let‟s start…

INTRO TO PHILO-Q1-MODULE 6 2
 PRE-TEST

Write T if the statement is True about the characteristics of biases and F, if it is false.
______1. They are errors in reasoning.
______2. They cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate.
______3. Awareness on biases is something very important for the people engaging in
any discussion.
______4. These are tendencies which affect the views of people.
______5. It highly influences most of people‟s view on different social issues.
______6. Hindsight is a type of bias very common in interpreting historical events.
______7. Confirmation bias is usually committed by religious people.
______ 8. Conflict of interest is committed when someone focuses on a certain aspect of
a problem while ignoring other aspect.
______ 9. Framing is committed when someone analyzes an issue or events based on
one‟s cultural standards.
______ 10. There are ten common biases discussed in the lesson.

LOOKING BACK
May ‘APPEAL’ PA!
Identify some of the most common fallacies committed by people using an
appeal. Draw the symbols of heart (emotions), knife (force), cross (tradition) and hand
(popular).
______ 1. Time is used with this most obvious type of fallacy.
______ 2. Politicians have frequently used this kind of fallacy.
______ 3. Field experts were used as primary tool to this kind of fallacy.
______ 4. TV and movie artists were effectively used in this kind of fallacy.
______ 5. Threat is highly associated with this most negative kind of fallacy.
______ 6. Empathy is connected with this most deceiving type of fallacy.
______ 7. War and violence are instruments in this dangerous type of fallacy.
______ 8. Religion is at the forefront in this kind of fallacy.
______ 9. Affected families and jobs were reasons given by this type of fallacy.
______ 10. Morality is just one of the appeals of this kind of fallacy.

INTRO TO PHILO-Q1-MODULE 6 3
 INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON
Good motives modify the mind!
To effectively express our thoughts and win any hard argument we could
encounter we must lessen one of the most hidden obstacles that is biases. They
usually come from different directions which might include our personal religious
background, cultural upbringing, political inclinations and current experiences in life.
In this lesson we will not only discover their meanings but also understand the
significance of lessening their negative impact in our daily thinking process.
Let‟s now begin beating biases!

What Is It?

Lesson: Let’s Beat Biases!

I. Meaning
When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal view of the person
presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of people. Bias cannot be avoided in any discussion
or debate. What is important is that the people engaging in the discussion are aware of
their personal biases and have an open but critical attitude toward other views which
conflict with their own.
The most common biases are enumerated below
II. Types and Characteristics of Biases

Bias Characteristics Example

1. Correspondence bias or tendency to judge a “These soldiers who

attribution effect person‟s personality by fought in the war are all
his or her actions, without bloodthirsty murderers!”
regard for external factors
or influences.
2. Confirmation bias tendency to look for and “How can I accept his view
readily accept information that there is no God? I am
which fits one‟s own a Christian!”
beliefs or views and to
reject ideas or views that
go against it.

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3. Framing focusing on a certain “Preliminary evidence has
aspect of a problem while still not pointed out the
ignoring other aspect actual cause of the plane
crash, but investigators
are currently focusing on
the possibility of pilot
errors.”
4. Hindsight the tendency to see past “Magellan assault on
events as predictable or to Mactan was a foolhardy
ascribe a pattern to venture, made by an
historical event overconfident, careless
man who underestimated
the valor of the native
Filipinos.”

5. Conflict of interest a person or group is “As the daughter of the

connected to or has vested accused, I believe I have
interest in the issue being the right to express my
discussed. opinion on the issue of his
alleged corrupt practices.”
6. Cultural bias analyzing an issue or “I do not agree on these
events based on one‟s Western practices of
cultural standards. placing aged parents in
retirement homes. We
Filipinos take care of our
family members.”

What’s More?
Activity 1: Spotted Biases
Complete the given activity by spotting the biases in different social issues
today. Give their possible biases committed with their explanations of evidences.

Spotted bias 1: Grace Poe can be part of senate committee to investigate the closure
of ABS-CBN

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A. Answer: _______ (Yes or No)
B. Possible type of bias: _______________________
C. Explanation: _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Spotted Bias 2: The founder of JIL religious movement, Bro. Eddie Villanueva who is
also a deputy speaker in Congress can be part of the hearing on the proposed bill for
allowing abortion in the country.
A. Answer: ________ (Yes or No)
B. Possible type of bias: ____________

C. Explanation: __________________________________ ______________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Spotted Bias 3: Ronald „Bato‟ Dela Rosa a former PNP chief can be part of the
investigation on the shooting incident in Mindanao which killed some PNP officials.
A. Answer: ___________ (Yes or No)

B. Possible type of bias: __________________

C. Explanation: ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Guide Questions;
1. Among the issues discussed, which do you consider as the most significant? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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2. What are some of the difficulties you encountered in distinguishing biases?

__________________________________________________________________________

Truth over rules!

Activity 2- News Evaluation

Look for some news in television or radio or internet which manifested some
biases in reasoning.

News Source (Network, etc.) Biases in reasoning

1.

2.

3.

Activity 3: When Truth Applied by avoiding biases!

Complete the table by stating how you can avoid the biasses in your life as a
student and a Filipino citizen.
Biases to Avoid Situation in your life
As student As Filipino citizen

1.

2.

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 CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

What I CAN Do?

Identify the kind of biases being described in the following statements and give
their main characteristics.

Statement Biases Characteristics

Example: “Magellan assault on the tendency to see past events
Mactan was a foolhardy HINDSIGHT
as predictable or to ascribe a
venture, made by an
overconfident, careless man pattern to historical event
who underestimated the valor
of the native Filipinos.”

“As the owner of the business 1. 2.

who are being investigated, I
feel I have the rights to say that
All your accusations are
wrong!”
“Preliminary investigations are 3. 4.
pointing out that the PNP
personnel who were killed do
not have any gun that time but
we‟re looking on the possibility
that they had first attempted to
fire. And the military had just
reacted.”
“How can I accept that God 5. 6.
made this miracle? I am an
atheist!”
“I can‟t accept this Western 7. 8.
practice of allowing their grown
children to leave them to work
abroad. We Filipinos love our
grown children and preferred to
lived together even when they
we‟re already married!”

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“These nurses who choose to 9. 10.
work abroad in the midst of the
pandemic have just proven that
they‟re traitors to our country.”

B. Write B if the action is Bias and NB, if it is Not Bias.

11._____A Company has never accepted any ex-convict considering them as the most
dishonest people in society.
12._____Some students in Grade 12-HUMSS still voted Arthur for president even
though he is a strong opponent of their classmate.
13._____ John still listens to an atheist and voted for his excellent speech even though
he is a Christian.
14._____A journalist has never included in his report the proven anomaly done by
eldest son of his senior reporter,
15._____A senator presided one of the investigations connected with the business of
his son in-law.

ENRICHMENT

Congratulations! You are almost done becoming a good politically oriented

person. Kindly answer the following questions based on your own political
understanding.

1. As a student, what do you think is the significance of avoiding bias especially

during this time of pandemic?
_______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. How can you explain and relate it in this quotation, “Ignorance is one of the most
dangerous things in this world?”

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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