AA - Open Channel Flow - I
AA - Open Channel Flow - I
AA - Open Channel Flow - I
1. Man made
• Channel designed and made by human
• Examples: earth or concrete lined drainage and
irrigation
• Prismatic channel (no change in geometry with
distance)
2. Natural
• Examples: River and streams
• Changes with spatial and temporal (non prismatic
channel)
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
TEMPORAL (Time)
SPATIAL (Space)
Steady
Unsteady
Time
Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
V1 = V2
A1 = A2
V1 V2
V1
A1 A2 A1 V2
A2
❖To determine:
▪ Laminar flow : Re < 500 (viscous > inertia)
▪ Transitional flow : 500 < Re < 1300
▪ Turbulent flow : Re > 1300 (inertia > viscous)
Froude Number
Critical Flow 3
y
2
❖ Characteristics 0 1 2 3 4
E
▪ Unstable surface
▪ Series of standing waves Difficult to measure depth
❖ Occurrence
▪ Broad crested weir (and other weirs)
▪ Channel Controls (rapid changes in cross-section)
▪ Over falls
▪ Changes in channel slope from mild to steep
❖ Used for flow measurements
▪ Unique relationship between depth and discharge
___________________________________________
Parameters of Open Channels
3a
Inflow 3 A
Change in Storage
3b
Outflow
1 A 2
Section AA
Q = vA Equation 1
Area of the
cross-section
Avg. velocity
of flow at a (m2)
Flow rate
(m3/s) cross-section
(m/s)
Uniform flow in Open
Channel
Uniform flow in Open Channel
Energy lines
i
Water Surface
Sw
Flow
yo
So
1. Chezy Equation
❖ By Antoine Chezy (France), 1768
2. Manning Equation
❖ By Robert Manning (Irish), 1889
Chezy Equation
v = C RS o
Q = AC RS o
Chezy Equation
m m
60 < C < 150
s s
C = R1/6 / n
1 (SI units!)
V = R S 2/3 1/2
h o
Dimensions of n? T /L
n 1/3
1.49
V = R 2/3 S1/2
(English system)
h o
n n = Manning
roughness coefficient
Q = VA Bottom slope = T/L1/3 (Unit s/m1/3)
1
Q = ARh2 / 3 S o1 / 2 very sensitive to n
n
Manning roughness coefficient, n
n = 0 .031d 1 / 6 d in ft
d = median size of bed material
n = 0 .038 d 1 / 6 d in m
Example:
❖Trapezoidal channel:
▪ Bottom width = 3.0 m
▪ Side slope = 1: 1.5
▪ Base slope = 0.0016
▪ Manning coefficient = 0.013
❖Determine Q if yo = 2.6m.
Determination of yo