The document discusses contention-based MAC protocols and two specific protocols: PAMAS and S-MAC. PAMAS uses two channels, one for data and one for control signals to coordinate transmissions and allow nodes to sleep. S-MAC uses a duty cycling approach where nodes periodically listen and sleep to reduce energy usage.
The document discusses contention-based MAC protocols and two specific protocols: PAMAS and S-MAC. PAMAS uses two channels, one for data and one for control signals to coordinate transmissions and allow nodes to sleep. S-MAC uses a duty cycling approach where nodes periodically listen and sleep to reduce energy usage.
The document discusses contention-based MAC protocols and two specific protocols: PAMAS and S-MAC. PAMAS uses two channels, one for data and one for control signals to coordinate transmissions and allow nodes to sleep. S-MAC uses a duty cycling approach where nodes periodically listen and sleep to reduce energy usage.
The document discusses contention-based MAC protocols and two specific protocols: PAMAS and S-MAC. PAMAS uses two channels, one for data and one for control signals to coordinate transmissions and allow nodes to sleep. S-MAC uses a duty cycling approach where nodes periodically listen and sleep to reduce energy usage.
These protocols do not rely on transmission schedules, instead they require
other mechanisms to resolve contention when it occurs! The main advantage of contention-based techniques is their simplicity compared to most schedule-based techniques! schedule-based MAC protocols must save and maintain schedules or tables indicating the transmission order! most contention-based protocols do not require to save, maintain, or share state information! this also allows contention-based protocols to adapt quickly to changes in network topologies or traffic characteristics! However, they typically result in higher collision rates and overheads due to idle listening and overhearing (overheads usually refer to additional bits in a packet or additional packets such as control packets)! They may also suffer from fairness issues (i.e., some nodes may be able to obtain more frequent channel accesses than others)
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
The PAMAS protocol attempts to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure caused by overhearing!
PAMAS uses two separate channels to prevent collisions among data
transmissions: one for data frames and one for control frames (ready-to- send or RTS and clear-to-send or CTS)! The separate signaling channel allows nodes to determine when and how long to power down their wireless transceivers! devices transmit busy tones on the control channel to ensure that devices that did not overhear either RTS or CTS will not access the data channel for transmissions
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
Every node in a PAMAS network independently decides when to power off its transceiver! Specifically, a node decides to turn off its transceiver whenever one of two conditions holds:! a neighbor begins a transmission and the node has no frames to transmit! a neighbor transmits a frame to another neighbor, even if the node has frames to transmit! A node can easily detect either condition by ! overhearing its neighborʼs transmissions (condition 1) or! overhearing its neighborʼs busy tone (condition 2)! A node can identify how long to power down its transceiver by embedding the size or expected transmission duration into messages!
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
The goal of the S-MAC protocol is! to reduce unnecessary energy consumption! while providing good scalability and collision avoidance mechanism! S-MAC adopts a duty-cycle approach! nodes periodically transition between a listen state and a sleep state! each node chooses its own schedule, although it is preferred when nodes synchronize their schedules such that nodes listen or sleep at the same time! nodes using the same schedule are considered to belong to the same virtual cluster (but no real clustering takes place)! all nodes are free to communicate with nodes outside their clusters!
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
