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Differential Equations (MA 1150) : Sukumar

Homogeneous second order linear ODEs can have power series solutions. The coefficients of the power series must satisfy a recurrence relation derived from substituting the power series into the ODE. Cauchy-Euler equations are a special type of second order linear ODE where a change of variables can transform the equation into one with constant coefficients. This allows the solutions to be found from the characteristic equation and transformed back to the original variables.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 views52 pages

Differential Equations (MA 1150) : Sukumar

Homogeneous second order linear ODEs can have power series solutions. The coefficients of the power series must satisfy a recurrence relation derived from substituting the power series into the ODE. Cauchy-Euler equations are a special type of second order linear ODE where a change of variables can transform the equation into one with constant coefficients. This allows the solutions to be found from the characteristic equation and transformed back to the original variables.

Uploaded by

Mansi Nanavati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equations (MA 1150)

Sukumar

Lecture 7

May 05, 2020


Overview

Homogeneous second order linear ODE


Power series solution
Cauchy-Euler Equations

Non-homogeneous second order linear ODE


The method of undetermined coefficients
Section 1

Homogeneous second order linear ODE


Discussion

Connection:

ODE ←→ Recurrence relation


Subsection 1

Power series solution


Discussion

If a, b, c ∈ R with a 6= 0, then

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0 (1)

is called a constant coefficient 2nd order homogeneous ODE.

Recall that solution to ODE (7) will have linear combination of the following
form
I e m1 x and e m2 x ;
I e mx and xe mx , or
I e λx cos ωx and e λx sin ωx.
Discussion

Recall
I Power series expansion of e x around 0.
I Power series expansion of sin x around 0.
I Power series expansion of cos x around 0.
Consider the following Taylor series:

x
X xn
e = , −∞ < x < ∞,
n=0
n!

X x 2n+1
sin x = (−1)n , −∞ < x < ∞,
n=0
(2n + 1)!

X x 2n
cos x = (−1)n , −∞ < x < ∞,
n=0
(2n)!
Power Series

Taylor Series If a function f has derivatives of all orders at a point x = x0 ,


then the Taylor series of f about x0 is defined by

X f (n) (x0 )
f (x) = (x − x0 )n .
n=0
n!

Power Series A power series for f at a point x = x0 is a function



X
f (x) = an (x − x0 )n
n=0

(We are assuming positive radius of convergence on open interval!!)


Power Series

Theorem A power series



X
f (x) = an (x − x0 )n
n=0

with positive radius of convergence R has derivatives of all orders in its open
interval of convergence, and successive derivatives can be obtained by
repeatedly differentiating term by term; that is,

X
f 0 (x) = nan (x − x0 )n−1 , (2)
n=1


X
f 00 (x) = n(n − 1)an (x − x0 )n−2 , (3)
n=2
..
.

X
f (k) (x) = n(n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1)an (x − x0 )n−k . (4)
n=k

Moreover, all of these series have the same radius of convergence R.


Power Series

Example Let f (x) = sin x. Then



X x 2n+1
f (x) = (−1)n .
n=0
(2n + 1)!

Hence ,
∞  2n+1  X ∞
X d x x 2n
f 0 (x) = (−1)n = (−1)n ,
n=0
dx (2n + 1)! n=0
(2n)!
which is the series for cos x.
Discussion

Recall Constant coefficient 2nd order homogeneous ODE:

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0 (5)

where a, b, c ∈ R with a 6= 0.

Recall The solution to ODE (7) will have linear combination of the following
form
I e m1 x and e m2 x ;
I e mx and xe mx , or
I e λx cos ωx and e λx sin ωx.

Lets slightly change the condition Consider 2nd order homogeneous ODE:

a(x)y 00 + b(x)y 0 + c(x)y = 0 (6)

where a(x), b(x), c(x) are some polynomials and a(x) 6= 0.


Discussion

Lets slightly change the condition Consider 2nd order homogeneous ODE:

a(x)y 00 + b(x)y 0 + c(x)y = 0 (7)

where a(x), b(x), c(x) are some polynomials and a(x) 6= 0.

We may not have solutions y1 and y2 in the standard form:


I e m1 x and e m2 x ;
I e mx and xe mx , or
I e λx cos ωx and e λx sin ωx.

Note that y1 and y2 may be some power series (depends upon the initial
conditions).
Example

Suppose

X
y (x) = an x n
n=0

Derive an expression for


(2 − x)y 00 + 2y
as a power series in x on I .
Note that

X
y 00 = n(n − 1)an x n−2 .
n=2

Therefore (2 − x)y + 2y = 2y − xy 0 + 2y =
00 00


X ∞
X ∞
X
= 2n(n − 1)an x n−2 − n(n − 1)an x n−1 + 2an x n .
n=2 n=2 n=0
Example

Shift indices in the first two so that all three series will start with n = 0; thus,
we get

X
(2 − x)y 00 + 2y = [2(n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 − (n + 1)nan+1 + 2an ]x n .
n=0

Observation: We see that y satisfies ODE

(2 − x)y 00 + 2y = 0

on open interval I if the following recurrence relation holds

2(n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 − (n + 1)nan+1 + 2an = 0, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

P∞
Conclusion: The power series solution y (x) = n=0 an x n of an ODE gives rise
to recurrence relations among the coefficients an ’s.
Subsection 2

Cauchy-Euler Equations
Second Order Linear Differential Equations

Cauchy-Euler Equations The equation of the following form

x 2 y 00 + axy 0 + by = 0 x > 0 (8)

where a, b ∈ R, is called a Cauchy-Euler equation.

This equation can be transformed into one with constant coefficients by change
of variables(x = e t ) on the interval (0, ∞). Consider the function of t given by

h(t) = y (e t ) = y (x)

Then

dh dy dx dy t
= = e .
dt dx dt dx
Therefore
dy dh −t
= e .
dx dt
Cauchy-Euler Equations

Therefore
dh dy t
= e ,
dt dx
and
d 2h d 2 y 2t dh
2
= e +
dt dx 2 dt

Substituting these, we get a second order ODE with constant coefficients

h00 (t) + (a − 1)h0 (t) + bh(t) = 0

If h(t) is a solution to this equation, then y (x) = h(ln x) is a solution to the


Cauchy-Euler equation.

If h1 (t) and h2 (t) are solutions to the constant coefficient ODE, then the
general solution is given by

y = c1 h1 (ln x) + c2 h2 (ln x).


Cauchy-Euler Equations

Example Solve the following ODE:

x 2 y 00 + 7xy 0 + 5y = 0

Putting t = ln x, we get

h00 (t) + (7 − 1)h0 (t) + 5h(t) = 0

The characteristic equation is

p(m) = m2 + 6m + 5 = (m + 1)(m + 5)

1
Therefore, h1 (t) = e −t and h2 (t) = e −5t . Hence h1 (ln x) = and
x
1
h2 (ln x) = 5 . Hence the general solution is
x

1 1
y = c1 + c2 5 .
x x
Cauchy-Euler Equations

Example Solve the following ODE:

x 2 y 00 + 7xy 0 + 9y = 0

Putting t = ln x, we get

h00 (t) + (7 − 1)h0 (t) + 9h(t) = 0

The characteristic equation of associated constant coefficient ODE is

p(m) = m2 + (7 − 1)m + 9 = (m + 3)2 .

1
Therefore, h1 (t) = e −3t and h2 (t) = te −3t . Hence h1 (ln x) = 3 and
x
1
h2 (ln x) = ln x 3 . Hence the general solution is
x

1 1
y = c1 + c2 ln x 3 .
x3 x
Cauchy-Euler Equations

Example Solve the following ODE:

x 2 y 00 + 5xy 0 + 13y = 0

Putting t = ln x, we get

h00 (t) + (5 − 1)h0 (t) + 13h(t) = 0

The characteristic equation of associated constant coefficient ODE is

p(m) = m2 + (5 − 1)m + 13 = (m + 2)2 + 9.

Therefore, h1 (t) = e −2t cos 3t and h2 (t) = e −2t sin 3t.


1 1
Hence h1 (ln x) = 2 cos(3 ln x) and h2 (ln x) = 2 sin(3 ln x). Hence the
x x
general solution is
1
y= [c1 cos(3 ln x) + c2 sin(3 ln x)]
x2
Cauchy-Euler Equations

Theorem Consider the Cauchy-Euler Equation

x 2 y 00 + axy 0 + by = 0 x > 0 (9)

where a, b ∈ R. Putting t = ln x, ODE becomes

h00 (t) + (a − 1)h0 (t) + bh(t) = 0 (10)

Let p(m) = m2 + (a − 1)m + b = 0 be the characteristic equation.


(a) If m1 6= m2 ∈ R, then the general solution of (11) is

y = c1 x m1 + c2 x m2 .

(b) If m1 = m2 ∈ R, then the general solution of (11) is

y = c1 x m + c2 x m ln x.

(c) If m = λ ± iω and then the general solution of (11) is

y = x λ (c1 cos(ω ln x) + c2 sin(ω ln x)) .


Cauchy-Euler Equations

Solve the following Cauchy-Euler Equation


1. x 2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 4y = 0.
2. x 2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 5y = 0.
3. x 2 y 00 − xy 0 − 3y = 0 .
Cauchy-Euler Equations

Something to think!!! Assume that we have Cauchy-Euler Equation of the form

x 2 y 00 + axy 0 + by = 0 x < 0 (11)

where a, b ∈ R.

Shall one substitute x = −e t and proceed as did before!!!


Section 2

Non-homogeneous second order linear ODE


Non-homogeneous second order linear ODE

Consider the non-homogeneous 2nd order linear equation

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x), (12)

where f (x) 6= 0 identically.

Theorem: Suppose p(x), q(x) and f (x) are continuous functions on an open
interval (a, b), let x0 be any point in (a, b). Then the initial value problem

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x), y (x0 ) = w0 , y 0 (x0 ) = w1

has a unique solution on (a, b).

We know how to solve the associated homogeneous equation, initial value


problem

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0 y (x0 ) = w0 , y 0 (x0 ) = w1


Non-homogeneous second order linear ODE

Set-up: The homogeneous IVP

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0

on (a, b) is called complementary equation.

Particular solution: Any solution of non-homogeneous IVP

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x)

on (a, b) is called particular solution.

Solve the initial value problem

y 00 + y = 1, y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 7.
Particular solution of non-homogeneous second order linear ODE

Solve the initial value problem

y 00 + y = 1, y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 7. (13)

The characteristic equation is

p(m) = m2 + 1 = 0.

Thus y1 = cos x and y2 = sin x form a fundamental set of solutions of the


complementary equation.

The general solution of (13) is

y = yp + cos x + 7 sin x. (14)

Any guess for yp . take yp = 1.


Particular solution

Example: Solve IVP

y 00 + 6y 0 + 5y = x 2 + 1, where y (0) = 3, y 0 (0) = 1. (15)

Thus the solution to IVP is

y = c1 e −x + c2 e −5x + yp .

Find yp :
Solution of 2nd order non-homogeneous linear ODE

Theorem: Suppose p(x), q(x), and f (x) are continuous function on (a, b). Let
yp be a particular solution of

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x) (16)

on (a, b), and let {y1 , y2 } be a fundamental set of solutions of the


complementary equation y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0 on (a, b).

Then y is a solution of (16) on (a, b) if and only if

y = yp + c 1 y1 + c 2 y2 ,

where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

Proof. Exercise (Think about it!)


Example

Example: Find the general solution of

y 00 − 2y 0 + y = −3 − x + x 2 . (17)

Answer: The characteristic polynomial of the complementary equation

y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 0

is m2 − 2m + 1 = (m − 1)2 .

Therefore y1 = e x and y2 = xe x form a fundamental set of solutions of the


complementary equation.
Notice that y is a solution of (17) if and only if

y = yp + c1 e x + c2 xe x ,

where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants. Need to find a particular solution:


Example (continued...)

y 00 − 2y 0 + y = −3 − x + x 2 . (18)
Notice that y is a solution if and only if
y = yp + c1 e x + c2 xe x .

How to find a particular solution?:


I Can we choose yp to be of the form A + A1 x + A2 x 2 + A3 x 3 + A4 x 4 ?
(Yes/No and why)

I From (18), the better candidate for yp seems to be of the form


A + A1 x + A2 x 2 .
I Set yp = A + A1 x + A2 x 2 and substitute in (18). Find constants A, A1 , A2 .
I (Verify) yp = 1 + 3x + x 2 .
Part (a) General solution of given ODE is
y = 1 + 3x + x 2 + e x (c1 + c2 x).
Example (continued...)

(b) Solve the initial value problem

y 00 − 2y 0 + y = −3 − x + x 2 , y (0) = −2, y 0 (0) = 1. (19)

Recall that general solution of this ODE is

y = 1 + 3x + x 2 + e x (c1 + c2 x).

Using the initial conditions, y (0) = −2, y 0 (0) = 1, solution of IVP is

y = 1 + 3x + x 2 − e x (3 − x).
Recall: solution of 2nd order non-homogeneous linear ODE

Recall: Let yp be a particular solution of

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x) (20)

on (a, b), and let {y1 , y2 } be a fundamental set of solutions of the


complementary equation y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0 on (a, b).

Then y is a solution of (20) on (a, b) if and only if

y = yp + c 1 y1 + c 2 y2 ,

Observation How to pick yp . It is decided by f (x) (or may be more than


that!!).
The Principle of Superposition

Theorem: Suppose yp1 is a particular solution of


y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f1 (x)
on (a, b) and yp2 is a particular solution of
y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f2 (x)
on (a, b). Then
y p = y p1 + y p2
is a particular solution of
y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f1 (x) + f2 (x)
on (a, b).

Observation
I Split the non-homogeneous equation into simpler parts,
I Find a particular solution for each part, and
I Combine their solutions to obtain a particular solution of the original
ODE.
Questions

Question:
I In the first order non-linear ODE y 0 + p(x)y = f (x), we have used
y = u(x)y1 , where y1 is a solution of complementary equation
y 0 + p(x)y = 0.
I We found yp in some different way to get the complete solution in 2nd
order non-homogeneous linear ODE.
I Then for getting solutions, what is the difference between 1st and 2nd
order ODE ? Especially, in the case of non-homogeneous linear ODE.
Subsection 1

The method of undetermined coefficients


The method of undetermined coefficients

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 − 7y 0 + 12y = 4e 2x . (21)

Then find the general solution.


Let’s try:
I Derivative of an exponential function e mx is again an exponential function
∗e mx up to a constant ∗. Same applies for higher derivatives too.
I If we substitute some solution y in (21), L.H.S and R.H.S should agree.
I Possible candidate for yp = Ae 2x for some constant A.
yp00 − 7yp0 + 12yp = 4Ae 2x − 14Ae 2x + 12Ae 2x = 2Ae 2x = 4e 2x
hence A = 2. Therefore yp = 2e 2x is a particular solution.
General solution:
y = 2e 2x + c1 e 3x + c2 e 4x .

Question: Can we always substitute yp = Ae mx for some constant A?


The method of undetermined coefficients

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 − 7y 0 + 12y = 5e 4x . (22)

Then find the general solution.


Let’s try:
I Let yp = Ae 4x as a possible candidate for particular solution.
I Something is wrong! Notice that L.H.S = 0, whereas R.H.S 6= 0.
I We know why it is wrong. Because e 4x is a solution of the
complementary equation.
Let’s try: yp = u(x)e 4x . Substituting yp , yp0 and yp00 into (22) and canceling
the common factor e 4x gives

(u 00 + 8u 0 + 16u) − 7(u 0 + 4u) + 12u = 5,

that is,
u 00 + u 0 = 5.
Example (continued...)

Now if
u 00 + u 0 = 5,
then we may take u(x) = 5x as a possible candidate.

Therefore, yp = 5xe 4x is a particular solution.

Characteristic polynomial is m2 − 7m + 12 = 0, that is, (m − 3)(m − 4) = 0.

Therefore
y = 5xe 4x + c1 e 3x + c2 e 4x
is the general solution.
The method of undetermined coefficients

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 − 8y 0 + 16y = 2e 4x . (23)

Then find the general solution.


Let’s try: Note that characteristic polynomial is (m − 4)2 = 0.
I Can we have yp = Ae 4x or yp = Axe 4x as a possible candidate for
particular solution? (No!)
Let’s try: yp = u(x)e 4x . Substituting yp , yp0 and yp00 into (23) and canceling
the common factor e 4x gives

(u 00 + 8u 0 + 16u) − 8(u 0 + 4u) + 16u = 2 =⇒ u 00 = 2.

Therefore up = x 2 e 4x is a particular solution of (23).

Therefore the general solution to given ODE is

y = e 4x (x 2 + c1 + c2 x).
The method of undetermined coefficients

The form of a particular solution yp of a constant coefficient equation

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = ke αx ,

where k is a nonzero constant:


I If e αx isn’t a solution of the complementary equation

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0, (24)

then yp = Ae αx , where A is a constant.


I If e αx is a solution of (24) but xe αx is not, then yp = Axe αx , where A is
a constant.
I If both e αx and xe αx are solutions of (24), then yp = Ax 2 e αx , where A is
a constant.
One can substitute the appropriate form for yp and its derivatives directly into

ayp00 + byp0 + cyp = ke αx ,

and solve for the constant A,


The method of undetermined coefficients

Consider the 2nd order constant coefficient equation

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = e λx (P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx) (25)

where λ and ω are real numbers, ω 6= 0, and P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials.

We want to find a particular solution of (25).


The method of undetermined coefficients

We want to find a particular solution of

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = e λx (P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx)

Case study: Assume that λ = 0. Then we have

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx

If
yp = A(x) cos ωx + B(x) sin ωx
where A and B are polynomials, then

ayp00 + byp0 + cyp = F (x) cos ωx + G (x) sin ωx,

where F and G are some other polynomials. By comparing find the


co-efficients so that F (x) = P(x) and G (x) = Q(x).
The method of undetermined coefficients

Theorem: Suppose ω > 0 and P and Q are polynomials. Let k be the larger of
the degrees of P and Q. Then the equation

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx

has a particular solution

yp = A(x) cos ωx + B(x) sin ωx, (26)

where

A(x) = A0 + A1 x + · · · + Ak x k and B(x) = B0 + B1 x + · · · + Bk x k ,

provided that cos ωx and sin ωx are not solutions of the complementary
equation. The solutions of

a(y 00 + ω 2 y ) = P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx

are of the form (26),

A(x) = A0 x + A1 x 2 + · · · + Ak x k+1 and B(x) = B0 x + B1 x 2 + · · · + Bk x k+1 .


The method of undetermined coefficients - Example

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 5 cos 2x + 10 sin 2x. (27)

Set yp = A cos 2x + B sin 2x.. Now

yp00 − 2yp0 + yp = −4(A cos 2x + B sin 2x) − 4(−A sin 2x + B cos 2x)
+(A cos 2x + B sin 2x)
= (−3A − 4B) cos 2x + (4A − 3B) sin 2x.

Solve for A and B. Get A = 1, B = −2 and hence

yp = cos 2x − 2 sin 2x

is a particular solution
The method of undetermined coefficients - Example

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 + 4y = 8 cos 2x + 12 sin 2x. (28)

Set yp = x(A cos 2x + B sin 2x).. Then

yp0 = A cos 2x + B sin 2x + 2x(−A sin 2x + B cos 2x)


yp00 = −4A sin 2x + 4B cos 2x − 4x(A cos 2x + B sin 2x)
= −4A sin 2x + 4B cos 2x − 4yp ,

so
yp00 + 4yp = −4A sin 2x + 4B cos 2x.

Therefore A = −3 and B = 2 and hence

yp = −x(3 cos 2x − 2 sin 2x)

is a particular solution
The method of undetermined coefficients - Example

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = (16 + 20x) cos x + 10 sin x. (29)

Set yp = (A0 + A1 x) cos x + (B0 + B1 x) sin x. Then

yp0 = (A1 + B0 + B1 x) cos x + (B1 − A0 − A1 x) sin x

and
yp00 = (2B1 − A0 − A1 x) cos x − (2A1 + B0 + B1 x) sin x.

Therefore
yp00 + 3yp0 + 2yp = [A0 + 3A1 + 3B0 + 2B1 + (A1 + 3B1 )x] cos x
(30)
+ [B0 + 3B1 − 3A0 − 2A1 + (B1 − 3A1 )x] sin x.
The method of undetermined coefficients - Example

Comparing the coefficients of x cos x, x sin x, cos x, and sin x with the
corresponding coefficients in (29)

A1 + 3B1 = 20
−3A1 + B1 = 0
A0 + 3B0 + 3A1 + 2B1 = 16
−3A0 + B0 − 2A1 + 3B1 = 10.

We get constants, A0 = 1, A1 = 2, B0 = −1, B1 = 6

Therefore
yp = (1 + 2x) cos x − (1 − 6x) sin x
is a particular solution
The method of undetermined coefficients

Consider the 2nd order constant coefficient equation

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = e λx (P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx) (31)

where λ and ω are real numbers, ω 6= 0, and P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials.

To find a particular solution of (31),when λ 6= 0.

Substituting y = ue λx into (31).

The new equation after substitution will be constant coefficient equation for u
of the P(x) cos ωx + Q(x) sin ωx.

We can find a particular solution up of this equation by earlier approach.


The method of undetermined coefficients

Example: Find a particular solution of

y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = e −2x [2 cos 3x − (34 − 150x) sin 3x] . (32)

Let y = ue −2x . Then

y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = e −2x [(u 00 − 4u 0 + 4u) − 3(u 0 − 2u) + 2u]


= e −2x (u 00 − 7u 0 + 12u)
= e −2x [2 cos 3x − (34 − 150x) sin 3x]

Need to solve

u 00 − 7u 0 + 12u = 2 cos 3x − (34 − 150x) sin 3x. (33)

Notice that cos 3x and sin 3x aren’t solutions of the complementary equation

u 00 − 7u 0 + 12u = 0,
The method of undetermined coefficients

A particular solution of
u 00 − 7u 0 + 12u = 2 cos 3x − (34 − 150x) sin 3x.
is of the form
up = (A0 + A1 x) cos 3x + (B0 + B1 x) sin 3x. (34)

Hence
up00 − 7up0 + 12up = [3A0 − 21B0 − 7A1 + 6B1 + (3A1 − 21B1 )x] cos 3x
+ [21A0 + 3B0 − 6A1 − 7B1 + (21A1 + 3B1 )x] sin 3x.

up is a solution if
3A1 − 21B1 = 0
21A1 + 3B1 = 150
(35)
3A0 − 21B0 − 7A1 + 6B1 = 2
21A0 + 3B0 − 6A1 − 7B1 = −34.
The method of undetermined coefficients

Solving the system of equations, we get A0 = 1, A1 = 7, B0 = −2, and


B1 = 1.

Therefore
up = (1 + 7x) cos 3x − (2 − x) sin 3x
is a particular solution of (33).

Hence
yp = e −2x [(1 + 7x) cos 3x − (2 − x) sin 3x]
is a particular solution of our original ODE.

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