Movement Patterns: Exercise-Based

The Science of Human Movement

 The human body movements is a movement of a

body segment toward the midline of the body.
 Circumduction is a movement where the joint is
the pivot and the body segment moves in a Thoracic Vertebrae
combination of flexion, extensions, adduction
and abduction.
 The type of movement that can be produced at a
synovial joint (type of joint that moves against
each other) is determined by its structural type.
 While the socket joint (type of synovial joint)
gives the good range of movement at an
individual joint.
 Movement kinds are generally paired, with the
opposite side of the other.
 Body movements are described in relation to the
anatomical position of the body. Lumbar Vertebrae
 Upright stance, with upper limbs to the other
side of the body and palms facing forward.

Two Components of the Body

 Skeletal System
 The skeleton provides a strong, internal
framework that supports the body, and provides
protection for vital organs.
 These bones meet at joints, the majority of
which are freely movable, making the skeleton
flexible and mobile Functions of the Skeletal System
Physiological Functions
Major Bones and Bone Groups
1. Provide a site formation.
 Bone of the Head (Skull - 29)
2. Serves as storehouse for calcium which are

essential for nerve conduction, blood clotting and
 Vertebral Column [Vertebrae – (26) 7 cervical, energy formation.
12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal (or
tailbone) vertebrae] 3. Play a role in our immune function.

Skeletal System Structural Functions

1. Give supports to the body.
2. It protects the delicate organs in the body.
3. Bones are rigid lever of locomotion.

The skeleton is divided into two groups:

1. Appendicular Skeleton – which is composed of

the upper extremity and lower extremity.
2. Axial skeleton – which is composed of the skull,
ribs, trunk, vertebral column, and pelvic.

Cervical
Vertebrae
 Pectoral Girdle

Upper Extremities

Factors Influencing Bone Health

1. Heredity – heredity is an important determinant
of bone mass density (BMD). This is a limiting
factor on the amount of (BMD) an individual
can attain.
2. Nutritional status – nutrition is important in
maintaining bone health. Calcium is important
nutrient for the bones.
3. Hormonal status – the hormone estrogen plays
an important role in attaining bone mass. While
the females can develop a lower peak bone mass Kinds of Muscle Fiber
than females with regular monthly period.  Muscles are the exert forces thus are the major
Acceleration on the rate of bone loss is also contributor to human movement. Muscles are used
likely happen on menopausal women due to loss to hold a position, to raise or lower a body part, to
of estrogen. slow down a fast moving segment, and to generate
great speed in the body or in an object that is
4. Activity level – children and adolescents should propelled on the air. The muscles only has the
participate in high impact activities for the bone ability pull and creates a motion because it
development. crosses a joint. The tension develop by the muscles
5. Thoracic cage (Ribs – 1-7 true, 8-12 false, 11-12 applies compression to the joints, enhancing their
floating. Sternum – 1) stability. In some joint positions, however, the
tension generated by the muscles can act to pull the
 Pectoral Girdle segments apart and create instability.
 Clavicle (2) – “collarbone” Muscles Tissues Properties
 Scapula (2) – shoulder blade Four Properties of Muscle Tissues
 Humerus (2) – long bone of the upper arm 1. Irritability – is the ability to respond to stimulus.

 Upper Extremities 2. Contractility – is the ability of the muscles to

generate tension and shorten when it receives
 Radius (2) – shorter and lateral bone of the sufficient stimulation.
forearm
3. Extensibility – is the muscles’ ability to lengthen, or
 Ulna (2) – medial and longer bone of forearm stretch beyond the resting length.
 Carpals (16) – wrist bone 4. Elasticity – is the ability of the muscles fiber to
 Metacarpals (10) – long bone of the hand return to its resting length after the stretch is
removed.
 Patella (2) the knee cap
 Tibia (2) medial and larger two bones of the Function of Muscles
lower leg  Skeletal muscles perform a variety of different
 Tarsal (14) – the bones in the ankle functions, all of which are important to efficient
performance of the human body. The three (3)
 Metatarsals (10) long bones in the foot that are functions relating specifically to human movement
concave on the plantar or lower surface are contributing to the production of skeletal
 Phalanges (28) bones of the toes and fingers
 movement, assisting in joint stability, and
maintaining posture and body positioning.
1. Produce Movement Posterior Compartment
 Skeletal movement is created as muscle actions
generate tensions that are transferred to the bone.
The resulting movements necessary for locomotion
and other segmental manipulations.
2. Maintain Postures and Positions
 Muscle action of a lesser magnitude are used to
maintain postures. This muscle activity is continuous
and results in small adjustments as the head is
maintained in position and the body weight is
balanced.
3. Stabilize Joints
 Muscle actions also contribute significantly to
stability of the joints. Muscles tensions are generated
and applied across the joints via the tendons,
providing stability where they cross the joint. In the
most joints, especially the shoulder and the knee, the Medial Compartment
muscles spanning the joint via the tendons are
among the primary stabilizers.
4. Other Functions
a. Muscles support and protect the visceral organs and
protect the internal tissues from injuries.
b. Tension in the muscles tissues can alter and control
pressures within the cavities.
c. Skeletal muscles contributes to the maintenance of
body temperature by producing heat.
d. The muscles control the entrances and exits to the
body through voluntary control over swallowing,
defecation, and urination.
a) Muscle tissue is made up of cells called fibers Muscles Architecture
that have ability to contact or shorten, in order to Two Fiber Arrangements of the Muscles
produce a pulling force. 1) Parallel Fiber arrangement, the fascicles are
b) Muscles are also extensible, and are elastic so parallel to the long axis of the muscles. This muscles
that they can stretched and then recoil and running in the same direction as the whole muscles.
resume their normal resting length.
c) Muscles are also electrically excitable, so that Five Different Shapes Of Parallel Fiber
they can be stimulated to contact by nerve Arrangement:
impulse. A. Fusiform – Biceps Brachii
B. Strap – Sartorius
C. Convergent – Pectoralis Major
Skeletal Muscle Structure D. Circular – Orbicularis Oris
 Groups of Muscles E. Flat – External Oblique
- Is contained within the compartment
that are defined by fascia, a sheet Fusiform
fibrous tissue.

Three Compartments of Thigh

1. Anterior Compartment (Quadriceps femoris)
2. Posterior Compartment (Hamstrings)
3. Medial (Adductors)

Anterior Compartment

Strap
 Endurance athletes usually have a high quantity of
slow-twitch fibers.
2. Intermediate and Fast-twitch Fiber Types – Fast-
Convergent
Twitch, or type II, fibers are further broken down
into type Iia, oxidative-glycolytic, and type Iib,
glycotic. The type Iia fiber is ared muscle fiber
known as the intermediate fast-twitch fiber because
it can sustain activity for long period or contract
with a burst of force and then fatigue. The white type
Iib fiber provides us with rapid force production and
then fatigues quickly.
Role of Muscle
In the performance of a motor skill, only a small portion
of the potential movement capability of the
Circular musculoskeletal system is used.

Origin vs. Insertion

Origin – The attachment closest to the midline of the
body, or more proximal and this attachment usually
broader.

Flat Insertion – The attachment farther from midline, or

more distal, this attachment usually converges to a
tendon.

Developing Torque
A muscle controls or creates a movement through the
development of torque. Torque is defined as the
tendency of a force to produce rotation about a specific
axis. In the case of a muscle, a force is generated in the
muscle along the line of action of the force and applied
to a bone, which causes a rotation about the joint (axis).
2. Penniform Fiber Arrangement, the fiber run
diagonally with respect to the central tendon running Muscle Action creating, Opposing and Stabilizing
the length of the muscles. The shape is feather like Movements
because the fascicles are short and run at an angle to
the length of the muscles. The muscle do not pull in Agonist vs. Antagonists
same direction as the whole muscle.  Agonist – Muscles creating the same joint
movement.
Three Different Shapes of Penniform Fiber  Antagonist – Muscles opposing or producing the
Arrangement opposite joint movement. The antagonist must relax
A. Unipennate – Semimembranosus to allow a movement to occur or contract con-
B. Bipennate – Gastrocnemius currently with the agonists to control or slow a joint
C. Multipennate - Deltoid movement.

Stabilizers and Neutralizers

Produce movement
1. Muscle tissue is made up of cells called fibers that
have ability to contract or shorten, in order to
produce a pulling force.
2. Muscles are also extensible, and are elastic so that
they can stretch and then recoil and resume their
normal resting length.
3. Muscles are also electrically excitable, so that they
can be stimulated to contract by nerve impulse.

Two Kinds of Muscle Fiber

1. Slow-Twitch Fiber Types – Slow-Twitch, or type I,

fibers are oxidative. The fibers are red because of the Three Types of Muscles in the Body
high content of myoglobin in the muscle. These 1. Skeletal Muscles – Voluntary muscles, attached to
fibers have slow contraction times and are well the bones of skeletons.
suited fore prolonged, low-intensity work.
2. Smooth Muscles – Involuntary muscles, hollow B. Supination
organs like small intestines and blood vessels. C. Flexion
3. Cardiac Muscles – Involuntary muscle, heart
Wrist Joint
A. Flexion
Skeletal muscle distribution with corresponding
B. Extension
contents
C. Adduction
 Body Region
D. Abduction
 Muscle Area
E. Circumduction
 Contents
F. Extension
Upper Extemities
Hip Joint
 Arm (Deltoid, Biceps, Triceps)
A. Flexion
 Forearm (Brachioradialis, Pronator, Supinator)
B. Extension
 Fingers (Thana muscles, Hyposthenia muscles)
C. Adduction
D. Lateral Rotation
Lower Extemities
E. Medial Rotation
 Upper Leg (Rectus Femora, Quadriceps,
F. Abduction
Hamstrings)
 Lower Leg (Gastrocnemius muscle, Tibias
Knee Joint
anterior)
A. Flexion
 Upper Back (Trapezius, Erectors spine)
B. Extension
 Lower Back (Gluteal)
Ankle Joint
Upper Extemities
A. Inversion
3 regions:
B. Eversion
 1. Arm
C. Dorsal Flexion
 2. Forearm
D. Plantar Flexion
 3. Hand
Body Planes
Lower Extemities
 Thigh
1. A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into
 Leg
dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and
 Foot
anterior)
2. A transverse plane also known as an axial plane or
Orientations/Directions
cross-section, divides the body into cranial and
1. Superior – above or towards the head
caudal (head and tail) portions.
2. Inferior – below or toward the lower part of the
3. A sagittal plane
body
divides the body
3. Anterior – towards the front of the body
into sinister and
4. Posterior – towards the back of the body
dexter (left and
5. Medial – at or nearer to the center plane; or in
right) portions.
the inner side of the body
6. Lateral – away from the center plane of the
body
7. Proximal – nearer to the center of the body
8. Distal – farther the center of the body

Range of Movements  Physical Wellness is one of the important state of

Types: well-being and capability of each individual to
1. Active Range of Motion – Limb is actively design the optimum required personal fitness
moved; with muscle contraction programs for improving and maintaining the level of
2. Passive Range of Motion – Limb is passively health.
moved; No muscle contraction  Strength – is the ability to sustain the application of
force without yielding or breaking the ability of
Spinal Column muscles to exert efforts against resistance.
A. Flexion
B. Extension  Flexibility – Determines how far you can bend, and
C. Lateral Flexion it depends on how you far you can stretch your
D. Rotation muscles without tearing them. Flexibility helps to
prevent injuries by decreasing the tension of
Shoulder Girdle muscles. It help to reduce muscle soreness and
A. Abduction enhance certain types of athletic performance. The
B. Adduction best way to improve your flexibility is by slow,
C. Depression deliberate stretching. Rapid stretching is can be
D. Elevation dangerous and ineffective.
Elbow Joint
A. Pronation