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Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences

(PGIHS)
Education Diploma Program

PDE 502 – Educational Sociology

Task;
01.Define what is the family and name the factors with the affect diversity
of family.
By Dr. Susila Embekka

Student; Ven. Pemarathana H.

Re.No; DIP/EDU/19/20/076
Department of Education
University of Peradeniya
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02.Define what is the family and name the factors with the affect diversity
of family.
Human has desire for newest things as well as companions with outside people. In
modern society there are love affairs. Love expresses a mutual and physical attachment that
two individuals feel for one another. These days, we might be sceptical of the idea that love is
'for ever', but falling in love, we tend to think, is an experience arising from universal human
emotions. It seems natural for a couple who fall in love also to want personal and sexual
fulfilment in their relationship, perhaps by marrying and/ or starting a family.
In Europe during the Middle Ages, virtually no one married for love; there was even a
medieval saying: “To love one's wife with one's emotions is adultery.” In those days and for
centuries afterwards, men and women married mainly in order to keep property in the hands
of the family or to raise children for working on the family farm. People sometimes had sexual
affairs outside marriage. The couple came to be at the centre of family life as the economic role
of the family dwindled and love, or love and sexual attraction, became the basis of forming
marriage ties.
Today, most people in the developed countries believe that a good relationship is based
on emotional communication or intimacy. this was important to a good marriage, it was not the
foundation of it but marriage was never in the past based on intimacy and emotional
communication. Marriage can be defined as a socially acknowledged and approved sexual
union between two adult individuals.
A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections. Kinship ties are
connections between individuals. established either through marriage or through the lines of
descent that connect blood relatives. Family define by some scholars as given below:
‘Family is a group defined by sexual relationship, sufficiently precise and enduring to provide
for the procreation and upbringing of children.’ (Maclver), ‘The family, almost without
question, is the most important of any groups that human experience offers… the family… is
with us always, or more precisely, we are with it.’(Robert), ‘Family is a more or less durable
association of husband and wife, with or without child, or of a man or woman alone, with
children.’ (M. F. Nimkoff), ‘Family is the biological social unit composed of husband, wife
and children.’ (Eliot and Merrill), ‘Family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage,
blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting and inter-communicating with
each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and
daughter, brother and sister, creating a common culture.’ (Burgess and Locke), ‘Family is a
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group of persons, whose relations to one another are based upon consanguinity and who are
therefore kin to one another.’ (Kingsley Davis).
Throughout the world family has some factors that affect with diversity of family. All
that factors appear due to nature of family process. Family relationships are always recognized
within wider kinship groups. Sociologists and anthropologists call the nuclear family, two
adults living together with their own or adopted children in a household. When close relatives
other than a married couple and children live either in the same household or in a close and
continuous relationship with one another, we speak of an extended family. An extended family
may include grandparents, brothers and their wives, sisters and their husbands, aunts and
nephews.
Many Types of Family can see in modern world it is based on few varieties due to
diversity of family;
1. Based on birth,
2. Based on marriage,
3. Based on residence,
4. Based on ancestry or decent,
5. Based on the nature of relation,
6. Based on authority and
7. Based on state or structure.
Based on birth family like family of orientation, family of procreation. Monogamous
family, polygynous family, polyandrous family are called based on marriage. Based on
residence family are like family of matrilocal residence, family of patrilocal residence and
family of changing residence. Matrilineal family and patrilineal family are called as based on
ancestry or descent family. Based on Authority is matriarchal Family: Matriarchal families are
generally found in matrilineal societies. In these families, a woman is the head of the family,
and authority is vested in her. Succession of property is through the female line, i.e., only
daughters inherit. Patriarchal family are also being opposition. All these varieties bases on
factors of gender, authority, race, ethnicity, cast and so on. These are made inequalities in social
classes. Anyhow there are some characteristics which should do from the family;
1. A family is based on marriage, which results in a mating relationship between two
adults of opposite sex.
2. Every family provides an individual with a name, and hence, it is a source of
nomenclature.
3. Family is the group through which descent or ancestry can be traced.
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4. Family is the most important group in any individual’s life.

5. Family is the most basic and important group in primary socialization of an individual.
6. A family is generally limited in size, even large, joint and extended families.
7. The family is the most important group in society; it is the nucleus of all institutions,
organizations and groups.
8. Family is a Universal group. It is found in some form or the other, in all types of
societies whether primitive or modern.
9. Family is based on emotions and sentiments. Mating, procreation, maternal and
fraternal devotion, love and affection are the basis of family ties.
10. The family is a unit of emotional and economic cooperation.
11. Each member of family shares duties and responsibilities.
12. Every family is made up of husband and wife, and/or one or more children, both natural
and adopted.
13. Each family is made up of different social roles, like those of husband, wife, mother,
father, children, brothers or sisters.
Family is a primary social organization in the world which govern with kinship in each
other. Its main function is the producing humans to society since society has given protection
to the family for that duty. Family often strive to create more effective product for the society.
Any of the life impact the function and nature of the governing family in the society. Family is
diversity concept around the world because its behaviour often changes according to region or
cultural aspects. European family concept deferent than south Asian family and also other
region family vary from the other one. Most importance thing of the family is children because
parent’s or family process impact of the development of child. There are many factors which
affected from diversity of family among them parental personality, child-rearing attitude,
husband-wife relationships, recreation, miscellaneous, economics factors and no change
are the quite special factors.
Children are the imitated being. By childhood they learn by imitating. Parent’s role
affects for the development of children. As I mentioned above, human family makes focal
process from the society. If they cannot produce person with good qualities, society goes ahead
with deviation. Country by country, culture by culture, region by region social process are
changing as well as human family’s role also vary due to the present situation in relation with
particular society. Social cohesiveness is made by person then the person should be being
according with social norms and values.
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Personality is the major thing regarding any person. personality cultivates with skills of
person. skills must be developed by own but social organization show the directions which it
needed way into the social values. Person should have won many challenges in the universe as
well as human should heal the universe as the most safety place for every being that is why,
that personality is an essential thing for the human. Father and mother’s role in family guide to
children cultivate their own personality. The believable person of the children are parents then
they should dedicate from their children. In Buddhism parents indicated as first teacher of the
children(pubbacariya). We know that the children are not mature by that but even informal way
children are learnt by parents. In family has kinship by blood in biologically and child identify
both father and mother with affection but mother is the nearest one for the children. They might
have well manner characters.

03.List role of family as a socialization agent and using appropriate

example describe the factors which affect for decline of family as a
socialization agent.
An agent of socialization is most frequently defined in terms of a force acting upon the
individual cauising him to adjust his attitudes, values, or mode of living. the parent almost
universally is described as the major agent of socialization for the child. (Bossard and Boll,
1966; Havi- ghurst, 1962; Hollingshead, 1961; Ritchie and Koller, 1964; and, Tyler, 1967).
Parents are wanted to lay their children into society as good people then they consider about
their children more than think. Normally any person learns to live society but it is not fruitful.
Meaningful thing is parents and socialization organs should be done it proper way. Roles
Family as socialization agent can indicate as bellow;

❖ Preparing children to become competent members in society.

❖ Giving good education.
❖ Cultivating social values and norms.
❖ Making good behavior according to the gender as well as sociability
❖ Completing from good attitudes.
❖ Teaching to make love for society an environment.
❖ Reducing compassion and warm heart.
❖ Teaching to respect each other and to protect anyone’s fairness.
❖ Training for patience.
❖ Laying on business for livelihood.
❖ Building personality and adaptability.
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The term "socialization" is considered here as a dynamic, ongoing process. In as much

as culture itself is constantly in a state of change, an individual is never completely socialized
to a culture. Parents make first needed thing for the child to socialize into society. In any periods
of human history or for future, competition is being so the person should be ready to progress
such types of challenges. Margret Mead has said that the miniature should be performed to beat
future and difficulties and it can do in early and by prebirth. Moving is the nature of the
everything in the world the human should be talented for ongoing social systems forward.
Before the entering kindergarten of school kids have already learnt many things by parents.
Every sound on an environment teaching material for the kids as well as student in formal
education. Identification, sharing, respecting, communicating and most of the needed things
they have been learnt by parents before school education. Every person might be competitive
but it is not for against humanity and its only for prosperity of community. Geographically,
universally or any other natural disasters are accepted things in any period of global. As a
human we should be confronted for such kind of changings. If we can socialize our kids even
in family it will be able to fruitful entire world as well as individual life, person has to be a
fertile life. Making good career, being satisfied life, increasing fairness and any other accepted
movement in life is the best things which person eager to will.

Education is the most essential thing in modern world because all things combine with
knowledge. Those technical world does not consume without proper knowledge about such
related field. It must have enough knowledge even to apply television properly. According to
the principles of education in particular country they motivated their children to success
throughout world. When we aware regarding modern passion of world, there are such kinds of
passion but implementation is same. All the nation seems like to be planned to govern or taken
opportunity around the world then they adjust their educational principles related to particular
necessities. Education can utility for guiding life in many ways then the children can choose
the way what the path should go. This duty of the parent but it would maintain with
compassionately. Education gives the pattern for life. It may not be able to gain needed things
but it gives everything in formally. It is not much enough only born because the person should
have lived comfortably.

Social values and norms are the spirit of life. These are inter related because both are
going on similar way. Human society is a related one since it is deference from situationally.
Society has a culture and it is created by norms. Values is the accepted thing from the norms.
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It means that the adaptation with norms give ethically pure person. parents know what should
be taught for the children then they can socialize their children with social values and norms.

Other factors also can use for socialization. It is difficult to adjust without awareness
such situation. Family makes these things. In Sri Lankan context, there are so many
questionable things. According to world system theory in sociology minority is rich people in
any country and also majority is poor people. Poverty gain many bad affects for the Sri Lankan
society then it is still unsolvable situation because of without the open thinking mind. Family
makes everything to create good child as the socialization agent.

References

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deviance within and between groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5),
906–912.
Abrams, D., Rutland, A.,&Cameron, L. (2003a). The development of subjective group
dynamics:Children’s judgements of normative and deviant in-group and out-group individuals.
Child Development, 74 (6), 1840–1856.
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J.(1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver,
&L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol.
I). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Kanetsuna, T., & Smith, P. K. (2006). Coping with bullying at school: Children’s
recommended strategies and attitudes to school-based interventions in England and Japan.
Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 570–580.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.