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Unit 2 MATTER AND ENERGY

This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including the classification and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and classifies matter as elements, compounds, mixtures or pure substances. Properties of matter can be physical or chemical, intensive or extensive. The document also discusses physical and chemical changes, balancing chemical equations, and different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, and displacement. It introduces stoichiometry and explains how to perform stoichiometric calculations using molar mass, moles, and mole ratios in chemical formulas and equations.

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Diane Joy Fojas Panganiban
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288 views32 pages

Unit 2 MATTER AND ENERGY

This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including the classification and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and classifies matter as elements, compounds, mixtures or pure substances. Properties of matter can be physical or chemical, intensive or extensive. The document also discusses physical and chemical changes, balancing chemical equations, and different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, and displacement. It introduces stoichiometry and explains how to perform stoichiometric calculations using molar mass, moles, and mole ratios in chemical formulas and equations.

Uploaded by

Diane Joy Fojas Panganiban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2:

MATTER AND
ENERGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER AND CALCULATIONS
IN CHEMISTRY
Classifications of Matter
Definition of terms:

Chemistry - study of matter and the changes it undergoes.


Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.
- can be classified as substance, mixtures, elements and compounds
- can be identified by its characteristic inertial and gravitational mass and the
space that it occupies.
- commonly found in three different states: solid, liquid, and gas.
Definition of terms:
► A substance is a sample of matter whose physical and chemical properties are the
same throughout the sample because the matter has a constant composition.
► mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain
their distinct identities.
► element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
► Compound is composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in
fixed proportions.
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter/latest/states-of-matter_en.html
Physical and Chemical Properties of
Matter
► Properties of matter can be classified as either extensive or intensive and as either
physical or chemical.
Key Terms
✔ intensive property: Any characteristic of matter that does not depend on the
amount of the substance present. (density and color)
✔ extensive property: Any characteristic of matter that depends on the amount of
matter being measured. (mass and volume)
✔ physical property: Any characteristic that can be determined without changing
the substance’s chemical identity.
✔ chemical property: Any characteristic that can be determined only by changing a
substance’s molecular structure.
Physical and Chemical Changes to Matter

► Physical changes only change the appearance of a substance, not its chemical
composition.
► Chemical changes cause a substance to change into an entirely new substance
with a new chemical formula.
► Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a
reaction are called reactants, and the end results are called products.
► Many physical changes are reversible (such as heating and cooling),
► whereas chemical changes are often irreversible or only reversible with an
additional chemical change.
Completing and Balancing Chemical
Equations
❑ A chemical equation is a written symbolic representation of a chemical reaction (The
symbols are the elemental letter or letters representing that element).
❑ The reactant chemical(s) are given on the left-hand side and the product chemical(s) on
the right-hand side. The two are connected with an arrow leading from the left to the
right, symbolizing the reaction.
❑ The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms can be created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction, so the number of atoms that are present in the reactants has to balance
the number of atoms that are present in the products.
1. Write down your given equation. Write down the
number of atoms per element.
2. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as they are often
on both sides. Start with single elements.
3. Balance the hydrogen atoms next.
4. Balance the oxygen atoms.
Balanced Equation:
Types of
Chemical
Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reaction
A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product is
known as a combination reaction.
It takes the form of X + Y → XY
Combination reaction is also known as a synthesis reaction.

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl


Types of Chemical Reactions

2. Decomposition Reaction
A reaction in which a single compound breaks into two or more simpler
compounds is known as a decomposition reaction.
It takes the form of XY → X + Y
A decomposition reaction is just the opposite of combination reaction.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
The reaction in which a compound decomposes due to heating is known as a
thermal decomposition reaction.
Types of Chemical Reactions

3. Displacement Reaction
A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive
element from its aqueous salt solution.
It takes the form X + YZ → XZ + Y
It is also called a substitution reaction

Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Types of Chemical Reactions

4. Double Displacement Reaction


A chemical reaction in which ions gets exchanged between two reactants which
form a new compound is called a double displacement reaction.
It takes the form of XY + ZA → XZ + YA
It is also called a metathesis reaction
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Types of Chemical Reactions

5. Combustion Reaction – reaction of elements and compounds with oxygen.


Example:
C(s) + O2 (limited) CO
C(s) + O2 (excess) CO2
C2H4 + O2 (limited) CO + H2O
C2H4 + O2 (excess) CO2 + H2O
Types of Chemical Reactions

6. Neutralization Reaction
acid + base(alkali) → salt + water
Stoichiometric Calculations
Stoichiometry
- is an integral part of chemistry that involves the relationship between product and
reactants in a chemical reaction and other words
- means the measurement of elements.

Steps to be followed are:


1. First, we need to balance the given equation.
2. The given substance should have the unit as a mole.
3. Calculate the number of moles
Stoichiometric Calculations are mostly
based on chemical formulas
Formula Mass: It is defined as the sum of the atomic weights of each atom present in the molecule of the substance. For
example formula mass of Na2S is calculated as 2(23) + 1(32) = 78
Avogadro number: Avogadro’s number is defined as the number of particles present in one mole of a substance. It is
defined as a number of atoms present in exactly 12g of C-12. Avogadro number is valued as 022 × 1023.
Molar Mass: It is defined as the sum of the total mass of all the atoms that make up a molecule per mole.

The mole ratio of reactants and products can be explained with the help of the following reaction:

2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2

From the above reaction, we can say that 2 moles of Na reacts with 2 moles of HCl to form 2 moles of NaCl ( Sodium
Chloride) and 1 mole of H2.
Example
Unit 2:
MATTER AND
ENERGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER AND CALCULATIONS
IN CHEMISTRY

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