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Tool Programming, Coordinate Systems and Points

The document discusses coordinate systems and points used in CNC programming. It describes the programming origin/reference zero (PRZ) which establishes the master reference point for a program. Local reference points (LRZ) can also be used as temporary references for groups of features. Geometry points occur where geometric entities intersect or join. The document also describes absolute (G90) and incremental (G91) programming modes, as well as factors to consider when programming tools such as spindle speed, feed rate, tool diameter, and convex/concave trajectories.

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81 views7 pages

Tool Programming, Coordinate Systems and Points

The document discusses coordinate systems and points used in CNC programming. It describes the programming origin/reference zero (PRZ) which establishes the master reference point for a program. Local reference points (LRZ) can also be used as temporary references for groups of features. Geometry points occur where geometric entities intersect or join. The document also describes absolute (G90) and incremental (G91) programming modes, as well as factors to consider when programming tools such as spindle speed, feed rate, tool diameter, and convex/concave trajectories.

Uploaded by

Brown Mesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOOL PROGRAMMING ,COORDINATE

SYSTEMS AND POINTS

COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND POINTS


PROGRAMMING ORIGIN OR PROGRAMM REFERENCE ZERO
Obviously  it  would  be  difficult  to  write  a  CNC  program  in  relation  to  Machine
Coordinates.  The  home  position  is far  away  from  the  table,  so  values  in  the CNC
program  would  be  large  and  have  no  easily  recognized  relation  to  the   part   model.  
To   make   programming   and   setting   up   the CNC   easier,   a   programming origin is
established  for  each  CNC  program. . The PRZ is the master reference point on which the
program and the setup are based. Selecting the PRZ location relative to the part’s geometric
features is among the first critical decisions for planning.
 The  WCS  is  a  point  selected  by  the  CNC  programmer  on  the  part, its
selection  requires  careful  consideration.
 The  WCS  location  must  be  able  to  be  found  by mechanical  means  such  as  an
edge  finder,  coaxial  indicator  
or  part  probe.
 It  must  be  repeatable:  parts  must  be  placed  in  exactly  the  same  position  every
time.

 It shouldtake   into   account   how   the   part   will   be   rotated   and   moved   as  
different   sides   of   the   part   are  machined.
LOCAL REFERENCE POINTS
When writing a program it’s possible to switch from the PRZ to a temporary local reference
zero (LRZ) point that lies at a known distance from the PRZ. Once the features are machined
that relate to it, the LRZ is canceled to again refer to the PRZ. Local references are used
for a couple reasons.
A feature, or group of features, refers to a reference other than the PRZ (Fig. 17-28). Many
calculations would be required to write absolute value coordinates for each cutout referring
back to the PRZ for each coordinate

The math required to write coordinates for this instrument panel’s features could be
simplified by using a temporary local reference for each cutout pattern.
But setting a local reference point, at the center, then referring to it for that group saves math
and programming time when writing the program without CAM. Using a CAM system, this
step wouldn’t be needed—it can make all the calculations, one of the many advantages to
computer-assisted programming.
An LRZ can also be used to repeat the entire program or a part of a program in another
location within the work envelope. The repeat could be on one part as the instrument cutouts,
or we could be machining two of the same parts in two vises. The second part would use a
local reference, at a given distance from the first
We also use an LRZ on very large parts such as wing spars, for example, where the master
PRZ might be hundreds of feet away. A temporary point can be established that’s far more
convenient for setup work.

GEOMETRY POINTS

Geometry points are those you intend to use for position or motion—a location to be machined.
They are the end of a cut.
Identifying Geometry Points
A geometry point occurs at the junction between any two entities . An entity is a familiar term
for those with CAD training. They are individual straight lines or arcs. Each has a start and end
point
coordinate. Where any two entities join, become tangent, intersect, or cross, there is also a
unique geometry point common to both.
PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS

Two types of programming modes, the incremental system and the absolute system, are used for
CNC. Both systems have applications in CNC programming, and no system is either right or
wrong all the time. Most controls on machine tools today are capable of handling either
incremental or absolute programming.

ABSOLUTE MODE (G90)


It is a modal function initialized at the starting of the program. All the points are always given
from the programming origin OP. that is In absolute dimensioning and programming, each point
or location on the workpiece is given as a certain distance from the zero or reference point.

Program to move the machine to these 4 hole locations when using G90 (Abs.)

X 1.0000 Y 1.0000

X 9.0000 Y 1.0000

X 9.0000 Y 9.0000
X 1.0000 Y 9.0000

INCREMENTAL MODE
(G91)
These refer to a coordinate set
where each entry represents the
identified point’s distance from
the previous point. These points
can be envisioned as jumps from
the present location to the next.
Using incremental values often
saves math and time during setups
and editing of programs.

Program to move the machine to


the same 4 hole locations using
G91 (Incr.)

X 1.0000 Y 1.0000
X 8.0000
Y 8.0000
X -8.0000

EXERCISE
TOOL PROGRAMMING
When programming the tool the following are taken in consideration
Milling Speeds and Feeds
the speed of a milling cutter is measured in terms of the rate at which the outside, or periphery,
of the tool moves in relation to the work being milled.

SPINDEL SPEED (S)


1000 v
S=
πD
Where v=linear velocity in mm/min
D= Diameter of the tool

FEED RATE (F)


Linear trajectory
F=S nt f

s¿spindle speed
nt¿number of tooth
f¿ feed per tooth
convex trajectory
F ( R+ r )
F CV =
R

conCAVE trajectory
F ( R−r )
F CC=
R

WHERE FCV= Convex feed rate


FCc= Concave feed rate
R= Greater radius
r= smaller radius
F= normal feed

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